(this edit was originally in my Instagram Story for Mothers' Day 2024)
Sunday, May 10, 2026
Wednesday, March 11, 2026
New scans!
Just yesterday, on March 10, 2026, Riksarkivet made available the scans (dated February 27) of K 400 (Nr 7) of the Azzolino Collection: the batch of chronologically ordered letters from 1655 to 1657! It's a very exciting day and I can't wait to explore this archive.
Link to the archive here (please consider that at the time of writing, people outside Sweden like myself may still have trouble accessing the site without a VPN, it's been like this since December but the people at Riksarkivet have been working to fix this and other issues):
Riksarkivet, Kungliga arkiv; Azzolinosamlingen; K 400 (Nr 7)/Kronologiskt ordnad brevserie. I.
I hope this may be of interest to any other Kristina aficionados out there and those interested in the 17th century as a whole, whether you're professional, academic or amateur (I'm only the latter, but it's still very important to me). It's always a powerful experience to be able to look through these windows into that world, and especially with this year making 400 years since Kristina was born.
Monday, March 2, 2026
Deed of gift signed by Kristina, dated September 17/27 (Old Style), 1647
Source:
Gåvobrev undertecknat drottning Kristina, 1647, at Bukowskis.com (auction of February 27, 2026)
"Drottning Kristina (1626-1689):
Egenhändig signatur 'Christina' Skrivet med bläck på pergament. Ca 57 × 40 cm.
Berör överlåtelse av gods.
Smärre fläckar. Vikveck."
"Queen Kristina (1626-1689):
Personal signature 'Christina' Written in ink on parchment. Approx. 57 × 40 cm.
Relates to transfer of property.
Minor stains. Folds."
The letter:
Wij Christina medh Gudz Nådhe Sẅeriges Göthes och Wändes Vthkorade Drottningh och Arffurstinna, Storfurstinna till Finlandh, Hertiginna vthi Estlandh och Carelen, Fröken öfwer Jngermannelandh. Giöre witterligitt, att Såßom Oß Elskelige wåre och Sweriges Rijkes, för detta Warande respectivè Förmÿndare och Regeringh, Hafve Vthj Wåra Omÿndiga åhr, till Rijksens och Fädherneslandsens Vnderstödh och erhållande Wedh deß åliggiande store- och märkelige Krigz beswär funnit nödigt, att Vnder Arfftligit frelse Vplåta Wåra och Cronones godz åth Wårt Ridderskap och Adhel Her i Rijket, och till Cronones mera nÿtta inräkna låtit storegården och SaltpetterHielpen, j Rijks Daleren skattet å sex mark, och sedhan att gifuas Halffemte Daler pro Cento, effter sedwanligh och i Wår Sahl. Käre H.r fadhers tidh gilladhe Paxe [?] och Wärderingh; Altså och emädhan Wij genom gudz nådige försÿn och bistånd Komne till Wåre mÿndige åhr, och trädde i wårt Rijkes Regeringh, Hafue sielfue befunnit Regementet Wara store beswär, särdeles genom och Widh deße Krighen VnderKastadh, och Wij det till lijsa och Vnderstädhia, mädhan Rijksens Ständer och Vndersåtare icke äre medh Högre Skatt och pålagar att beswära, Hafve ibland andra [...] ändelige och öflige medhel, medh wårt elskelighe Rijkz Rådz rådhe, beslutit, att emot förbe:te och sidst brukelige prijs och räntors inräknande och Wärderingh till [...] och försellia några Wåre och Cronones godz, åth Wåre trogna Män och Vndersåtare af Ridderskapet och Adhelen Her i Rijket, som oß och Cronan medh deras medhel tillHielp och Vndsetningh, [...] Mela och [...]. Hwarföre sedhan oß och Cronan Wår tro Man och Landzhöfdinge öfuer Skaraborgz lähn, Ädhel och Wälbördigh Carl Siggeson Rosendufva till Skålltorp etc. Hafuer sigh tilbudhit och præsenterat att Vndsettia och erläggia een summa af FämHundradhe Nijotijo Otte Rijks Daler in Specie, fÿratio fem öre; femton ⅕ thl. Silfuer mÿnt; Och der emot af oß Vnderdånigst begärat effterskrifna Wåre- och Cronones godz, belägne Vthj Elfsborgz lähn, Külingz Heradh, Kärrue Sokn, Moo, Der Oloff åbor skatteHemman Ett Heelt. Swen Ibidem skatteHemman Ett Heelt; Huilke Hemman renta åhrligen i Spanmåhl, och åtskillige andra partzeler, medh Landt[...] och SaltpetterHielp en tillsammans effter Wår Cammar Ordningh j Penningar Vträknadh Fÿratijo Daler, Tretton öre, siutton, ⅗ thl. godt gängse Silfuer mÿnt, för Hwilka godz och ränta be:te Carl Siggeson Rosendufwa, Oß och Cronan förbe:te summa Fämhundradhe Nijotijo Otte Rijkz Daler, fÿratio fäm öre, femtio ⅕ thl. till fullo nöije och Vthj rätt [...] Wärde erlagdt och betalt Hafuer. Dÿ afHända Wij Oß, Åkar, Ängh, Skogh, mark, fiskia och fiskiewatn, Strömar, Quarn och Quarnaställen, Torpar, Torpestädher, och [...] i Wåto och torro, närbij och fierran, intet Vndantagandes af allt det, som dertill lÿdher, medh rätta legat Hafuer och Lagligen tillwinnas Kan, till att niuta, bruka och [...], till [...] och frelsa, aldeles som andra sina Arfue godz och flere Wåre trogne Män och Vndersåtare af adel Vtj wårt Rijke deras Wälfångne ägendom och frelse godz effter privilegiernes lÿdelse och inneHåld jnneHafua och besittia; Och Der så Hände, som Wij doch icke Wele förmodha, att ett eller flere af förbe: Hemman och legenheter ginge be:te Carl Siggeson Rosendufua, mädh någon rätt ifrån; Då förplichte Wij Oß, Wåre effterKommande och Sweriges Crono, att erläggia Honom, Hans Huusfrw eller Erfuingar, så [...] godz i lijka ränta och legenheet igen, innan Sex wekur näst der effter, Vthan någon Widlÿfftighet eller Vpskoff, Så Wele Wij och, så ock befala Her medh Wårt Cammar Rådh och Cammarerare, att dereffter detta Wårt brefs dato Wåre- och Cronones Jordeböcker förandra och Her effter rätta, förandes in förbe: Hemman och deß legenheter, för be:te Carl Siggeson Rosendufuas, Hans Huusfrues och Erfuingars fulKomlige frelse. Hwadh Skötträttigheten WedKommer, skall mehrbe:te Carl Siggeson Rosendufua, Hans Huusfru eller Erfuingar, icke Hafua macht, att trängia Jordäganden ifrån sin rätta börd; Vthan godh Wilia och samptÿckie Hans, som Lagh förmår. Till ÿttermera Wißo, är detta medh wår egen Hand Vnderskrifuit och medh Wårt Secret bekräfftat. Datum Stokholm den Siüttonde Septembris Åhr efter Christi börd, Ettüsend sexhündrade på thet Fÿratijonde och Siünde ⸓
Christina
/ Bengdt
Hanßonn
/ Jochim
Schütte
_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18075.tif.jpg)
Above: Kristina.
Thursday, December 25, 2025
Christmas letter to Kristina from Geronima Pignatelli Tagliavia, the Princess of Avellino, dated December 5/15 (New Style), 1678
Source:
Bibliothèque interuniversitaire (Montpellier); Manuscrits de la reine Christine; IV: Lettere di principi d'eccellenza, nunzy Apostolici e ministri alla regina; Lettere de Principi d'Eccelenza alla Regina; Lettres de la Princesse d'Avellino; 61: Princesse d'Avellino à Christine de Suède, Naples, 15 décembre 1678 (digitisation page 64v-65r)
Christine (1626-1689 ; reine de Suède), Manuscrits de la reine Christine: Lettere di principi d'eccellenza, nunzy Apostolici e ministri alla regina, : , 1601-1700.
[En ligne sur https://folia.scdi-montpellier.fr/recherche-folia/3642] (consulté le 25/12/2025 07:40).
The Foli@ online digital heritage library is here:
Copyright SCDI-UPV - Collections Université de Montpellier (shelfmark H 258).
Merry Christmas, everyone! (God jul, allihopa!)
The letter:
Real Maestà.
J desideri impatienti dell'animo mio, che giurano immortal diuotione à V R[ea]l M[aes]tà, mi Sollecitano all'attestationi di quelche, alle Sue Sublimità, professa il douuto della mia osseruanza: Con che, augurando a V. R[ea]l M[aes]tà le Solennità del Santiss[i]mo Natale grauide di tutte le prosperità imaginabili, le ricordo, altreSi, gli osseruantiss[i]mi ossequij d'una Serua, che Supplichevole implora, non meno feliciss[i]me compiuterezze alle Sue glorie, che l'assistenza Diuina alle Sue più che Regie azioni: mentre con tutta riuerenza à V. R[ea]l M[aes]tà profondam[en]te m'inchino — Napoli 15. dec[emb]re 1678[.]
D. S. V. R[ea]l M[aes]tà
Humi[lissi]ma Serva
la Pr[incipes]sa de Auell[in]o[.]
With modernised spelling:
Real Maestà,
I desideri impazienti dell'animo mio, che giurano immortal divozione a Vostra Real Maestà, mi sollecitano all'attestazioni di quelche alle sue sublimità professa il dovuto della mia osservanza; con che, augurando a Vostra Real Maestà le solennità del Santissimo Natale gravide di tutte le prosperità immaginabili, le ricordo altresì gli osservantissimi ossequi d'una serva che supplichevole implora non meno felicissime compiuterezze alle sue glorie, che l'assistenza divina alle sue più che regie azioni; mentre, con tutta riverenza, a Vostra Real Maestà profondamente m'inchino. — Napoli, 15 dicembre 1678.
Di Sacra Vostra Real Maestà
umilissima serva
la Principessa de Avellino.
French translation (my own):
Majesté Royale,
Les désirs impatients de mon âme, qui jure une dévotion immortelle à Votre Majesté Royale, me poussent à l'offrir les témoignages du profond respect que je professe à son grandeur; et, en lui souhaitant, Votre Majesté Royale, les solennités de la Très Sainte Nativité, comblées de toutes les prospérités imaginables, je l'offre également l'hommage le plus respectueux d'une servitante qui implore humblement non seulement l'heureux accomplissement de ses gloires, mais aussi l'assistance divine dans ses actions plus que royales; tandis qu'avec toute révérence, je m'incline profondément devant Votre Majesté Royale. — Naples, le 15 décembre 1678.
De Votre Sacrée Majesté Royale
la très humble servante
la Princesse d'Avellino.
Swedish translation (my own):
Kungliga Majestät,
Min själs otåliga begär, som svär odödlig hängivenhet till Ers Kungliga Majestät, ber mig att avge intyg om den vederbörliga iakttagelse jag bekänner mig till Er sublimitet; och med detta, önskande Ers Kungliga Majestät den Heligaste Julens högtidlighet, fylld av all tänkbar välgång, avger jag också den mest observanta hyllningen till en tjänare som bönfallande bönfaller inte bara om den lyckligaste uppfyllelsen av Er härlighet, utan också gudomlig hjälp i Era mer än kungliga handlingar; medan jag med all vördnad djupt bugar för Ers Kungliga Majestät. — Neapel, den 15 december 1678.
Ers Heliga Kungliga Majestäts
ödmjukaste tjänarinna
Prinsessan av Avellino.
English translation (my own):
Royal Majesty,
The impatient desires of my soul, which swear immortal devotion to Your Royal Majesty, solicit me to offer attestations of the due observation I profess to your sublimity; and with this, wishing Your Royal Majesty the solemnities of the Most Holy Christmas, filled with all imaginable prosperities, I also offer the most observant homage of a servant who supplicatingly implores not only the most happy fulfillment of your glories, but also divine assistance in your more than royal actions; while, with all reverence, I profoundly bow to Your Royal Majesty. — Naples, December 15, 1678.
Your Sacred Royal Majesty's
most humble servant
the Princess of Avellino.
Above: Kristina.
Christmas letter to Kristina from the Duchess of Tarragona, dated November 23/December 3 (New Style), 1682
Source:
Bibliothèque interuniversitaire (Montpellier); Manuscrits de la reine Christine; V: Lettere communi; Lettere delle qualli non s'intende il nome; Lettre 249 Duchesse de Tarragona à Christine de Suède, Madrid, 3 décembre 1682 (digitisation page 314v-315r)
Christine (1626-1689 ; reine de Suède), Manuscrits de la reine Christine: Lettere communi, : , 1601-1700.
[En ligne sur https://folia.scdi-montpellier.fr/recherche-folia/3643] (consulté le 25/12/2025 06:51).
The Foli@ online digital heritage library is here:
Copyright SCDI-UPV - Collections Université de Montpellier (shelfmark H 258).
Merry Christmas, everyone! (God jul, allihopa!)
The letter (signature difficult to read, so I have omitted it):
Sacra Real Maestá.
Quand'io vengo à render tributo alla Soprhumana Clemenza di V[ost]ra Maestà, mi par dividere propitio il Cielo, e cortese cotesto Clima Romano. Sarà perciò vna parte d'Jnfluenze benevoli, che questo rendimento di Vassallaggio arrivi in grado alla Maestà V[ost]ra Con i felici Voti, che le ne porto Jn augurij di Prosperità Jn questo tempo, ed ogn'altro. Siano pertanto Cosi fortunate le Santissime feste di Natale à V. M[aes]ta Come escono augurate da V[ost]ra Serva antiquissima della Maestà V[ost]ra et io meriti d'impetrarne da Sua Diuina M[aes]ta tanta gratia Come dalla M[aes]ta V[ost]ra gradimento. Jntanto, che humilissimamente, me le Jnchino. Madrid li 3. Xbre 1682[.]
Di V[ost]ra M[aes]ta Seren[issi]ma
[...]
With modernised spelling:
Sacra Real Maestà,
Quand'io vengo a render tributo alla soprumana clemenza di Vostra Maestà, mi par dividere propizio il cielo e cortese codesto clima romano. Sarà perciò una parte d'influenze benevoli che questo rendimento di vassallaggio arrivi in grado alla Maestà Vostra con i felici voti che le ne porto in auguri di prosperità in questo tempo ed ogn'altro. Siano pertanto così fortunate le santissime feste di Natale a Vostra Maestà come escono augurate da vostra serva antichissima della Maestà Vostra ed io meriti d'impetrarne da Sua Divina Maestà tanta grazia come dalla Maestà Vostra gradimento; intanto che umilissimamente me le inchino. Madrid, li 3 dicembre 1682.
Di Vostra Maestà Serenissima...
French translation (my own):
Sacrée Majesté Royale,
Lorsque je viens rendre tribut à la clémence surhumaine de Votre Majesté, il me semble que le ciel est propice et que ce climat romain est bienveillant. Que cet acte de vasselage soit donc accompagné d'influences favorables, et qu'il parvienne à Votre Majesté avec les vœux sincères de prospérité que je l'offre en ce moment et pour toujours. Que les fêtes sacrées de Noël soient aussi heureuses pour Votre Majesté que le souhaite sa plus ancienne servante, et que je mérite de Sa Divine Majesté autant de grâce que j'en reçois de Votre Majesté; cependant, je m'incline très humblement devant lui. Madrid, le 3 décembre 1682.
De Votre Sacrée Majesté Royale...
Swedish translation (my own):
Heliga Kungliga Majestät,
När jag kommer för att hylla Ers Majestäts övermänskliga nåd, förefaller det mig att himlen är gynnsam och detta romerska klimat är välvilligt. Må denna vasallskapsakt därför åtföljas av välvilliga inflytanden och nå Ers Majestät med de innerliga önskningar om välstånd som jag erbjuder Er i denna tid och alltid. Må Julens heligaste högtider vara lika lyckosamma för Ers Majestät som de önskas av Ers äldste tjänare, och må jag från Hans Gudomliga Majestät förtjäna lika mycket nåd som jag får från Ers Majestät; under tiden bugar jag ödmjukast för Er. Madrid, den 3 december 1682.
Ers Heliga Kungliga Majestäts...
English translation (my own):
Sacred Royal Majesty,
When I come to pay tribute to Your Majesty's superhuman clemency, it seems to me that Heaven is propitious and this Roman climate is benevolent. May this act of vassalage therefore be accompanied by benevolent influences, reaching Your Majesty with the heartfelt wishes for prosperity that I offer you at this time and always. May the most holy feasts of Christmas be as fortunate for Your Majesty as they are wished for by your oldest servant, and may I merit from His Divine Majesty as much grace as I receive from Your Majesty; in the meantime, I most humbly bow to you. Madrid, December 3, 1682.
Your Sacred Royal Majesty's...
Above: Kristina.
Christmas letter to Kristina from the Duchess of Tarragona, dated November 24/December 4 (New Style), 1681
Source:
Bibliothèque interuniversitaire (Montpellier); Manuscrits de la reine Christine; V: Lettere communi; Lettere delle qualli non s'intende il nome; Lettre 245 Duchesse de Tarragona à Christine de Suède, Madrid, 4 décembre 1681 (digitisation page 307v-308r)
Christine (1626-1689 ; reine de Suède), Manuscrits de la reine Christine: Lettere communi, : , 1601-1700.
[En ligne sur https://folia.scdi-montpellier.fr/recherche-folia/3643] (consulté le 25/12/2025 05:39).
The Foli@ online digital heritage library is here:
Copyright SCDI-UPV - Collections Université de Montpellier (shelfmark H 258).
Merry Christmas, everyone! (God jul, allihopa!)
The letter:
Sacra R[eal] Maesta.
Le Prosperità, che nell'imminente Santissimo Natale io auguro inchinata à Suoi piedi à V[ost]ra Maesta, Son proportionate al desiderio, che conseruo eternamente di vederla felicissima, e m'assecura l'infinita Clemenza della M[aes]ta V[ost]ra Che Si degnarà Sempre riceverne le espressioni del mio Ossequio nel grado, che meritano i Voti, Con Cui le accompagno. Di tanto humilmente Supplico V M[aes]ta e della Sua Continuata, e potentissima Protetione. mentre alla Sacra Real Maesta Sua profondissimamente m'inchino. Madrid 4.
Xbre 1681[.]
Di V. S. R. M[aes]ta
humilis[i]ma
deuotis[i]ma
oblig[adisi]ma
serua
la duquesa de
Tarago[na][.]
With modernised spelling:
Sacra Real Maestà,
Le prosperità che nell'imminente Santissimo Natale io auguro, inchinata a' suoi piedi a Vostra Maestà, son proporzionate al desiderio che conservo eternamente di vederla felicissima; e m'assecura l'infinita clemenza della Maestà Vostra che si degnerà sempre riceverne le espressioni del mio ossequio nel grado che meritano i voti con cui le accompagno. Di tanto umilmente supplico Vostra Maestà e della sua continuata e potentissima protezione, mentre alla Sacra Real Maestà Sua profondissimamente m'inchino. Madrid, 4 dicembre 1681.
Di Vostra Sacra Real Maestà
humilísima, devotísima, obligadísima serva
la Duquesa de Tarragona.
French translation (my own):
Sacrée Majesté Royale,
Les vœux de prospérité que j'adresse à Votre Majesté pour cet imminent et Très Saint Noël, prosternée à ses pieds, sont proportionnés au désir que je conserve éternellement de lui voir comblée de bonheur; et l'infinie clémence de Votre Majesté m'assure qu'elle daignera toujours accueillir les expressions de mon respect avec la bienveillance qu'elles méritent. J'en supplie Votre Majesté humblement, et j'implore sa protection continuée et très puissante, tandis que je m'incline profondément devant Votre Sacrée Majesté Royale. Madrid, le 4 décembre 1681.
De Votre Sacrée Majesté Royale
la très humble, très dévouée, très obligée servante
la Duchesse de Tarragone.
Swedish translation (my own):
Heliga Kungliga Majestäts,
Den välgång som jag önskar Ers Majestät för denna kommande Allraheligaste Jul, böjd vid Era fötter, står i proportion till den önskan jag evigt bevarar att se Er ytterst lyckliga; och Ers Majestäts oändliga nåd försäkrar mig om att Ni alltid kommer att behaga ta emot uttrycken för min undergivenhet i den grad som de önskningar med vilka jag åtföljer dem förtjänar. Jag ber ödmjukt Ers Majestät om detta, och om Ert fortsatta och mäktigaste beskydd, medan jag djupt bugar för Ers Heliga Kungliga Majestät. Madrid, den 4 december 1681.
Ers Heliga Kungliga Majestäts
ödmjukaste, hängivnaste, mest förpliktade tjänarinna
Hertiginnan av Tarragona.
English translation (my own):
Sacred Royal Majesty,
The prosperities that I wish for Your Majesty for this coming Most Holy Christmas, bowed at your feet, are proportionate to the desire I eternally preserve to see you most happy; and Your Majesty's infinite clemency assures me that you will always deign to receive the expressions of my obsequiousness in the degree that the wishes with which I accompany them deserve. I humbly beg this of Your Majesty, and of your continued and most powerful protection, while I profoundly bow to Your Sacred Royal Majesty. Madrid, December 4, 1681.
Your Sacred Royal Majesty's
most humble, most devoted, most obliged servant
the Duchess of Tarragona.
Above: Kristina.
Christmas letter to Kristina from Giulia Diodati de Beauregard, dated December 13/23 (New Style), 1679
Source:
Bibliothèque interuniversitaire (Montpellier); Manuscrits de la reine Christine; V: Lettere communi; Lettre 128 Julie Diodati de Beauregard à Christine de Suède, Lucques, 23 décembre 1679 (digitisation pages 161v-162r to 162v-163r)
Christine (1626-1689 ; reine de Suède), Manuscrits de la reine Christine: Lettere communi, : , 1601-1700.
[En ligne sur https://folia.scdi-montpellier.fr/recherche-folia/3643] (consulté le 25/12/2025 04:47).
The Foli@ online digital heritage library is here:
Copyright SCDI-UPV - Collections Université de Montpellier (shelfmark H 258).
Merry Christmas, everyone! (God jul, allihopa!)
The letter:
Madame
Jose esperer que V M[aies].te rend asses de iustice aux Sentim[en]ts respectueux que iay pour elle pour estre persuadeé que les v[o]eux que ie fais pour la prosperite de ces iours et de ces desire[s] ne ce retranchent pas a cette Seule Saison non Madame ils Sont Continuels et ardents et Si la divine providence Les rendent heureux vostre Maieste navroit rien a desirer pour la felicite la miene Madame ne cera iamais parfaite que ie ne porte aux pieds de V. M[aies].te les assurance[s] du Zele que iay pour elle et du profent respect avec le quel ie ceray toute ma vie
Madame de V M[aies]te
tres heumble tres ob[e]isant[e] tres
Soumise et tres obligeé Servante
Julie Diodaty de Beauregard[.]
a Lucque[s] ce 23 Xbr[e] 1679[.]
With modernised spelling:
Madame,
J'ose espérer que Votre Majesté rend assez de justice aux sentiments respectueux que j'ai pour elle pour être persuadée que les vœux que je fais pour la prospérité de ses jours et de ses désires ne se retranchent pas à cette seule saison — non, Madame, ils sont continuels et ardents; et si la divine providence les rendent heureux, Votre Majesté n'aurait rien à désirer pour la félicité. La mienne, Madame, ne sera jamais parfaite que je ne porte aux pieds de Votre Majesté les assurances du zèle que j'ai pour elle et du profond respect avec lequel je serai toute ma vie,
Madame,
de Votre Majesté
très humble, très obéissante, très soumise et très obligée servante
Julie Diodati de Beauregard.
A Lucques, ce 23 décembre 1679.
Swedish translation (my own):
Madam,
Jag vågar hoppas att Ers Majestät gör mig rättvisan att tro att de respektfulla känslor jag har för Er är sådana att Ni kommer att bli övertygad om att de önskningar jag uttrycker för Era dagars välgång och Era önskningar inte är begränsade till enbart denna tid — nej, madam, de är ständiga och innerliga; och om den gudomliga försynen gör dem lyckliga, skulle Ers Majestät inte ha något kvar att önska för Er lycka. Min egen, madam, kommer aldrig att vara fullständig förrän jag kan lägga vid Ers Majestäts fötter försäkringarna om den nit jag har för Er och den djupa respekt med vilken jag kommer att vara hela mitt liv,
madam,
Ers Majestäts
ödmjukaste, lydigaste, underdånigaste och mest förpliktade tjänarinna
Giulia Diodati de Beauregard.
Lucca, den 23 december 1679.
English translation (my own):
Madame,
I dare to hope that Your Majesty does me the justice of believing that the respectful sentiments I have for you are such that you will be persuaded that the wishes I express for the prosperity of your days and your desires are not limited to this season alone — no, Madame, they are continual and ardent; and if Divine Providence renders them happy, Your Majesty would have nothing left to desire for your felicity. My own, Madame, will never be complete until I can lay at Your Majesty's feet the assurances of the zeal I have for you and the profound respect with which I will be all my life,
Madame,
Your Majesty's
most humble, most obedient, most submissive and most obliged servant
Giulia Diodati de Beauregard.
Lucca, December 23, 1679.
Above: Kristina.
Wednesday, December 24, 2025
Christmas letter to Kristina from Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi, dated December 10/20 (New Style), 1683
Source:
Bibliothèque interuniversitaire (Montpellier); Manuscrits de la reine Christine; IV: Lettere di principi d'eccellenza, nunzy Apostolici e ministri alla regina; Lettere de Principi d'Eccelenza alla Regina; Lettres de Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi; 15: Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi à Christine de Suède, Pistoia, 20 décembre 1683 (digitisation page 14v-15r)
Christine (1626-1689 ; reine de Suède), Manuscrits de la reine Christine: Lettere di principi d'eccellenza, nunzy Apostolici e ministri alla regina, : , 1601-1700.
[En ligne sur https://folia.scdi-montpellier.fr/recherche-folia/3642] (consulté le 19/12/2025 22:52).
The Foli@ online digital heritage library is here:
Copyright SCDI-UPV - Collections Université de Montpellier (shelfmark H 258).
The letter:
Sacra Real Maestà.
Quéi rispetti, che m'hanno sempre eccitata à venerare con vna diuotione senza pari il Nome, e le sublimi virtù della M. V., mi porgono ancora l'ardire di Comparire nè vicini giorni del Sant[issi]mo Natale alla sua Real presenza per offerirle il solito tributo dell'vmiliss[i]ma Seruitù mia, con l'annuntio d'ogni felicità, e Consolatione. Degnisi la M. V. di rimaner insieme persuasa, ché il desiderio, che téngo d'aggiungerle altri Contrasegni délla mia Somma riverenza, corrisponda in tutte le parti alla memoria, che Conseruo delle gratie dispensatemi dalla gran generosità del Suo animo, per prenderne motiuo di raddoppiarmele tante della Continuatione del Suo benigniss[i]ma patrocinio, che con i Suoi Reali Cenni, et à V. M. fò profondiss[i]mo inchino. Pistoia 20 Xbre
1683[.]
D V. M.
Humil[issi]ma Deuot[issi]ma et Obligat[issi]ma Serua
M[ari]a Mad[alen]a Rospigliosi Panciatichi[.]
With modernised spelling:
Sacra Real Maestà.
Quei rispetti che m'hanno sempre eccitata a venerare con vna divozione senza pari il nome e le sublimi virtù della Maestà Vostra mi porgono ancora l'ardire di comparire ne' vicini giorni del Santissimo Natale alla sua real presenza per offerirle il solito tributo dell'umilissima servitù mia, con l'annunzio d'ogni felicità e consolazione. Degnisi la Maestà Vostra di rimaner insieme persuasa che il desiderio che tengo d'aggiungerle altri contrasegni della mia somma riverenza corrisponda in tutte le parti alla memoria che conservo delle grazie dispensatemi dalla gran generosità del suo animo, per prenderne motivo di raddoppiarmele tante della continuazione del suo benignissima patrocinio che con i suoi reali cenni; ed a Vostra Maestà fo profondissimo inchino. Pistoia, 20 dicembre 1683.
Di Vostra Maestà
umilissima, divotissima ed obbligatissima serva
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
French translation (my own):
Sacrée Majesté Royale,
Ces sentiments de respect qui m'ont toujours inspiré une vénération sans égale pour le nom et les sublimes vertus de Votre Majesté me donnent encore le courage de me présenter, dans les prochains jours de la Sainte Noël, devant sa présence royale pour l'offrir le tribut habituel de ma plus humble servitude, en lui souhaitant toute félicité et consolation. Que Votre Majesté daigne rester persuadée que le désir que j'ai d'ajouter de nouveaux témoignages de ma profonde révérence correspond en tout point au souvenir que je garde des grâces dont j'ai été comblé par la grande générosité de son âme, afin que je puisse y trouver un motif de les redoubler grâce à la continuation de sa très bienveillant patronage, que je sollicite humblement par ses commandements royaux; et à Votre Majesté je m'incline très profondément. Pistoia, le 20 décembre 1683.
De Votre Majesté
la très humble, très dévouée et très obligée serviteuse
Marie Madeleine Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
Swedish translation (my own):
Heliga Kungliga Majestät,
De känslor av respekt som alltid har inspirerat mig att med oöverträffad hängivenhet vörda Ers Majestäts namn och sublima dygder ger mig fortfarande modet att under de kommande dagarna av den Heliga Julen framträda inför Er kungliga närvaro för att erbjuda Er den vanliga hyllningen av min ödmjukaste tjänande, med tillkännagivandet av all lycka och tröst. Må Ers Majestät behaga förbli övertygad om att den önskan jag har att lägga till ytterligare tecken på min fullkomliga vördnad i alla avseenden motsvarar det minne jag bevarar av de nåder som skänkts mig genom Er själs stora generositet, så att jag kan ta detta som ett motiv att fördubbla dem genom fortsatt Ert mest välvilliga beskydd, vilket jag ödmjukt ber om med Era kungliga befallningar; och för Ers Majestät bugar jag djupt. Pistoia, den 20 december 1683.
Ers Majestäts
ödmjukaste, hängivnaste och mest förpliktade tjänarinna
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
English translation (my own):
Sacred Royal Majesty,
Those sentiments of respect that have always inspired me to venerate with unparalleled devotion the name and sublime virtues of Your Majesty still give me the courage to appear in the coming days of the Holy Christmas before your royal presence to offer you the usual tribute of my most humble servitude, with the announcement of every felicity and consolation. May Your Majesty deign to remain persuaded that the desire I have to add further tokens of my consummate reverence corresponds in every respect to the memory I preserve of the graces bestowed upon me by the great generosity of your soul, so that I may take this as a motive to redouble them through the continuation of your most benign patronage, which I humbly request with your royal commands; and to Your Majesty I bow most deeply. Pistoia, December 20, 1683.
Your Majesty's
most humble, most devoted and most obliged servant
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
Above: Kristina.
,_half-length,_in_a_black_surcote_trimmed_with_silver_embroidery_2012_CKS_05677_0218.jpg)
Above: Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
Christmas letter to Kristina from Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi, dated December 10/20 (New Style), 1681
Source:
Bibliothèque interuniversitaire (Montpellier); Manuscrits de la reine Christine; IV: Lettere di principi d'eccellenza, nunzy Apostolici e ministri alla regina; Lettere de Principi d'Eccelenza alla Regina; Lettres de Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi; 14: Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi à Christine de Suède, Pistoia, 20 décembre 1681 (digitisation page 13v-14r)
Christine (1626-1689 ; reine de Suède), Manuscrits de la reine Christine: Lettere di principi d'eccellenza, nunzy Apostolici e ministri alla regina, : , 1601-1700.
[En ligne sur https://folia.scdi-montpellier.fr/recherche-folia/3642] (consulté le 19/12/2025 22:17).
The Foli@ online digital heritage library is here:
Copyright SCDI-UPV - Collections Université de Montpellier (shelfmark H 258).
The letter:
Sacra Real Maestà
Non è la riverenza, con che hò professato di vènerar sempre il Nome, e l'eccelse virtù di V M in grado tanto inferiore, che non fosse bastante à rappresentarle anco senza le mie divote espressioni, quale sia il desiderio, che di continuo nodrisco nell'animo delle magg[io]ri felicitá della M V. Con tutto ció io m'avanzo à far palesi à V M questi miei riverentiss[i]mi Sentimenti col solito tributo d'ossequio, che le porgo nella congiuntura delle vicine feste di Natale, perche vorrei accreditar tanto appresso la clemenza della M. V. l'humilissima servitù mia, ch'vna volta si hauesse à degnare di honorerla de Suoi Reali Cenni, et me appunto imploro dalla sua benignità questa gratia col più vivo della mia divotione Et à V M fò profondiss[i]mo inchino. Pistoia 20 Xbre
1681[.]
D V M
Hum[ilissi]ma Deu[otissi]ma et Obligat[issi]ma Serua
M[ari]a Mad[alen]a Rospigliosi Panciatichi[.]
With modernised spelling:
Sacra Real Maestà,
Non è la riverenza con che ho professato di venerar sempre il nome e l'eccelse virtù di Vostra Maestà in grado tanto inferiore che non fosse bastante a rappresentarle anco senza le mie divote espressioni, quale sia il desiderio, che di continuo nodrisco nell'animo delle maggiori felicità della Maestà Vostra. Con tutto ciò io m'avanzo a far palesi a Vostra Maestà questi miei riverentissimi sentimenti, col solito tributo d'ossequio che le porgo nella congiuntura delle vicine feste di Natale, perché vorrei accreditar tanto appresso la clemenza della Maestà Vostra l'umilissima servitù mia ch'una volta si avesse a degnare di onorerla de' suoi reali cenni ed me appunto imploro dalla sua benignità questa grazia col più vivo della mia divozione; ed a Vostra Maestà fo profondissimo inchino. Pistoia, 20 dicembre 1681.
Di Vostra Maestà
umilissima, divotissima ed obbligatissima serva
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
French translation (my own):
Sacrée Majesté Royale,
Ce n'est pas la révérence avec laquelle j'ai toujours professé de vénérer le nom et les sublimes vertus de Votre Majesté, malgré mon inférieure condition, qui est insuffisant pour l'exprimer, même sans mes expressions de dévouement, le désir que je nourris continuellement en mon cœur pour les plus grandes félicités de Votre Majesté. Néanmoins, je m'avance de faire connaître à Votre Majesté ces sentiments très révérentes, en l'offrant le tribut habituel de mon obséquiosité à la conjoncture des prochaines fêtes de Noël, car je souhaite ainsi recommander ma très humble servitude à la clémence de Votre Majesté, afin qu'elle daigne un jour m'honorer de ses commandements royaux; et j'implore cette grâce de votre bénignité avec la plus vive dévotion; et je m'incline très profondément devant Votre Majesté. Pistoie, le 20 décembre 1681.
De Votre Majesté
la très humble, très dévouée et très obligée serviteuse
Marie Madeleine Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
Swedish translation (my own):
Heliga Kungliga Majestät,
Det är inte den vördnad med vilken jag alltid har bekänt mig vörda Ers Majestäts namn och sublima dygder, i min underordnad rang, som är otillräcklig för att, även utan mina hängivna uttryck, framföra den önskan jag ständigt när i mitt hjärta efter Ers Majestäts största lycka. Ändå vågar jag göra dessa vördnadsfulla känslor kända för Ers Majestät, med den vanliga hyllning av undergivenhet som jag framför i samband med de annalkande Julhögtiderna, eftersom jag sålunda vill anbefalla min ödmjuka tjänst till Ers Majestäts nåd så att Ni en dag må värdigas ära mig med Era kungliga befallningar; och jag bönfaller om denna nåd från Er välvilja med min livligaste hängivenhet; och jag bugar djupt för Ers Majestät. Pistoia, den 20 december 1681.
Ers Majestäts
ödmjukaste, hängivnaste och mest förpliktade tjänarinna
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
English translation (my own):
Sacred Royal Majesty,
It is not the reverence with which I have always professed to venerate the name and the sublime virtues of Your Majesty, in my inferior rank, that is insufficient to represent to you, even without my devoted expressions, the desire I continually nourish in my heart for Your Majesty's greatest felicities. Nevertheless, I venture to make these most reverent sentiments known to Your Majesty, with the usual tribute of obsequiousness that I offer on the conjuncture of the approaching feasts of Christmas, because I would like to thus commend my humble service to Your Majesty's clemency that you might one day deign to honour me with your royal commands; and I implore this grace from your benignity with my liveliest devotion; and I bow most deeply to Your Majesty. Pistoia, December 20, 1681.
Your Majesty's
most humble, most devoted and most obliged servant
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
_c_1685.jpg)
Above: Kristina.
,_half-length,_in_a_black_surcote_trimmed_with_silver_embroidery_2012_CKS_05677_0218.jpg)
Above: Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
Christmas letter to Kristina from Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi, dated December 11/21 (New Style), 1680
Source:
Bibliothèque interuniversitaire (Montpellier); Manuscrits de la reine Christine; IV: Lettere di principi d'eccellenza, nunzy Apostolici e ministri alla regina; Lettere de Principi d'Eccelenza alla Regina; Lettres de Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi; 13: Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi à Christine de Suède, Pistoia, 21 décembre 1680 (digitisation page 12v-13r)
Christine (1626-1689 ; reine de Suède), Manuscrits de la reine Christine: Lettere di principi d'eccellenza, nunzy Apostolici e ministri alla regina, : , 1601-1700.
[En ligne sur https://folia.scdi-montpellier.fr/recherche-folia/3642] (consulté le 19/12/2025 21:18).
The Foli@ online digital heritage library is here:
Copyright SCDI-UPV - Collections Université de Montpellier (shelfmark H 258).
The letter:
Sacra, Real Maestà.
hano sempre altamente fisse nella mia memoria le segnalatissime gratie dispensatemi dalla beneficenza senza pari di V. M. e questa ricordanza per essere in se medesima così gioconda, mi volerebbe di giustificato eccitamento à renderle di continuo gli atti dell'humilissima servitù mia nella maniera, che dalla propria tenuità mi fosse permesso, ogni volta che i miei desiderij non fossero moderati della consideratione della riverenza dovuta da tutti, e da me in particolare alla M. V. et al suo supremo grado. Eserciti non dimeno V. M. vn termino dell'innata sua somma clemenza in concedermi, che per le prossime Festi del santiss[im]o Natale io con l'annuntio delle maggiore felicità, e contentezze pigli l'ardire di rassegnarle l'humiliss[im]a servitù mia, ad effetto di riconoscere in me vna costanza di veneratione, e d'ossequio corrispondente in tutti i numeri alla gloria del suo Nome, et alla sublimità del suo merito, et ordinata à rendermi sempre più degna dell'honore della sua Real protettione. Et a V. M. fò profondis[sim]o inchino. Pistoia 21. xbre 1680[.]
D V. M.
Hum[ilissi]ma Deu[otissi]ma et Oblig[atissi]ma Serua
M[ari]a Mad[dalen]a Rospigliosi Panciatichi[.]
With modernised spelling:
Sacra Real Maestà,
Hanno sempre altamente fisse nella mia memoria le segnalatissime grazie dispensatemi dalla beneficenza senza pari di Vostra Maestà; è questa ricordanza, per essere in se medesima così gioconda, mi volerebbe di giustificato eccitamento a renderle di continuo gli atti dell'umilissima servitù mia nella maniera che dalla propria tenuità mi fosse permesso ogni volta che i miei desideri non fossero moderati della considerazione della riverenza dovuta da tutti, e da me in particolare, alla Maestà Vostra ed al suo supremo grado.
Eserciti nondimeno Vostra Maestà un termino dell'innata sua somma clemenza in concedermi che per le prossime festi del Santissimo Natale io con l'annunzio delle maggiore felicità e contentezze pigli l'ardire di rassegnarle l'umilissima servitù mia, ad effetto di riconoscere in me una costanza di venerazione e d'ossequio corrispondente in tutti i numeri alla gloria del suo nome ed alla sublimità del suo merito, ed ordinata a rendermi sempre più degna dell'onore della sua real protezione; ed a Vostra Maestà fo profondissimo inchino. Pistoia, 21 dicembre 1680.
Di Vostra Maestà
umilissima, divotissima ed obbligatissima serva
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
French translation (my own):
Sacrée Majesté Royale,
Les grâces signalées dont Votre Majesté m'a comblé grâce à sa bénéficence incomparable restent gravées hautement dans ma mémoire; et ce souvenir, si joyeux en soi, m'inspirerait un enthousiasme justifié à lui rendre continuellement la très humble servitude, de quelque manière que ma ténuité me le permet, si mes désirs n'étaient tempérés par la considération de la révérence due par tous, et par moi en particulier, à Votre Majesté et à son rang suprême.
Que Votre Majesté daigne néanmoins faire preuve de sa clémence innée et consommée en m'accordant la permission, durant les prochaines fêtes de la Très Sainte Nativité, de prendre la liberté de lui exprimer, avec l'annonce de la plus grande félicité et de la plus grande satisfaction, ma servitude humble, afin de témoigner de ma constante vénération et de mon obéissance, dignes en tous points de la gloire de son nom et de la sublimité de ses mérites, et destinées à me rendre toujours plus digne de l'honneur de sa protection royale; et à Votre Majesté je m'incline très profondément. Pistoie, le 21 décembre 1680.
De Votre Majesté
la très humble, très dévouée et très obligée serviteuse
Marie Madeleine Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
Swedish translation (my own):
Heliga Kungliga Majestät,
De anmärkningsvärda nåder som Ers Majestäts oöverträffade välgörenhet har skänkt mig är alltid djupt etsade i mitt minne; och detta minne, i sig självt så glädjefyllt, skulle inspirera mig med berättigad entusiasm att ständigt utföra handlingar av min ödmjukaste tjänande på vilket sätt min egen tenuitet än tillåter, om inte mina önskningar mildrades av hänsynen till den vördnad som alla, och jag i synnerhet, är skyldig Ers Majestät och Er högsta rang.
Må Ers Majestät likväl utöva ett mått av Er medfödda, fullkomliga nåd genom att bevilja mig tillåtelse att under de kommande högtiderna av den Heligaste Julen ta mig friheten att, med tillkännagivandet av den största lycka och tillfredsställelse, uttrycka Er min ödmjukaste tjänst, för att i mig själv inse en beständighet av vördnad och undergivenhet som på alla sätt motsvarar Ert namns ära och Er förtjänsts sublimitet, och avsedd att göra mig alltmer värdig Ert kungliga beskydds ära; och för Ers Majestät bugar jag på det djupaste. Pistoia, den 21 december 1680.
Ers Majestäts
ödmjukaste, hängivnaste och mest förpliktade tjänarinna
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
English translation (my own):
Sacred Royal Majesty,
The remarkable graces bestowed upon me by Your Majesty's unparalleled beneficence are always highly fixed in my memory; and this remembrance, being in itself so joyful, would inspire me with justified excitement to continually render acts of my most humble servitude in whatever manner my own tenuity would permit, were my desires not tempered by the consideration of the reverence due from all, and from me in particular, to Your Majesty and to your supreme rank.
May Your Majesty nevertheless exercise a measure of your innate, consummate clemency in granting me permission, during the upcoming festivities of the Most Holy Christmas, to take the liberty of expressing to you, with the announcement of the greatest felicity and contentment, my most humble servitude, in order to recognise in myself a constancy of veneration and obsequiousness corresponding in every way to the glory of your name and the sublimity of your merit, and intended to make myself ever more worthy of the honour of your royal protection; and to Your Majesty I bow most deeply. Pistoia, December 21, 1680.
Your Majesty's
most humble, most devoted and most obliged servant
Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
Above: Kristina.
,_half-length,_in_a_black_surcote_trimmed_with_silver_embroidery_2012_CKS_05677_0218.jpg)
Above: Maria Maddalena Rospigliosi Panciatichi.
Note: »min [egen] tenuitet« = »min ringhet, min ringa person« (Svenska Akademiens ordbok).
Monday, December 8, 2025
Sunday, December 7, 2025
Francis William Bain on Kristina's visit to Münster and stay in Antwerp
Sources:
Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 248 to 251, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library
Pierre Hector Chanut's letter of November 3/13 (New Style), 1654 to Kristina is here:
Kristina's reply letter to him, written November 24/December 4 (New Style), 1654, is here:
His reply letter to her, written December 25, 1654/January 4, 1655 (New Style), is here:
The account:
... On August 6, she came to Munster, and went next day to visit the Jesuits' college there. A letter written by one of the Reverend Fathers gives an account of it. She was shown over the church, library, and precincts, jesting with the Father on the morals of the Order, in that they were all things to all men. Just before going, being offered a cup of wine, she accepted it, and poured it away on the ground, saying, "I am no great wine-bibber", and departed, much pleased with her entertainment: next morning she sent them 100 ducats. One of the Jesuits, who had her portrait, discovered her, in spite of the big hat, large boots, black wig, and sword on thigh, which announced the young man, but said nothing at the time. Thence passing through Holland incognita, in spite of the wish of the States to receive her magnificently, she arrived at Antwerp on August 12, and assumed her own dress.
Among those who came to see her here was the Archduke Leopold; "the Queen received him at the foot of the stairs, conducted him to her lodgings, made him sit down over against her, in such another chair, gave him always the title of Highness, and accompanied him to the bottom of the same stairs, with reciprocal satisfaction, still speaking in Italian." But her hero Condé sending to demand the same ceremony as that shown to the Archduke, she was annoyed and refused it; whereupon he would not come at all. It is said that he did come incognito in the crowd one day, and on Christina's recognising him, withdrew, remarking only, when she would have detained him, "All or nothing!" Meeting him one day as if by accident, Christina exclaimed, "Cousin, who would have believed, ten years ago, that we were destined to meet like this?" From the Hague came secretly the Queen of Bohemia, Elizabeth, the friend of Descartes [sic], with her daughter, "only to see her, as they did, at a comedy", as well as other notables; she passed her time in receiving visits, frequenting the theatres, and making tours to neighbouring colleges and libraries. To the admonition of the Senate she wrote back, refusing politely to be guided by their well-meant advice.
While she was at Antwerp, circumstances not fully known to us brought about an awkward misunderstanding between her and her old friend Chanut. She had wished to see him; accordingly, he came from the Hague, where he was ambassador, and was well received. After he returned, the report spread that his visit had not been one of mere courtesy, but that its object was to invite Christina to try and make peace between Spain and France. Chanut wrote to her, to ask her to deny this rumour publicly. Whether it was that there really had been some such talk, (Chanut, for instance, wrote to a friend, to say that the Queen was by no means such a Spaniard as was given out,) or whether she suspected the rumours were designed to injure her with Spain; or finally, wished to conciliate the Spaniards, she refused; telling him "that for all answer to his letter, which he was trying to give weight to by publishing copies, she would say only that all it contained was baseless; ... the French were well known to be hindering the peace; the Spaniards were waiting patiently, even though they might have to wait till the French grew more modest; and neither the cunning, nor the boasting of France would terrify them; the King of France would one day find that peace was his truest policy." Chanut wrote back a letter of surprise and remonstrant apology for his country; and laid the correspondences before the Court of Sweden, to which France had complained. King Charles contented himself with announcing he had taken no part in the business, and did not understand it, as, indeed, neither can we.
Above: Kristina.
Notes: The quarrel between Kristina and the Prince de Condé happened after Kristina arrived at Brussels, not Antwerp.
The Queen of Bohemia was Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), the oldest and only surviving daughter of King James VI and I (1566-1625) and Anne of Denmark (1574-1619), and the widowed wife of Friedrich V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia (1596-1632). Her daughter and Descartes' friend was Elisabeth of Bohemia and the Palatinate (1618-1680).
Francis William Bain on Kristina's first stay in Hamburg (1654)
Source:
Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 247 to 248, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library
The account:
We need not dwell on her journey through Denmark. On July 10, she arrived at Hamburgh, and resumed her own sex and personality. She stayed at the house of a Jew, named Texeira; this scandalized the Lutheran ministers, who inveighed against her in the pulpit for it. From subsequent letters it appears that she had bought or engaged this house from Texeira, who acted as her agent in various money matters. A story is told of her here, which may or may not be true. Being at a church of St. Peter's with the Landgrave of Hesse, the Rector pronounced a panegyric upon her, on the text of the Queen of Sheba, and was rewarded by the present of a gold chain, "though possibly she had not heard much of it"; for after she left the church, a book richly bound was found in her pew, which turned out to be a Virgil; it was taken to Christina, who received it with a smile.
She wrote to Charles X., reminding him to look after her revenues; and there was no harm in having a friend at Court, for a rumour that she was meditating a change of religion had got about, and the Swedish clergy were talking of cutting down her revenues. The Senate determined to send a remonstrance, adjuring her to remain steadfast in the faith of her fathers, as being the best.
Meanwhile, she was visited by numerous German princes, among others, the already mentioned Landgrave of Hesse, who gave her "a stately feast without the city", on July 30. After supper she returned home, resumed male attire, because the roads were dangerous by reason of the dispute with the city of Bremen, and accompanied only by Steinberg and four others, departed at midnight, bidding the rest of her retinue meet her by a certain date at Amsterdam. ...
Above: Kristina.
Note: The Jewish man Kristina stayed with during this first stay in Hamburg was not Diego Texeira (Abraham Senior; 1581-1666), but Jacob Curiel (Dom Duarte Nunes da Costa; 1587-1664), a Sephardi Jewish merchant, diplomat and nobleman. He and his family had been living in Hamburg since 1627, and the house was located at Krameramtsstuben in the city's Neustadt district.
Francis William Bain on Kristina's departure from Sweden
Sources:
Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 244 to 247, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library
6. Christina's illness soon slowed down the travelling party, but not in Brokind, at Research; I. Faults and fabrications; VIA CHRISTINA — Het boek/The book, by Frans Godfroy at historischeroutes.nl
Kristina's letter to the Prince de Condé is here:
Her letter to the Académie Française, dated June 10/20 (New Style), 1654, is here:
Her letter of June 17/27 (New Style), 1654, to Pierre Gassendi is here:
The account:
Her first anxiety after becoming a private person was to get out of Sweden as fast as she could; she would not even stay the night at Upsala, though it was raining hard. To Count Brahé, who begged her not to be in such a hurry, she replied, "How do you suppose I can stay in a place over which I was but now sovereign, to see another wielding my power?" There were, besides, good reasons for making haste. The peasants were openly talking of compelling her to stay in the country and spend her revenues in Sweden; and what was worse, rumours were beginning to spread of her design to become a Catholic. Delay might have fatal effects: accordingly, she remained only five days at Stockholm. To lull suspicion[,] she gave out that she was going to drink the waters at Spa, and would soon return. She had before this packed up and sent to Gothenburg the bulk of her furniture, statues, pictures, medals, and personal possessions. Charles Gustavus presented her with 50,000 crowns for her journey and a fine diamond and pearl pin as a souvenir. Before starting she wrote to her hero, Condé, assuring him of her continued admiration, and declaring that her resignation of the crown should never be lowered by any vain regrets. She also, as if to initiate her new career, wrote to the French Academy, thanking them for the praise with which they had received her portrait, which they had asked for, and telling them of her intention to devote herself to the belles lettres. Partly, too, to assure herself of what she was not wholly convinced, she had medals struck; one showing Pegasus on a high rock with the inscription, "sedes hæc solio potior"; another, displaying a crown, with the motto, "et sine te"; a third showed a labyrinth, with the words "fata viam invenient". The world was, indeed, all before her; it required courage to take the fatal step.
She set out from Stockholm at nightfall, escorted by many of the principal persons in the kingdom, and observed by a large crowd, amidst the salutes of cannon from the fort and the men-of-war. Travelling all night and the whole of the next day, she arrived in the evening at Nyköping, where she bade farewell to Maria Eleanora, and continued her journey without resting till she came to Norköping. She remained there a day, not having slept since she left Stockholm. A little farther on she was seized with pleurisy, and had to stop for a week at a private house. Here, although twelve ships of the line had been ordered to Calmar to escort her, she wrote to Charles X. to say she would not go by sea, but by land to Denmark. Passing through Halmstadt she wrote to Gassendi, fixing on him an annual salary, together with a present of a chain of gold. She now disguised herself as a man, giving herself out to be the son of Count Dohna, for the sake of security on her travels. At the last moment, before crossing the frontier, Baron Linde once more made her the offer of Charles' hand; she answered calmly, that if she had been inclined to marry, she would have done so with better grace while she was still on the throne, adding that the king was prudent enough not to need counsel of her.
Above: Kristina.
Note: The research of Dutch historian Frans Godfroy (2022) has found that it is true that Kristina stopped a few days into the departure journey after coming down with a lung infection. Her contemporary biographer, chronicler and friend, Count Galleazzo Gualdo Priorato, wrote in his 1656 account of her long journey from Stockholm to Rome that she stayed for eight days at the home of the nobleman Natt och Dag, "eight Swedish miles south of Jönköping" (in Småland), but with no further specifications.
Godfroy, wanting to know what member of the family this was and the location of his house, found that the Natt och Dag family actually lived at Brokind in Östergötland, which is thirteen miles (or 140 kilometers) northeast of Jönköping rather than eight Swedish miles (about 85 km) south. He also notes that Swedish historians have been unable to find any houses owned by the family in Småland in around 1654, but other authors have been able to solve the issue.
Garstein (1992) and Lanoye (2001) both do not mention Kristina's illness, with the former writing that she travelled "at great speed" in a southwesterly direction across Sweden towards Halmstad, close to the Danish border; while Lanoye writes that Kristina "hastily" crossed the south of Sweden and entered the province of Halland. Although she and her suite covered "considerable distances" with every day of their travel, it usually went rather slowly because of the delay her illness caused. Godfroy believes that in reality, instead of Priorato's eight days, the delay lasted four or five days.
The father and son Weibull (1894 and 1966 respectively) both mention the said delay, but they believe that Kristina spent her convalescence at the Natt och Dag family residence in Brokind, but that location does not match with anywhere in her itinerary or with the route Priorato describes. "One might imagine she took a detour for granted because she became ill during the journey and needed a bed", Godfroy says. But he immediately afterwards adds that it is not very plausible since she had just had a rest day at the royal castle at Linköping, which was two and a half miles to the north and that she might have been better off staying or returning there.
Further research by Godfroy et al. focusing on any members of the Natt och Dag family living in Småland and about eight miles south of Jönköping was able to successfully discover one, namely Carl Persson Natt och Dag (1628-1694/1695). He was a member of the Riksdag, and as of 1654 he was living in the manor house Toftaholm, which belonged to his mother [Christina Sofia Stenbock (1603-1661)]. There is no direct evidence that Kristina stayed there, "but Toftaholm was at least the indicated location". However, this discovery was slightly complicated by the fact that at this time Carl was in Uppsala for the Riksdag and was obviously therefore unable to receive Kristina in person, but it is possible that his wife [Benedikta Posse (died 1678)] had "observed the honours".
Francis William Bain on contemporary opinions of and reactions to Kristina's abdication, and his own assessment of her motives and what the abdication meant for her and her life after it
Source:
Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 242 to 244, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library
The account:
CHAPTER VII.
PAGES might be filled with the opinions expressed in Europe upon the extraordinary spectacle of a young woman in her twenty-eighth year [sic] voluntarily throwing away a crown; but they would add nothing to our knowledge. The onlookers of the time had less means of getting at the truth than we have, and the various judgments, ranging from the most extravagant panegyric to equally extravagant invective, were only dictated by personal feeling or party interests; very few were there who considered it impartially. The King of Spain, dubious at first, afterwards gave it his warmest approval. "Where", exclaimed Condé, "is this Queen who has cast off what we are all hunting for?" "It is well", wrote Bochart, "to despise the world, but with the crown she has lost the power of doing good." "You have cast away your shield", wrote Heinsius to Christina; "of your flatterers but few praised Christina, most the Queen." Here and there she found an isolated admirer, such as Gassendi or Milton, in those who could take a philosophic view. The suddenness of so startling a course at first took the world by surprise and merely perplexed it; but no sooner had Christina capped her abdication by her profession of her new faith than all doubt vanished. From that hour the Catholics extolled her to the skies, and the Protestants, especially in Sweden, with the large contingent of disappointed French and learned parasites, became her bitter enemies. Calumny and abuse, however, are always stronger than praise, and her vilipenders have won the day up to the present time. A sound historical criticism will dismiss both these special pleaders. The politician and the man of the world will perhaps side with the Swedes, and pronounce it to be a desertion of duty, if not an act of complete folly; but in that case he must accept the logical consequences of his position, and regard it as reductio ad absurdum of religion, for there is not the shadow of a doubt that she herself considered she was sacrificing her crown to her convictions. The religious motive was her starting-point, nor would the attraction of brighter skies and more congenial surroundings, even aided by her native restlessness, even have been strong enough to draw her away from the throne without it. The more plausible assertion that she was driven away by her difficulties is completely refuted by a fact admitted even by those who make it, that she had determined to resign as early as, and even earlier than, 1648.
Those who have of their own free will abandoned the supreme power — Sulla, Diocletian, Charles V. — had not long to live after it; their private life has added to, instead of damaging, the general effect of the whole. But Christina lived thirty-two years after she abdicated [sic], and hence there is a sort of dramatic impropriety in the second and longer half of her career, which in itself has detracted from her fame. There is a great drop from a public to a private stage; the brilliancy of her ten years' reign — ten years of absolute rule — during which the young Queen, as she said herself, donnait tout et pourvoyait à tout [gave everything and provided for everything], is sadly dulled against the subsequent period nearly four times as long, when she had only her own peculiar character to depend on. From the point of view of art and her own fame, it is a very great pity she did not die immediately after her abdication. The remainder of her life produces the same effect as the third rhyme in a heroic couplet; intrinsically good though it be, it mars the general effect.
Above: Kristina.
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