Showing posts with label Order of Amarante. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Order of Amarante. Show all posts

Monday, October 20, 2025

Francis William Bain on Kristina's friendship with Bulstrode Whitelocke

Source:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 191 to 195, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


The account:

... Christina was at no time more closely allied with Pimentelli than other ambassadors whom she thought it necessary to conciliate for political reasons. The insinuations against him are due to his country and his religion, and were never directed against another ambassador to whom she showed equal if not greater favour, Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke, who was sent by Cromwell to Sweden in 1653 to negotiate a commercial treaty with England and establish friendly relations between the two countries. His first interview with Christina took place on December 23, 1653:

"He perceived the Queen sitting, at the upper end of the room, upon her chair of state of crimson velvet... he put off his cap, and then the Queen put off her cap, after the fashion of men, and came two or three steps forward upon the foot carpet. This, and her being covered and rising from her seat, caused Whitelocke to know her to be the Queen, which otherwise had not been easy to be discerned, her habit being of plain grey stuff, her petticoat reaching to the ground, over that a jacket such as men wear, of the same stuff, reaching to her knees; on her left side, tied with crimson ribbons, she wore the jewel of the order of Amaranta; her cuffs ruffled à la mode, no gorget or band, but a black scarf about her neck, tied before with a black ribbon as soldiers and mariners sometimes use to wear; her hair was braided and hung loose upon her head: she wore a black velvet cap lined with sables and turned up after the fashion of the country, which she used to put on and off as men do their hats. Her countenance was sprightly, but somewhat pale; she has much of majesty in her demeanour, and though her person were of the smaller size, yet her mien and carriage were very noble."

Christina took great delight in Whitelocke's company and humour; she would frequently have him to her palace, and after "calling for stools" in deference to his lameness, she would sit hours at a time discussing English and foreign affairs, not unmixed with what he calls "drollery." The accounts he has left us show what tact she would bring to bear on her negotiations with foreign powers. To oblige him, she ceased to hold balls on Sunday, as was customary in Sweden, which he considered a profanation of the Sabbath. She always expressed a great admiration of Cromwell, whom she compared to Gustavus Vasa. She would sometimes ride with him, and on one such occasion tried his pistols and her own to see which were the best. On February 20th, Valentine's Eve according to the old style, she gave him leave to be her Valentine, and wear her name in his hat; he sent her as a present "a great looking-glass." It was just such instances of graceful humour that in cases other than Whitelocke's were twisted into scandals by malevolent calumniators.

He describes for us the balls and festivals given by the Queen: "The Queen and her ladies would first dance the brawls, then French dances; ... she took great delight in English country dances, and herself danced with more life and spirit than the rest of the ladies, or any he had seen;" as well as masquerades and ballets, such as that in January, 1651, called the "triumphant Parnassus;" sometimes the national costumes of Europe, past and present, would be represented, Christina appearing now as a Dutch maidservant, now a Moorish lady, or citizen's wife. At a "Banquet of the Gods" in 1651 [sic], in which Ulfeld, Radziejowski, Pimentelli, and Count Magnus appeared as Jupiter, Bacchus, Mars, and Apollo, she instituted her "Order of Amaranta." The origin of the name is obscure; perhaps from the Greek "never fading;" or a pastoral in which Christina was a shepherdess, Amarantha. The badge was a gold medal on which was engraved a double A, interlaced, with the motto "Dolce nella memoria." There were thirty members in addition to the Queen; they swore to follow Virtue and Honour, and had the privilege of feasting with her on Saturdays at a country house near Stockholm. One condition was that the candidate must be unmarried; this must have been abrogated in the case of Whitelocke, who was made a member; he had been married three times. "Pardieu, vous êtes incorrigible!" said the Queen, when he told her.

Her enemies fastened on this "Order", trying to connect it scandalously with Pimentelli, whose Christian name was Antonio; a thing refuted by the date, when he had not as yet come to Sweden [sic]. They saw further evidence in the diamond ring she gave him, at one of these masques, to hold for her till she asked for it, when she went to change her dress; when he offered it back to her, she said she had not asked for it yet, nor would; he was to keep it in memory of her. But Whitelocke, who relates it, speaks of the whole thing as taking place "genteelly, and without the least offence or scandal."

Not only are charges of this pitiful kind absolutely without foundation, but neither is there anything in the assertion that at this time she abandoned politics for frivolous amusements. A typical illustration is furnished by the innumerable discussions between Whitelocke and herself respecting his mission, in which her careful consideration of all details is obvious. Certainly, there was considerable delay in settling and concluding it, of which Whitelocke complains. But he does not notice the reason for this delay; his own pages furnish continual evidence that Christina and the Chancellor were waiting to see whether Cromwell could establish his power on a sure basis. In the meantime Balandine, Charles II.'s envoy, came to Sweden to ask assistance. Christina wrote an answer with her own hand, "regretting her inability to provide any remedy for the incurable evils of the age, and[,] hoping that time[,] which cures all things[,] might put an end to his evil fortune, and furnish her with opportunities to assist him without detriment to her own interests and obligations." But after Cromwell became Protector, in December, 1653, the treaty of commerce progressed better: it was finally signed in April, 1654. On his departure, Christina made Whitelocke a present of raw copper worth £2500.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Bulstrode Whitelocke.

Wednesday, August 20, 2025

Excerpt from "Ebba d. G—"'s article on the Order of Amarante, in "Varia" magazine, year 1906

Source:

Amarantherorden, article written by "Ebba d. G—" for Varia, issue 2, pages 74 to 75, issue of February 1, 1906; original at the Finnish National Library (Kansalliskirjasto/Nationalbiblioteket)


Varia, 01.02.1906 no 2, s. 74-75 https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/689934 Kansalliskirjaston Digitaaliset Aineistot



The article excerpt:

AMARANTHERORDEN.
NÅGRA ANTECKNINGAR AF EBBA D. G—.
»La regina nomade», som drottning Kristina kallas, kvinnan med den snillrika anden och det oroliga hjärtat, älskade glans, prakt och lustbarheter.

Efter den ärorika Westphaliska freden hade Sverige med ens trädt fram som en mäktig stat, den drottningen lysande ville representera.

De »lagerkrönta barkbrödsåren» voro förbi, mödor och faror öfvervunna och den svenska hären hade återvändt hem, rik på ära och byte.

Sveriges namn flög öfver världen ledsagadt af smattrande segerfanfarer, den blågula flaggan var  en stormakts och i landet fanns män, dådkraftiga, äfventyrslystna, med fosterlandskärlek och offervillighet i hjärjat [sic] och mod att handla när det behöfdes. Kristinas hof utgjorde en samlingsplats för allt hvad landet då ägde lysande af börd och snille.

Utländska sändebud och lärda män gåfvo ökad glans däråt.

Vid en fest Trettondedagen 1653 instiftades den hoforden, som kallades för Amaranthen. Om dennas upphof talar drottningen själf i en af henne i Rom författad uppsats »Informations de la frairie d'Amaranthe». I stället för de vanliga kostymbalerna beslöt drottningen att gifva en utomordentlig fest med gudar och gudinnor, herdar och herdinnor efter Augusti exempel. Festsalen föreställde Arkadien. Drottningen var herdinnan Amarantha och serverade själf »gudarna».

Slutligen, sedan hon midt under festglädjen klädt om sig, lät hon gästerna sinemellan dela sin dyrbara kostym och bildade ett »frairie appelé du nom gesellschaft» samt utdelade till de herrar och damer, som blefvo medlemmar, Amaranthas dubbelinitial i diamanter, omsluten af en corona civica (medborgarkrona) med inskrift »Dolce ne sarà la memoria» »Ljuft skall minnet häraf vara».

16 damer och 16 herrar, som togo del i drottningens »intimaste förlustelser», upptogos i sällskapet, hvars företrädesrätt var att om lördagarna få supera med henne på Ulriksdal »för att lära känna och beundra denna furstinnas känslor».

Bland medlemmarna har man särskildt ihågkommit spanske ambassadören Antonio Pimentelli, hvars födelseort Amaranthe var. Drottningen har synbarligen med sitt herdinnenamn Amarantha velat fira denne sin förtrogne.

Drottning Kristinas skapelse för sin umgängeskrets guda- och herdenöjen hade emellertid kort varaktighet. Redan året efter instiftandet var den oroliga furstinnan på väg till Rom, och i hennes öfvergifna Sverige fick man snart annat att tänka på än att dansa i Arkadien. ...

English translation (my own):

THE ORDER OF AMARANTE.
SOME NOTES BY EBBA D. G—.
"La regina nomade", as Queen Kristina is called, the woman with the ingenious spirit and the restless heart, loved splendour and pleasures.

After the glorious Peace of Westphalia, Sweden had suddenly emerged as a powerful state, one that the Queen wanted to brilliantly represent.

The "years of laurel-crowned bark bread" were over, hardships and dangers overcome, and the Swedish army had returned home, rich in glory and booty.

Sweden's name flew over the world accompanied by blaring victory fanfares, the blue and yellow flag was then that of a great power; and in the country there were men, energetic, adventurous, with patriotism and a willingness in their hearts to sacrifice and the courage to act when necessary. Kristina's court was a gathering place for all that the country then possessed of brilliant birth and genius.

Foreign envoys and learned men gave it added luster.

At a feast at Epiphany 1653, the court order called Amarante was established. The Queen herself speaks of its origin in an essay written by her in Rome, "Informations de la frairie d'Amaranthe". Instead of the usual costume balls, the Queen decided to give an extraordinary feast with gods and goddesses, shepherds and shepherdesses, after the example of Augustus. The banquet hall represented Arcadia. The Queen was the shepherdess Amaranta and herself served the "gods".

Finally, after she had dressed herself in the midst of the festive joy, she had the guests share her precious costume among themselves and formed a "frairie appelé du nom gesellschaft" and distributed to the gentlemen and ladies who became members, Amaranta's double initial in diamonds, surrounded by a corona civica (civic crown) with the inscription "Dolce ne sarà la memoria" — "Sweet shall the memory of this be".

16 ladies and 16 gentlemen, who took part in the Queen's "most intimate pleasures", were admitted to the company, whose preferential right was to dine with her at Ulriksdal on Saturdays, "to get to know and admire the feelings of this princess".

Among the members, the Spanish ambassador Antonio Pimentel, whose birthplace was Amarante, has been particularly remembered. The Queen apparently wanted to commemorate this confidant of hers with her shepherdess name Amaranta.

Queen Kristina's creation for her circle of friends, the gods' and shepherds' eyes, was short-lived, however. The year after its establishment, the restless princess was on her way to Rome, and in her abandoned Sweden, people soon had other things to think about than dancing in Arcadia. ...

Notes: In Kristina's time Ulriksdal Castle was known as Jakobsdal.

Antonio Pimentel de Prado was not born in Amarante (in Portugal), but in Palermo, Sicily.

Monday, June 2, 2025

Article about Kristina's life in Rome, written by "Chevalier" for "Vår Kvinnor" magazine, year 1923

Source:

Nordens Minerva i Rom: Den pikantaste episoden i drottning Kristinas liv, article written by "Chevalier" for Våra Kvinnor: Tidskrift för arbete, konst, litteratur, teater, film m. m., issue 11-12, pages 214 to 215, issue of June 23, 1923; original at the Finnish National Library (Kansalliskirjasto/Nationalbiblioteket)


Våra Kvinnor, 23.06.1923 no 11-12, s. 214-215 https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/778989 Kansalliskirjaston Digitaaliset Aineistot




The article:

NORDENS MINERVA I ROM
DEN PIKANTASTE EPISODEN I DROTTNING KRISTINAS LIV.

Änglarnas glädje i himmeln.
En fransk biskop Huit [sic] som år 1652 besökte Sverige, kände sig icke vidare tilltalad av de primitiva förhållanden som då voro rådande i Stockholm. Han skrev hem att t. o. m. stormännens slott invändigt se ut som vitmenade grifter och att servisen för det mesta bestod av tenn. Om somrarna spände man en baldakin över matbordet på det att spindlar och annan ohyra ej måtte falla ned i maten.

Det är klart att det kulturella livet för övrigt var i samma stil. Det är därför ej att undra över att en så högt begåvad och dessutom ovanligt excentrisk kvinna som drottning Kristina icke trivdes i längden i den trista och trångsynta norden. Hon längtade söderut, till Rom, den tidens världsmetropol och katolicismens högsäte.

Bourdelot hade visserligen för en tid lyckats kasta ett stänk av Louvrens munterhet över Stockholms slott. Grotius, Salmasius och Descartes fingo lov att maka undan sina tjocka och tunggrodda folianter för att bereda plats åt balettens, komediens och den italienska musikens lättfotade gudinnor. En kväll uppträdde drottningen själv som Amarantha i herdespelet och baletten med samma namn. Då ridån gick upp, utbrast hela hovet i jubelropet: Viva Amarantha! gudar och gudinnor, heroer och herdar blandade sig nu i den förnäma publiken. Glädjen stod högt i tak. Till åminnelse av denna fest stiftade drottningen den som ett skämt tänkta Amaranther-orden, vars riddare måste svära drottningen en evig herdetro.

*

Denna pastorala idyll, som några år senare skulle uppleva sin pånyttfödelse i Rom, var emellertid endast en episod. Kristinas obändiga och äventyrliga lynne lät icke kuva sig. Hon satte sig i sin karmosinröda kaross och kuskade i väg till kontinenten. Hon reste från stad till stad, från hov till hov för att löga sin själ i tidens mest förfinade sällskapston. I Holland förde hon lärda samtal med den för sin vidunderliga lärdom över hela Europa beryktade fröken Schurmann, vars salong med den hemtrevliga av blåvita kakel uppförda kaminen var en samlingsplats för de förnämsta filosofer, forskare och poeter. I Paris försmådde hon icke att behedra den sköna kurtisanen Ninon de Lenclos salong med sin kungliga närvaro.

*

Slutligen tröttnade hon på resorna och beslöt att slå sig ned i Rom. Klädd som amazon red hon en vacker dag genom Porta del Popolo in i den heliga staden, hälsad av den galante påven, som i sitt välkomsttal bl. a. sade att »även änglarna i himmeln firade hennes ankomst till Rom med en glad fest ovan molnen.» Han anade i det ögonblicket icke att det skulle komma en tid då han skulle be henne dra för hin i våld.

*

Barocktidens Rom
var icke mera den tummelplats för partifejderna den tidigare varit. Intet vapengny hördes mera på gatorna, där grannt målade karosser med stora glasfönster obehindrat rullade fram över den dåliga stenläggningen eller gräsbevuxna torg. I stället för de klumpiga condottieri med sitt skramlande följe såg man nu sirliga hovmän i allongeperuk med en leksaksvärja vid sidan trippa konverserande genom parkerna och över Monte Pincio. I förgyllda och konstnärligt snidade bärstolar, invändigt utslagna med ljusrött eller ljusblått siden buros vackra, pudrade damer och scharlakansröda kardinaler till de så omtyckta »konversazioni», animerade aftonsamkväm, där litteratur och konst diskuterades lika livligt som den senaste skandalen eller den som bäst pågående intrigen.

De levnadsglada kardinalerna
voro ingalunda de sista då det gällde att vid de »galanta festerna» slå en medtävlare om den skönaste damens gunst ur brädet. I detta avseende vidmakthöllo kyrkomagnaterna med iver de muntra traditionerna från Leo X:s tid, då det icke väckte uppseende när en av kyrkofurstarna lät pryda väggarna i sitt badrum med de mest vågade kärleksscenerna ur de olympiska gudarnas liv. Det var en allmänt omfattad trossats bland påvens omgivning att endast sköna kvinnor kunde förläna det påvliga hovet tillbörlig glans! Då en av Leo X:s närmaste efterträdare låg på sitt yttersta och biktfadern uppmanade honom att tänka på de kommande himmelska fröjderna, svarade den döende påven småleende: »Jag anser att dessa fröjder icke förlora något på om man uppskjuter dem en smula»...

Drottning Kristina hade slagit upp sina bopålar i Palazzo Riario och omgav sig inom kort med ett lysande hov av konstnärer, filosofer och poeter. På påvens befallning var Kristina alltid omgiven av de yngsta och mest levnadsglada bland kardinalerna. Det visade sig emellertid snart att dessa kyrkans män, ju längre det led, blevo allt mera uppsluppna i drottningens sällskap. Den fria ton Kristina anslog gentemot männen var man icke van vid i Italien. Det väckte först förvåning och uppseende, men snart vande man sig därvid och inom kort trängde sig den förnäma världen till hennes mottagningar och fester. Drottningen hade grundlagt ett slags akademi, kallad Arcadia, som hade sina sammanträden i palazzo Riarios vackra trädgård, där pinjernas och cypressernas sus ackompagnerade Alessandro Guidis, favoritskaldens vid det arkadiska hovet, melodiska strofer.

Drottningens ogenerade sätt att uppträda väckte emellertid småningom ute i staden en för henne föga smickrande uppmärksamhet. Franska ambassadören skrev sålunda till sin regering: »Kardinalerna imponera icke på drottningen: det är tvärtom hon som förför kardinalerna. Det ges intet uppseendeväckande i Rom, ingen skandal vid mässan eller på teatern, på gatorna eller promenadplatserna, där man icke skulle se drottning Kristina med hennes följe av röda kåpor.»

Älskaren i purpurkåpan.
Bland dessa unga och galanta kardinaler var det isynnerhet en som från början vann Kristinas speciella och oförtydbara gunst. Kardinal Azzolino. Han var då 31, hon 28 år. Honom har hon beundrat och älskat med ödmjuk och hängiven kärlek hela livet igenom ända till sin död vid 62 års ålder. Så högmodig hon än är — honom underkastar hon sig helt; så egenvillig hon än är — av honom låter hon leda sig. Alltid är det hans bifall hon eftertraktar, alltid uppbjuder hon sina sista krafter för att befordra hans planer och intressen. Azzolino var värd hennes tillgivenhet. Han såg icke blott utomordentligt bra ut och förstod konsten att behaga och vinna allas hjärtan, han var även manlig, rättsinnad, erfaren, behärskad, fint bildad, med ett ord en äktromersk prälat från 1600-talets mitt. Vad voro Kristinas flyktiga böjelser från ungdomsåren i Sverige mot denna passion, som bestod i 35 års tid!

Det har ifrågasatts huruvida Kristina över huvud var i stånd till att hysa några normala erotiska känslor, varvid man åberopat det kända faktum, att man vid hennes födelse till en början misstog sig på hennes kön och meddelade konungen att han fått en manlig arvinge. Först efteråt upptäckte man misstaget. De brev från Azzolino Sverges sändebud i Rom friherre Bildt publicerat i sin bok »Christine de Suède et le cardinal Azzolino» lämna däremot intet tvivel om att det bestått ett mycket intimt kärleksförhållande mellan drottningen och Kardinalen.

Dessa brev ådagalägga till fullo att mordet på hennes trolöse sekreterare Monaldesco, som utfördes på drottningens befallning i Fontainebleau, icke berodde på svartsjuka utan var en straffdom för försnillning och förräderi.

Kanonskottet mot kardinalens palats.
Kristinas vistelse i Rom blev kort, enär skvallret slutligen blev drottningen för besvärligt och hon dessutom genom sitt hänsynslösa sätt stött sig med en stor del av den förnämsta societeten. Kristinas sista och djärvaste tilltag i Rom var hennes strid eller rättare krig mot kardinalen Medici, tidigare en av hennes trognaste beundrare. Skummande av raseri lät drottningen uppställa en kanon framför kardinalens palats, varpå hon egenhändigt avlossade ett skott mot de ståtliga murarna. Skottets resultat var icke vidare överväldigande, men spåren efter kulan syntes ännu under flere århundraden efteråt. »Tålamod — sade drottningen — är deras dygd, vilka sakna mod och kraft».

Men nu var även påvens tålamod slut. Han bad drottningen att lämna den eviga staden. Nordens Minerva såg sig föranlåten att skudda Roms stoft från sina fötter, efterlämnande den arkadiska akademien, oändlig stoff för skvallerkrönikan och kanonkulan i palatsmuren.
Chevalier.

English translation (my own):

THE MINERVA OF THE NORTH IN ROME
THE MOST PIQUANT EPISODE IN THE LIFE OF QUEEN KRISTINA.

The joy of the angels in Heaven.
A French bishop, Huet, who visited Sweden in 1652, was not particularly impressed by the primitive conditions that then prevailed in Stockholm. He wrote home that even the castles of the nobles looked like whitewashed crypts on the inside and that the tableware was mostly made of tin. In the summer, a canopy was stretched over the dining table to prevent spiders and other vermin from falling into the food.

It is clear that the cultural life was otherwise in the same style. It is therefore not surprising that such a highly talented and also unusually eccentric woman as Queen Kristina did not long thrive in the dreary and narrow-minded North. She longed to go south, to Rome, the world metropolis of that time and the high seat of Catholicism.

Bourdelot had indeed managed to throw a splash of the gaiety of the Louvre over Stockholm Castle for a time. Grotius, Saumaise and Descartes were allowed to put aside their thick and heavy folios to make room for the light-footed goddesses of ballet, comedy and Italian music. One evening the Queen herself appeared as Amaranta in the shepherd's play and ballet of the same name. When the curtain went up, the whole court exclaimed in jubilation: Viva Amaranta! gods and goddesses, heroes and shepherds now mingled with the distinguished audience. Joy was high. In commemoration of this celebration, the Queen founded the Order of Amarante, intended as a joke, whose knights had to swear eternal pastoral loyalty to the Queen.

*

This pastoral idyll, which a few years later would experience its rebirth in Rome, was, however, only an episode. Kristina's indomitable and adventurous temperament would not be subdued. She got into her crimson coach and drove off to the continent. She traveled from city to city, from court to court to bathe her soul in the most refined social tone of the time. In Holland she held learned conversations with Lady Schurmann, who was famous throughout Europe for her wonderful learning, whose salon with the homely blue-and-white tiled stove was a gathering place for the most distinguished philosophers, scholars and poets. In Paris she did not disdain to honour the salon of the beautiful courtesan Ninon de l'Enclos with her royal presence.

*

Finally, she tired of the travels and decided to settle in Rome. Dressed as an Amazon, she rode one fine day through the Porta del Popolo into the Holy City, greeted by the gallant Pope, who in his welcoming speech said, among other things, that "even the angels in Heaven celebrated her arrival in Rome with a joyful feast above the clouds". Little did he know at that moment that the time would come when he would beg her to get out.

*

Baroque Rome
was no longer the hotbed of party feuds it had been. No more gunfire was heard in the streets, where elaborately painted carriages with large glass windows rolled unhindered over the poor paving or grassy squares. Instead of the clumsy condottieri with their rattling retinue, one now saw dapper courtiers in long wigs with a toy sword at their side, chatting through the parks and over Monte Pincio. In gilded and artistically carved palanquins, lined with bright red or light blue silk, beautiful, powdered ladies and scarlet cardinals sat in the much-loved "conversazioni," animated evening gatherings where literature and art were discussed as lively as the latest scandal or the most current intrigue.

The jovial cardinals
were by no means the last when it came to knocking a competitor for the favour of the most beautiful lady out of the board at the "gallant parties". In this respect, the church magnates zealously maintained the cheerful traditions of the time of Leo X, when it did not cause a stir when one of the princes of the Church had the walls in his bathroom decorated with the most daring love scenes from the lives of the Olympian gods. It was a widely held belief among the Pope's entourage that only beautiful women could lend the papal court due splendour! When one of Leo X's closest successors was at his wit's end and his confessor urged him to think of the heavenly joys to come, the dying Pope replied with a smile: "I believe that these joys do not lose anything if they are postponed a little"...

Queen Kristina had set up residence in the Palazzo Riario and soon surrounded herself with a brilliant court of artists, philosophers and poets. By the Pope's command, Kristina was always surrounded by the youngest and most cheerful of the cardinals. However, it soon became apparent that these men of the Church, as time went on, became more and more cheerful in the Queen's company. The free tone that Kristina adopted towards men was not usual in Italy. At first it aroused surprise and attention, but people soon got used to it and before long the noble world thronged her receptions and parties. The Queen had founded a kind of academy, called Arcadia, which held its meetings in the beautiful garden of the Palazzo Riario, where the rustling of the pines and cypresses accompanied the melodious verses of Alessandro Guidi, the favourite poet at the Arcadian court.

The Queen's unabashed manner of behaving, however, gradually attracted unflattering attention in the city. The French ambassador wrote to his government: "The cardinals do not impress the Queen: on the contrary, she seduces the cardinals. There is nothing startling in Rome, no scandal at Mass or at the theater, on the streets or the promenade places, where one would not see Queen Kristina with her retinue of red cloaks."

The lover in the purple robe.
Among these young and gallant cardinals, there was one in particular who from the beginning won Kristina's special and inexplicable favour. Cardinal Azzolino. He was then 31, she 28. She admired and loved him with humble and devoted love all her life until her death at the age of 62. However haughty she is — to him she submits herself completely; however self-willed she is — by him she lets herself be guided. It is always his approval that she seeks, always she offers her last strength to further his plans and interests. Azzolino was worthy of her affection. He was not only extraordinarily good-looking and understood the art of pleasing and winning the hearts of all, he was also manly, upright, experienced, self-controlled, finely educated — in a word, a true Roman prelate from the middle of the 17th century. What were Kristina's fleeting inclinations from her youth in Sweden towards this passion, which lasted for 35 years!

It has been questioned whether Kristina was at all capable of harbouring any normal erotic feelings, citing the well-known fact that at her birth one was initially mistaken about her sex, and the King was told that he had a male heir. The mistake was only discovered afterwards. The letters from Azzolino which Sweden's envoy in Rome, Baron Bildt, published in his book "Christine de Suède et le cardinal Azzolino", however, leave no doubt that there was a very intimate love relationship between the Queen and the Cardinal.

These letters fully reveal that the murder of her faithless secretary Monaldesco, carried out on the Queen's orders in Fontainebleau, was not due to jealousy, but was a sentence of punishment for treachery and treason.

The cannon shot at the Cardinal's palazzo.
Kristina's stay in Rome was short, as the gossip finally became too much for the Queen, and she had also, through her inconsiderate ways, alienated a large part of the highest society. Kristina's last and most daring act in Rome was her battle, or rather war, against Cardinal de' Medici, previously one of her most loyal admirers. Foaming with rage, the Queen had a cannon erected in front of the Cardinal's palazzo, whereupon she single-handedly fired a shot at the stately walls. The result of the shot was not overwhelming, but the traces of the cannonball were still visible for several centuries afterwards. "Patience", said the Queen, "is the virtue of those who lack courage and strength."

But now even the Pope's patience had run out. He begged the Queen to leave the Eternal City. The Minerva of the North felt compelled to shake the dust of Rome from her feet, leaving behind the Arcadian Academy, endless material for gossip, and cannonballs in the palazzo walls.
Chevalier.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Cardinal Decio Azzolino.

Friday, May 2, 2025

Account in the Riksdag protocol of 1927 (the opinion of the Constitutional Committee) on Kristina in 1650 wanting to institute an Order of Immanuel, the idea getting shot down by Axel Oxenstierna, and her in 1653 instituting the Order of Amarante

Source:

Bihang till Riksdagens protokoll vid lagtima Riksdagen i Stockholm år 1627, femte samlingen, page 2 (Konstitutionsutskottets utlåtande Nr 12), published by Norstedt, 1927; original at the University of California


The account:

År 1650 föreslog drottning Kristina enligt rådsprotokollet av den 2 augusti inrättandet av en verklig orden under benämningen Immanuelsorden. Detta förslag sattes dock aldrig i verket på grund av, såsom det uppgives, det motstånd förslaget rönte från Axel Oxenstjärnas sida. Några år därefter, eller 1653, instiftade emellertid drottning Kristina på egen hand och utan att inhämta rådets mening en hov- och riddare-orden, Amaranta. Denna, som utdelades till flere furstliga jämte andra högt stående personer, blev emellertid ej långlivad. Med drottningens tronavsägelse upphörde Amaranta-orden av sig själv.

English translation (my own):

In 1650, Queen Kristina proposed, according to the Council protocol of August 2, the establishment of a real order under the name of the Order of Immanuel. This proposal was never put into effect, however, due to, as is stated, the resistance the proposal met with from Axel Oxenstierna. A few years later, or in 1653, Queen Kristina, on her own and without seeking the opinion of the Council, established a court and knightly order, Amarante. This, which was awarded to several princes and other high-ranking persons, was not long-lived, however. With the Queen's abdication, the Order of Amarante ceased of its own accord.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Axel Oxenstierna.

Wednesday, April 30, 2025

Anna Brownell Jameson's biography of Kristina, part 9

Source:

Memoirs of celebrated female sovereigns, volume 1, pages 54 to 59, by Anna Brownell Jameson, 1831; original at the University of Toronto


The biography:

Although Christina resumed her literary pursuits after the departure of her "agréable ignorant", as she used to call Bourdelot, she became every day more disgusted with the duties of her situation, and the necessity of attending to a certain routine of affairs fatigued and irritated her, merely because it was an obligation; one of her secretaries appearing before her with some dispatches which required her signature, she turned from him impatiently, and said to Prince Charles, who was present, "Will you never deliver me from these people? ce sont pour moi le diable!" She amused herself with inventing masques and ballets, in which she often sustained a principle part (On one of these occasions, after performing in a pastoral the character of Amarantha, she instituted the order of the Amaranthe; it included both sexes, and she bestowed it on the principal persons of her court and several of the foreign ambassadors.); and she ennobled a great number of persons, whose merit did not always, as in the case of Salvius, justify the enormous abuse of this royal privilege.

In the mean time, the affairs of her kingdom became more and more entangled; the revenues were exhausted, the crown-lands alienated by her profusion; there remained nothing more for her to bestow, and in case of a war, no revenues to support it. Abuses and delays had crept into the administration, which she had not the patience, if she had the power, to remedy: she became moody and unequal in temper; she was at once jealous of her authority, and weary of the duties and restraints it imposed. She had dreamed over the classic poets till she fancied she could only be happy in a southern climate, and sighed for the ease and independence of a private station. Her lively imagination wanted some excitement, and the renunciation of a crown, at the age of twenty-eight [sic], was the grand coup de théatre with which she now chose to dazzle and astonish all Europe.

In 1654, when she first openly declared her intention of abdicating the throne [sic], the principal members of the senate, with Oxenstiern at their head, endeavoured to dissuade her from her purpose; but in vain. Prince Charles added his entreaties, and besought her to retain in her own possession the sceptre she intended to resign to him, or at least to allow him to share her throne as a husband, while the supreme power remained with herself; but she persisted in her resolution. On the 21st of May 1654, in a solemn assemblage of the States-general at Upsal, she formally tendered her resignation of the crown, and in an eloquent speech, after recapitulating her own royal virtues, and all she had performed for the good of her people, she recommended her successor the hereditary Prince Charles to their loyalty and affection. After she had pronounced this harangue in a firm voice, the president of the senate arose, and in the name of the nobles entreated her to think better of her design, and to continue to reign over them. The Archbishop of Upsal remonstrated in the name of the clergy, and the president of the burghers made a speech to the same purpose. What followed cannot be better related than in the words of Whitelocke, who was then ambassador from Cromwell to the Swedish court, and was treated by Christina with great distinction. He was an eye-witness of the scene, which is thus related in his journal.

"In the last place stepped forth the marshal of the boors, a plain country fellow, in his clouted shoon, and all other habits answerable, as all the rest of the company were accoutred; this boor, without any congees or ceremonies at all, spake to her Majesty, and his address was interpreted to Whitelocke to be after this phrase: —

"O Lord God, Madam, what do you mean to do? It humbles us to heare you speake of forsaking those who love you as well as we do: can you be better than you are? You are queen of all these countries, and if you leave this large kingdom, where will you get such another? If you should do it, (as I hope you won't for all this,) both you and we shall have cause, when it is too late, to be sorry for it; therefore my fellows and I pray you to think better on't, and to keep your crown on your head, then you will keep your own honour and our peace, but if you lay it down, in my conscience, you will endanger all.

'Continue in your gears, good madam, and be the fore-horse as long as you live, and we will help you the best we can to bear your burthen. Your father was an honest gentleman and a good king, and very shining in the world, and we obeyed him and loved him as long as he lived; and you are his own child, and have governed us very well, and we love you with all our hearts; and the prince is an honest gentleman, and when his time comes, we shall be ready to do our duties to him, as we do to you. But as long as you live we are unwilling to part with you, and therefore, I pray, madame, do not part with us.'

"When the boor had ended his speech he waddled up to the queen without any ceremony, took her by the hand, and shaked it heartily, and kist it two or three times; then turning his back to her, he pulled out of his pocket a foul handkerchief, and wiped the tears from his eyes, and in the same posture as he came up, he returned back to his place again."

Whitelocke does not tell us whether Christina was touched by the homely eloquence of this honest peasant; but nothing could now alter her resolution. On the 6th of June following, she appeared in the hall of assembly, habited in her robes of state, the crown on her brow, and the sceptre in her hand. She took her seat on the throne for the last time, and Count Rosenhane read aloud the act by which she formally renounced the crown on the following conditions: — "That her cousin Prince Charles Gustavus should succeed her: that a revenue of 240,000 rix-dollars should be secured to her, arising from certain lands and estates, of which she was to have the entire disposal for life, but was not to alienate them from the crown of Sweden: that she should continue to exercise all the rights of sovereignty and jurisdiction over her own household, acknowledging no human control over her actions, and have full liberty to fix her residence in any country of Europe." On these conditions, which were solemnly ratified by the senate and by her successor, Christina released her subjects from their oath of allegiance, and laid down the ensigns of royalty. It was remarked that none of her attendants would lift the crown from her head; she was obliged to take it off herself, and deliver it to Prince Charles, who received it kneeling, and would never wear it in her presence (Charles flattered Christina's well-known foible by ordering a medal to be struck, in which he was represented on his knees, receiving the crown from the hands of the queen, with the inscription, "I hold it from God and from Christina."). The spectators and attendants who stood round her, seized the royal mantle as she threw it off, and tore it into a thousand pieces, each anxious to obtain a fragment as a relique of their queen, who was about to quit them for ever. On the same day[,] Charles Gustavus was proclaimed King of Sweden, by the title of Charles X.[,] and Christina, in a few hours after the ceremony, left Upsal and returned to Stockholm. She did not, however, remain long there; under pretence that the waters of Spa had been ordered for her health, she began her journey southwards.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.


Above: Anna Brownell Jameson.

Tuesday, April 29, 2025

H. E. Friis on Kristina and Antonio Pimentel, as well as the non-existence or unlikeliness of their supposed romantic relationship and on on Kristina's views of women

Source:

Dronning Christina af Sverrig 1626-1689, pages 41 to 46, published by H. E. Friis, 1896


The account:

Samtidigt med den franske Læge Bourdelot var der en anden Udlænding, nemlig den spanske Gesandt Antonio de Pimentelli, der kom til at spille en betydelig Rolle ved Dronning Christinas Hof.

Da Spanien paa den Tid var i aaben Krig med Frankrig, vilde det gerne have Dronning Christina over paa sin Side; derfor var det, at Kongen af Spanien sendte ovennævnte smidige Don Antonio Pimentelli med et Følge af 50 Personer til Stockholm.

Foruden at Pimentelli var en sleben, dannet Verdensmand af et særdeles tiltalende Ydre, saa havde Bourdelot i Forvejen omtalt ham saa rosende for Dronning Christina, at denne var meget opsat paa at gøre hans Bekendtskab. Dronning Christina var netop paa Kungsør, 12 Mile fra Stockholm, da Don Pimentelles Ankomst blev meldt; for at komme Vejen desto hurtigere over tilbagelagde hun den lange Afstand i et anstrengende Ridt uden Afbrydelse. Don Pimentelli kom ufortøvet i Dronning Christinas Gunst. Som forfaren Hofmand havde han i Forvejen nøje erkyndiget sig om Dronningens Ejendommeligheder og Særheder, saa han forstod straks at drage sig dem til Nytte. En Blanding, som han var, af kastiliansk Svulst og italiensk Smigreri, blev han en farlig Person.

Don Pimentelli's hemmelige Mission var foruden at gaa ud paa at knytte Handelsforbindelse vistnok ligesaa vel et politisk Rænkespil som en religiøs Intrige for at faa Dronning Christina til at gaa over til Katolicismen.

Foruden det gode Indtryk, Don Pimentelli gjorde paa Dronning Christina ved sin hele Personlighed, kom han endog oven i Købet med Favnen fuld af smukke Gaver, idet han paa den spanske Konge Philip d. 4des Vegne overrakte hende tolv store Sølvfade, fyldte med kostbare oversøiske Rariteter, samt overleverede samtidigt en Prøve af spansk Salt, af hvilken Kvalitet der senere vilde følge 300 Læster bagefter, til Dronningens Disposition. Nogen Tid efter sendtes den største Del af Don Pimentellis spanske Følge tilbage til Madrid, medens han selv fik Ordre at forblive i Sverrig endnu i nogen Tid.

Dronning Christina viste Don Pimentelli al tænkelig Opmærksomhed og færdedes med ham tidlig og sent. Inden ret længe kunde hun ikke undvære hans Selskab, omgikkes ham meget fortroligt og raadførte sig med ham selv i Rigets vigtigste Anliggender, hvad der vakte hele det svenske Folks Had og Forbitrelse imod den fremmede Lykkeridder. For at Dronning Christina altid kunde have Pimentelli i sin umiddelbare Nærhed, blev der anvist ham Bolig paa Slottet; der var altsaa let Lejlighed for hende til lærde Disputer og intime Samtaler, og da disse om Aftenen trak sig langt ud over den Tid, der ansaas for passende, var det ikke saa sært, at hun maatte hjemfalde til Folkesnak. Dronning Christina, der nærede den fuldstændigste Ringeagt for Verdens Omdømme, lod haant om den Forargelse, hendes uforsigtige Opførsel vakte. Var først Behandlingen af et interessant Thema kommen i Gang om Aftenen, vilde hun ikke vente med Fortsættelsen til næste Dag. Derved fik hun Skinnet imod sig og gav selv Anledning til de fornærmelige Rygter, der sneg sig ud iblandt Folket om hende.

Dronning Christina var uden al Tvivl uskyldig i de Udskejelser, forargelige Rygter vilde tillægge hende; thi hendes kolde Hjerte i Forbindelse med hendes overordentlige Selvfølelse og meget høje Forestilling om sin fyrstelige Værdighed var hende vistnok altid et Værn imod Fald, saa meget mere, som hun altid var sig selv nok og for stolt til at give sig hen eller give efter for ømmere Følelser saavel overfor Mand som overfor Kvinde.

Dronning Christinas Selvbiografi, skreven i hendes senere Aar, klarer maaske bedst Bedømmelsen af hende, idet hun skriver om sig selv: «Mit heftige Sind lokkede i lige høj Grad til Kærlighed og Ærgærrighed. I hvilke Ulykker vilde den første ikke have kastet mig, Herre, hvis Du ikke netop ved mine Fejl havde modarbejdet en saadan Svaghed. Min Stolthed, som aldrig vilde føle sig knyttet til noget Menneske, mit Overmod, som foragtede alle andre, og endelig den Lethed, hvormed jeg opdagede Fejl og Mangler hos alle dem, der nærmede sig mig, — det var de Egenskaber, som beskyttede mig imod Faren. Jeg har været Afgrunden nær, men Din mægtige Haand har frelst mig; jeg er uskyldig i alt det, hvormed man har villet sværte mit Navn.»

Hvad der ogsaa taler til Dronning Christinas Gunst, er, at uagtet hendes meget udestaaende med de Franske og med de store i Rom, er der dog ingen med hende samtidigt levende Historieskriver, idetmindste af dem, man tør skænke Tillid, som vover at angribe hendes Ære, selv ikke et Par af hendes eget Køn, Madame de Motteville og M:elle de Montpensier, som ellers ikke saa paa hende med venlige Øjne eller bedømte hende mildt. Disse franske Damer, som levede ved et Hof, hvor sligt Emne vilde have været interessant, have ikke noget at bemærke eller fortælle; det er kun hendes aparte Væsen og Klædedragt og hele amazoneagtige Anstrøg, der sætte deres Penne i Bevægelse.

Ligesaa i Rom, hvor Dronning Christina ingenlunde stod paa nogen god Fod med de adelige Damer. Der var Øjne nok dér, som spejdede efter hendes Fejl, og der kom mange fremmede, som bleve der i længere Tid og fik Adgang til hendes Hof og derved kunde hjælpe med til, om der var noget særligt at bemærke og notere. Dette udelukkede imidlertid ikke Dronning Christina fra at være meget overbærende mod sine Hoffolk i Elskovseventyr og andre Uregelmæssigheder, naar de aabent overfor hende stod Skrifte, tilstod deres Brøde og bad om hendes Tilgivelse.

Vi maa atter vende tilbage til og nærmere omtale Don Pimentellis Virksomhed. Hans Indflydelse paa Dronning Christina saa ligesom Dr. Bourdelots ud som en Forhekselse. Don Pimentelli gjorde Dronning Christina ked af hendes Land, Folk og Religion. Han viste hende som i en Apoteose, i et fantastiskt Perspektiv, den henrivende Tilværelse, som hun vilde kunne føre i Rom, berømt og fri, under en prægtig Himmel, omgivet af et Hof af Digtere, Kunstnere og Kardinaler: en Slags kvindelig Pave for Kunst og Videnskab, en katolsk Muse i Genfødelsens genopblomstrende Have. Hvad var egentlig hendes Rige, Sverrig, overfor det? — fattigt og koldt, formørket af en streng Religion, og der var hun lænket af kedelige Pligter imod det ideale Kejserdømme i Rom.

Det var under Pimentellis Ophold i Sverrig, at Dronning Christina kom i Tanker om at stifte Amarantaordenen, og Pimentelli blev dens første Ridder. Anledningen til Ordenens Stiftelse var følgende. I Aaret 1653 sendte den engelske Kronprætendent, den senere Kong Carl d. 2den af England, Hosebaandsordenen til den svenske Prins Carl Gustav; men da Cromwell endnu havde Magten i England, vilde Dronning Christina, for ikke at støde ham for Hovedet, ikke tillade Carl Gustav at tage derimod, saameget mere som hun ikke gerne saa, at hendes Undersaatter fik Udmærkelser udenlands fra, idet hun ved forekommende Lejlighed plejede at sige: «Jeg kan ikke taale, at en fremmed Herre sætter sit Mærke paa mine Faar.»

Ved den engelske Hosebaandsordenens Tilsendelse kom Dronning Christina i Tanker om selv at stifte en Orden, og da hun i et Hyrdespil nyligen havde givet Hyrdinden Amarantas Rolle, saa fik Ordenen Navn af Amaranta-Ordenen. Den bestod af 15 Damer og 15 Herrer, som, idet de indtraadte i Ordenen, maatte aflægge Løfte om ikke at gifte sig. Dronning Christina præsiderede selv i Selskabet, og Sammenkomsterne fandt Sted paa et Slot, skjult imellem Bjergene ved Bredden af Mælaren. Ordenens Valsprog var blandt andet: «semper idem» d. v. s.: «altid den samme», som passede saa lidt som vel muligt paa Stifterinden, der, som bekendt, var saa lunefuld og omskiftelig som nogen.

Don Pimentelli fik den nylig stiftede Amaranta-Orden besat med Diamanter og Rubiner til flere Tusinde Kroners Værdi.

Aaret efter, at Pimentelli var kommen til Sverrig, fik han af sin Konge Ordre til atter at vende tilbage til Spanien. «Det bliver min Død», udbrød han, da han fik dette Budskab; imidlertid overlevede han dog Afskedsstunden, uagtet saavel han som Dronning Christina søgte at forhale Afskeden saa meget, som gørligt. Forinden hans Afrejse anstillede Dronning Christina Afskedsfester for ham, og Rigets store maatte gøre det samme for at staa sig vel med hende.

Dronning Christina lod Fregatten «Herkules» paa 70 Kanoner udruste for direkte at overføre Pimentelli fra Gøteborg til Spaniens Kyst, foruden at hun skænkede ham 20,000 Kroner i Rejsepenge. Under Folkehobens Forbandelser gik Pimentelli ombord paa Fregatten, der laa sejlklar i Gøteborg. Glæden var stor hos det svenske Folk ved at se den forhadte Spanier drage væk; men den varede kun kort, thi i Nordsøen blev Fregatten «Herkules» overfalden af en stærk Storm, som gjorde, at Skibet sprang læk, saaledes at Skibets Chef saa sig nødt til atter at søge Havn i Gøteborg, hvorfra han kort Tid forud var sejlet ud. Stor var Skuffelsen og Forbitrelsen, da Pimentelli saa hurtigt kom igen. Folk ansaa den hele Bortrejse for blot og bart Spilfægteri og Komediespil. Dronning Christina hilste derimod Pimentelli's Tilbagevenden med ufordulgt Glæde, som ogsaa gav sig Udtryk i, at hun forærede denne spanske Yndling at firspændigt, kostbart Køretøj, for at han des lettere kunde komme omkring i den længere Tid, der nu hengik, inden Afrejsen fandt Sted, da den spanske Konge paa Pimentellis Ansøgning gav ham en længere Henstand. Pimentelli saa man nu som for altid i Dronning Christinas Selskab, hvad enten hun var i Byen eller tog ud paa Landet til Jakobsdal. Denne fortrolige Tilværelse, der forargede Verden saa meget, gjorde Dronning Christina, af den hende medfødte Trods, sit til ikke at formindske.

Omsider blev det dog Alvor med Pimentellis Afrejse, idet der kom bestemte Ordrer til ham derom fra den spanske Konge. Atter anstillede Dronning Christina Afskedsfester for ham, og som Slutning paa Legen forærede hun ham en kostbar Diamantring til en Værdi af 6000 Kroner.

Det var en stor Lettelse for det svenske Folk, samt for det svenske Skatkammer, da Pimentelli endelig var borte. Dygtige Regnemestre paastod, at Pimentelli havde kostet Sverrig mere, end om den spanske Konge havde sendt en fjendtlig Armé paa 50,000 Mand til at tære paa dets Marv i det samme Tidsrum.

With modernised spelling:

Samtidigt med den franske læge Bourdelot var der en anden udlænding, nemlig den spanske gesandt Antonio de Pimentelli, der kom til at spille en betydelig rolle ved dronning Kristinas hof.

Da Spanien på den tid var i åben krig med Frankrig, ville det gerne have dronning Kristina over på sin side; derfor var det, at kongen af Spanien sendte ovennævnte smidige don Antonio Pimentelli med et følge af 50 personer til Stockholm.

Foruden at Pimentelli var en sleben, dannet verdensmand af et særdeles tiltalende ydre, så havde Bourdelot i forvejen omtalt ham så rosende for dronning Kristina, at denne var meget opsat på at gøre hans bekendtskab. Dronning Kristina var netop på Kungsør, 12 mile fra Stockholm, da don Pimentellis ankomst blev meldt; for at komme vejen desto hurtigere over tilbagelagde hun den lange afstand i et anstrengende ridt uden afbrydelse.

Don Pimentelli kom ufortøvet i dronning Kristinas gunst. Som forfaren hofmand havde han i forvejen nøje erkyndiget sig om dronningens ejendommeligheder og særheder, så han forstod straks at drage sig dem til nytte. En blanding, som han var, af kastiliansk svulst og italiensk smigreri, blev han en farlig person.

Don Pimentellis hemmelige mission var foruden at gå ud på at knytte handelsforbindelse vistnok ligeså vel et politisk rænkespil som en religiøs intrige for at få dronning Kristina til at gå over til katolicismen.

Foruden det gode indtryk, don Pimentelli gjorde på dronning Kristina ved sin hele personlighed, kom han endog oven i købet med favnen fuld af smukke gaver, idet han på den spanske konge Filip den Fjerdes vegne overrakte hende tolv store sølvfade, fyldte med kostbare oversøiske rariteter, samt overleverede samtidigt en prøve af spansk salt, af hvilken kvalitet der senere ville følge 300 læster bagefter, til dronningens disposition. Nogen tid efter sendtes den største del af don Pimentellis spanske følge tilbage til Madrid, medens han selv fik ordre at forblive i Sverige endnu i nogen tid.

Dronning Kristina viste don Pimentelli al tænkelig opmærksomhed og færdedes med ham tidlig og sent. Inden ret længe kunne hun ikke undvære hans selskab, omgikkes ham meget fortroligt og rådførte sig med ham selv i rigets vigtigste anliggender, hvad der vakte hele det svenske folks had og forbitrelse imod den fremmede lykkeridder.

For at dronning Kristina altid kunne have Pimentelli i sin umiddelbare nærhed, blev der anvist ham bolig på slottet; der var altså let lejlighed for hende til lærde disputer og intime samtaler; og da disse om aftenen trak sig langt ud over den tid, der ansås for passende, var det ikke så sært, at hun måtte hjemfalde til folkesnak.

Dronning Kristina, der nærede den fuldstændigste ringeagt for verdens omdømme, lod hånt om den forargelse, hendes uforsigtige opførsel vakte. Var først behandlingen af et interessant tema kommen i gang om aftenen, ville hun ikke vente med fortsættelsen til næste dag. Derved fik hun skinnet imod sig og gav selv anledning til de fornærmelige rygter, der sneg sig ud iblandt folket om hende.

Dronning Kristina var uden al tvivl uskyldig i de udskejelser, forargelige rygter ville tillægge hende; thi hendes kolde hjerte i forbindelse med hendes overordentlige selvfølelse og meget høje forestilling om sin fyrstelige værdighed var hende vistnok altid et værn imod fald, så meget mere, som hun altid var sig selv nok og for stolt til at give sig hen eller give efter for ømmere følelser såvel overfor mand som overfor kvinde.

Dronning Kristinas selvbiografi, skreven i hendes senere år, klarer måske bedst bedømmelsen af hende, idet hun skriver om sig selv:

«Mit heftige sind lokkede i lige høj grad til kærlighed og ærgerrighed. I hvilke Ulykker ville den første ikke have kastet mig, Herre, hvis Du ikke netop ved mine fejl havde modarbejdet en sådan svaghed! Min stolthed, som aldrig ville føle sig knyttet til noget menneske, mit overmod, som foragtede alle andre, og endelig den lethed, hvormed jeg opdagede fejl og mangler hos alle dem, der nærmede sig mig, — det var de egenskaber, som beskyttede mig imod faren. Jeg har været afgrunden nær, men Din mægtige hånd har frelst mig; jeg er uskyldig i alt det, hvormed man har villet sværte mit navn.»

Hvad der også taler til dronning Kristinas gunst, er, at uagtet hendes meget udestående med de franske og med de store i Rom, er der dog ingen med hende samtidigt levende historieskriver, idetmindste af dem, man tør skænke tillid, som vover at angribe hendes ære, selv ikke et par af hendes eget køn, madame de Motteville og mademoiselle de Montpensier, som ellers ikke så på hende med venlige øjne eller bedømte hende mildt. Disse franske damer, som levede ved et hof, hvor sligt emne ville have været interessant, have ikke noget at bemærke eller fortælle; det er kun hendes aparte væsen og klædedragt og hele amazoneagtige anstrøg, der sætte deres penne i bevægelse.

Ligeså i Rom, hvor dronning Kristina ingenlunde stod på nogen god fod med de adelige damer. Der var øjne nok dér, som spejdede efter hendes fejl, og der kom mange fremmede, som bleve der i længere tid og fik adgang til hendes hof og derved kunne hjælpe med til, om der var noget særligt at bemærke og notere. Dette udelukkede imidlertid ikke dronning Kristina fra at være meget overbærende mod sine hoffolk i elskovseventyr og andre uregelmæssigheder, når de åbent overfor hende stod skrifte, tilstod deres brøde og bad om hendes tilgivelse.

Vi må atter vende tilbage til og nærmere omtale don Pimentellis virksomhed. Hans indflydelse på dronning Kristina så ligesom dr. Bourdelots ud som en forhekselse. Don Pimentelli gjorde dronning Kristina ked af hendes land, folk og religion. Han viste hende som i en apoteose, i et fantastiskt perspektiv, den henrivende tilværelse, som hun ville kunne føre i Rom, berømt og fri, under en prægtig himmel, omgivet af et hof af digtere, kunstnere og kardinaler: en slags kvindelig pave for kunst og videnskab, en katolsk muse i Genfødelsens genopblomstrende have. Hvad var egentlig hendes rige, Sverige, overfor det? — fattigt og koldt, formørket af en streng religion, og der var hun lænket af kedelige pligter imod det ideale kejserdømme i Rom.

Det var under Pimentellis ophold i Sverige, at dronning Kristina kom i tanker om at stifte Amaranteordenen, og Pimentelli blev dens første ridder. Anledningen til ordenens stiftelse var følgende.

I året 1653 sendte den engelske kronprætendent, den senere kong Karl den anden af England, Hosebåndsordenen til den svenske prins Karl Gustav; men da Cromwell endnu havde magten i England, ville dronning Kristina, for ikke at støde ham for hovedet, ikke tillade Karl Gustav at tage derimod, så meget mere som hun ikke gerne så, at hendes undersåtter fik udmærkelser udenlands fra, idet hun ved forekommende lejlighed plejede at sige: «Jeg kan ikke tåle, at en fremmed herre sætter sit mærke på mine får.»

Ved den engelske Hosebåndsordenens tilsendelse kom dronning Kristina i tanker om selv at stifte en orden, og da hun i et hyrdespil nyligen havde givet hyrdinden Amarantas rolle, så fik ordenen navn af Amaranteordenen. Den bestod af 15 damer og 15 herrer, som, idet de indtrådte i ordenen, måtte aflægge løfte om ikke at gifte sig. Dronning Kristina præsiderede selv i selskabet, og sammenkomsterne fandt sted på et slot, skjult imellem bjergene ved bredden af Mälaren.

Ordenens valgsprog var blandt andet: «semper idem» — d. v. s.: «altid den samme», — som passede så lidt som vel muligt på stifterinden, der, som bekendt, var så lunefuld og omskiftelig som nogen.

Don Pimentelli fik den nylig stiftede Amarante-orden besat med diamanter og rubiner til flere tusinde kroners værdi.

Året efter, at Pimentelli var kommen til Sverige, fik han af sin konge ordre til atter at vende tilbage til Spanien. «Det bliver min død», udbrød han, da han fik dette budskab; imidlertid overlevede han dog afskedsstunden, uagtet såvel han som dronning Kristina søgte at forhale afskeden så meget, som gørligt. Forinden hans afrejse anstillede dronning Kristina afskedsfester for ham, og rigets store måtte gøre det samme for at stå sig vel med hende.

Dronning Kristina lod fregatten «Herkules» på 70 kanoner udruste for direkte at overføre Pimentelli fra Gøteborg til Spaniens kyst, foruden at hun skænkede ham 20,000 kroner i rejsepenge. Under folkehobens forbandelser gik Pimentelli ombord på fregatten, der lå sejlklar i Gøteborg. Glæden var stor hos det svenske folk ved at se den forhadte spanier drage væk; men den varede kun kort, thi i Nordsøen blev fregatten «Herkules» overfalden af en stærk storm, som gjorde, at skibet sprang læk, således at skibets chef så sig nødt til atter at søge havn i Gøteborg, hvorfra han kort tid forud var sejlet ud.

Stor var skuffelsen og forbitrelsen, da Pimentelli så hurtigt kom igen. Folk anså den hele bortrejse for blot og bart spilfægteri og komediespil. Dronning Kristina hilste derimod Pimentellis tilbagevenden med ufordulgt glæde, som også gav sig udtryk i, at hun forærede denne spanske yndling at firspændigt, kostbart køretøj, for at han des lettere kunne komme omkring i den længere tid, der nu hengik, inden afrejsen fandt sted, da den spanske konge på Pimentellis ansøgning gav ham en længere henstand.

Pimentelli så man nu som for altid i dronning Kristinas selskab, hvad enten hun var i byen eller tog ud på landet til Jakobsdal. Denne fortrolige tilværelse, der forargede verden så meget, gjorde dronning Kristina, af den hende medfødte trods, sit til ikke at formindske.

Omsider blev det dog alvor med Pimentellis afrejse, idet der kom bestemte ordrer til ham derom fra den spanske konge. Atter anstillede dronning Kristina afskedsfester for ham, og som slutning på legen forærede hun ham en kostbar diamantring til en værdi af 6,000 kroner.

Det var en stor lettelse for det svenske folk, samt for det svenske skatkammer, da Pimentelli endelig var borte. Dygtige regnemestre påstod, at Pimentelli havde kostet Sverige mere, end om den spanske konge havde sendt en fjendtlig armé på 50,000 mand til at tære på dets marv i det samme tidsrum.

English translation (my own):

At the same time as the French physician Bourdelot, there was another foreigner, namely the Spanish envoy Antonio Pimentel, who came to play a significant role at Queen Kristina's court.

As Spain was at that time in open war with France, it wanted Queen Kristina to join its side; therefore, the King of Spain sent the aforementioned agile Don Antonio Pimentel with a retinue of 50 persons to Stockholm.

Besides Pimentel being a polished, cultured man of the world with a very attractive appearance, Bourdelot had already spoken so highly of him to Queen Kristina that she was very keen to make his acquaintance. Queen Kristina was just at Kungsör, 12 miles from Stockholm, when Don Pimentel's arrival was announced; in order to get across the road the quicker, she covered the long distance in a strenuous ride without interruption.

Don Pimentel immediately gained Queen Kristina's favour. As an experienced courtier, he had already carefully familiarised himself with the queen's peculiarities and eccentricities, so he immediately knew how to take advantage of them. A mixture, as he was, of Castilian arrogance and Italian flattery, he became a dangerous person.

Don Pimentel's secret mission, in addition to establishing trade relations, was probably as much a political ploy as a religious intrigue to get Queen Kristina to convert to Catholicism.

In addition to the good impression that Don Pimentel made on Queen Kristina with his whole personality, he even came with an armful of beautiful gifts, as he presented her, on behalf of the Spanish King Felipe IV, with twelve large silver dishes filled with precious rarities from overseas, and at the same time handed over a sample of Spanish salt, of which quality 300 lasters would later follow, at the Queen's disposal. Some time later, the largest part of Don Pimentel's Spanish retinue was sent back to Madrid, while he himself was ordered to remain in Sweden for some time.

Queen Kristina showed Don Pimentel every imaginable attention and was with him early and late. Before long she could not do without his company, associated with him very intimately and consulted with him himself on the most important affairs of the kingdom, which aroused the hatred and bitterness of the entire Swedish people against the foreign fortune-seeker.

In order that Queen Kristina might always have Pimentel in her immediate vicinity, he was assigned accommodation in the castle; there was thus easy opportunity for her to engage in learned disputes and intimate conversations; and when these in the evenings dragged on far beyond the time considered appropriate, it was not strange that she had to fall victim to popular talk.

Queen Kristina, who had the most complete contempt for the world's judgement, made fun of the outrage her careless behaviour aroused. Once the discussion of an interesting theme had begun in the evening, she would not wait until the next day to continue. In this way she gained the limelight and herself gave rise to the insulting rumours that crept out among the people about her.

Queen Kristina was undoubtedly innocent of the excesses that scandalous rumours would attribute to her, for her cold heart, in connection with her extraordinary self-esteem and very high idea of her princely dignity, was probably always a protection against her downfall, all the more so as she was always self-sufficient and too proud to give in or yield to tender feelings, both towards men and women.

Queen Kristina's autobiography, written in her later years, perhaps best sums up her assessment of her, as she writes about herself:

"My passionate mind was attracted in equal measure to love and ambition. Into what misfortunes the former would not have thrown me, Lord, if You had not counteracted such weakness by my very faults! My pride, which never wanted to feel attached to any human being, my arrogance, which despised all others, and finally the ease with which I discovered the faults and shortcomings of all those who approached me, — these were the qualities that protected me from the danger. I have been near the abyss, but Your mighty hand has saved me; I am innocent of all that has been done to blacken my name."

What also speaks in Queen Kristina's favour is that, notwithstanding her great prominence with the French and with the great in Rome, there is no historian living at the same time as her, at least among those whom one dares to trust, who dares to attack her honour, not even a couple of her own sex, Madame de Motteville and Mademoiselle de Montpensier, who otherwise did not look upon her with friendly eyes or judge her kindly. These French ladies, who lived at a court where such a subject would have been interesting, have nothing to remark on or tell about; it is only her peculiar character and dress and her whole Amazonian appearance that set their pens in motion.

Likewise in Rome, where Queen Kristina was by no means on good terms with the noble ladies. There were certainly eyes there who were on the lookout for her faults, and many foreigners came who stayed there for a longer time and gained access to her court and were thus able to help if there was anything special to notice and note. This did not, however, prevent Queen Kristina from being very lenient towards her courtiers in love affairs and other irregularities, when they openly confessed to her, confessed their faults and begged for her forgiveness.

We must return again to and discuss in more detail the activities of Don Pimentel. His influence on Queen Kristina, like that of Dr. Bourdelot, looked like a bewitchment. Don Pimentel made Queen Kristina bored of her country, her people, and her religion. He showed her, as in an apotheosis, in a fantastic perspective, the delightful life that she would be able to lead in Rome, famous and free, under a magnificent sky, surrounded by a court of poets, artists, and cardinals: a kind of female pope for art and science, a Catholic muse in the reblooming garden of the Renaissance. What was her kingdom, Sweden, in comparison with that? — poor and cold, darkened by a strict religion, and there she was, chained by tedious duties against the ideal empire of Rome.

It was during Pimentel's stay in Sweden that Queen Kristina had the idea of founding the Order of Amarante, and Pimentel became its first knight. The reason for the foundation of the order was as follows.

In the year 1653, the English pretender to the Crown, the later King Charles II of England, sent the Order of the Garter to the Swedish prince Karl Gustav; but because Cromwell still held power in England, Queen Kristina, in order not to offend him, would not allow Karl Gustav to accept it in return, especially as she did not like to see her subjects receive distinctions from abroad, as she used to say on occasion: "I cannot bear that a foreign lord should put his mark on my sheep."

At the sending of the English Order of the Garter, Queen Kristina thought of founding an order herself, and because she had recently played the role of the shepherdess Amaranta in a shepherd play, the order was named the Order of Amarante. It consisted of 15 ladies and 15 gentlemen, who, when they joined the order, had to take a vow not to marry. Queen Kristina herself presided over the society, and the gatherings took place in a castle hidden between the mountains on the shores of Lake Mälaren.

The motto of the order was, among other things: "semper idem" — that is, "always the same", — which suited the foundress as little as possible, who, as is well known, was as capricious and fickle as anyone.

Don Pimentel received the recently founded Order of Amarante adorned with diamonds and rubies worth several thousand crowns.

The year after Pimentel had come to Sweden, he received orders from his king to return to Spain. "It will be the death of me", he exclaimed when he received this message; however, he survived the farewell, despite both he and Queen Kristina trying to delay the farewell as much as possible. Before his departure, Queen Kristina threw him farewell parties, and the great men of the kingdom had to do the same in order to be on good terms with her.

Queen Kristina had the frigate "Hercules", with 70 cannons, equipped to directly transfer Pimentel from Gothenburg to the coast of Spain, in addition to giving him 20,000 crowns in travel money. Under the curses of the crowd, Pimentel boarded the frigate, which was ready to sail in Gothenburg. The joy of the Swedish people was great at seeing the hated Spaniard go away; but it only lasted a short time, because in the North Sea the frigate "Hercules" was attacked by a strong storm, which caused the ship to spring a leak, so that the ship's commander was forced to seek port again in Gothenburg, from which he had sailed a short time before.

Great was the disappointment and resentment when Pimentel returned so quickly. People considered the whole journey to be nothing more than a game of trickery and comedy. Queen Kristina, on the other hand, greeted Pimentel's return with undisguised joy, which was also expressed in the fact that she presented this Spanish favourite with a four-horse, expensive carriage, so that he could get around more easily during the longer time that now hung before the departure took place, when the Spanish King, at Pimentel's request, granted him a longer respite.

Pimentel was now seen, as always, in Queen Kristina's company, whether she was in the city or went out to the countryside to Jakobsdal. This intimate life, which outraged the world so much, Queen Kristina, out of her innate defiance, did not diminish.

Finally, however, Pimentel's departure became serious, as he received specific orders to that effect from the Spanish King. Queen Kristina again threw farewell parties for him, and as an end to the game, she gave him a precious diamond ring worth 6,000 crowns.

It was a great relief to the Swedish people, as well as to the Swedish treasury, when Pimentel was finally gone. Skilled accountants claimed that Pimentel had cost Sweden more than if the Spanish King had sent an enemy army of 50,000 men to eat its marrow during the same period.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Antonio Pimentel.

Note: Jakobsdal is the old name for Ulriksdal Castle.

Saturday, March 22, 2025

Faith Compton Mackenzie on the Order of Amarante, the court's move to Uppsala due to the plague, Magnus de la Gardie's fall from grace, and Bulstrode Whitelocke's arrival at court

Source:

The Sibyl of the North: The Tale of Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 78 to 92, by Faith Compton Mackenzie, 1931; original scan at the Universal Digital Library


The account:

CHAPTER V
THE ORDER OF AMARANTA
"DOLCE NELLA MEMORIA" was the motto engraved on the Order of Amaranta which Christina founded in 1653. There were thirty members, fifteen ladies and fifteen knights, with the Queen at the head of them all. There is no list of membership, but among the knights and ladies were the King of Poland, Charles Gustavus and his brother Adolphus, the Landgrave of Hesse, a few German Princes, the de la Gardie family, Count Dohna and Count Tott, both devoted to Christina, and the latter a special favourite of hers, "a civil, handsome young courtier, of good parts and much of the French mode", says Whitelock.

History does not say who were the ladies chosen by Christina, but no doubt they were amusing and handsome, and certainly Ebba Sparre was among them. Unwillingly Christina had consented to the marriage of Ebba. She was now the wife of Jacob de la Gardie, and known as the beautiful Countess. Among the Knights of the Order were Count Montecuculi from the Court of Austria, and Don Antonio de la Cueva from the Court of Spain, both of whom accompanied Christina on her travels later on. A striking pair were Count Corfiz Ulfeld from Denmark and Radzieiowski, late Chancellor of Poland. These were refugees from their own countries. Count Ulfeld had married Leonora Christina, one of the left-handed daughters of his King, Christian IV, hero of the battle of Kolberger Heide, and had been Grand Master of the Danish Court, and undisputed leader of the Danish aristocracy with his gifted wife, till the death of Christian, whom Sophie Amalie, the jealous, ambitious consort of his successor, Frederick III, plotted so effectively against that they were obliged to flee the country, the Princess disguised as a page. This heroic lady spent twenty-two years in prison after her husband's death, the victim of persecution by his enemies and of the bitter animosity of Sophie Amalie. Christina took the interesting couple under her protection, at the same time that Radzieiowski, finding Poland too hot for him, had picked on Sweden as his safest refuge.

Both men were daring and imaginative intriguers, and Christina spent a great deal more time than her Ministers liked in their company; it was said bitterly that she divided her attentions between them and Antonio Pimentelli. Certainly the refugees were both trying to persuade her to go to war with their respective countries for motives of their own, and certainly Christina enjoyed the piquancy of the situation, especially when she found them also intriguing against each other, Radzieiowski having betrayed to Denmark Ulfeld's designs, in order at least to delay things in that quarter, while his own plans were maturing. Apart from this both were men of wit and understanding, Ulfeld being especially notable for his profound knowledge of statecraft and his "facetious conversation", says Whitelock.

The Order of Amaranta was inaugurated with a splendid ballet called "The Feast of the Gods", followed by supper. The gods, it should be noted, were chiefly foreigners. Pimentelli was a glorious Mars, Ulfeld was Jupiter, and Radzieiowski set the pace of the party by being pushed in on a barrel as Bacchus, drinking out of a huge tankard. Magnus de la Gardie, whose banishment at this time was only a small cloud on the horizon, was Apollo to the life. Christina herself, as Amaranta, the Immortal One, wore a magnificent gown covered with diamonds. The rest of the courtiers were shepherds and shepherdesses and waited on the gods. A song, with "Vive Amaranta" as its refrain, was sung at intervals throughout the banquet. Then followed brawls and French dancing, in which Christina was always the most spirited lady present, and, half-way through the evening, she ordered everyone to cast aside his disguise, whether of god or mortal. She herself made her attendants cut the diamonds from her Amaranta gown before she disrobed. These she distributed among her guests. But to Antonio Pimentelli she gave a wonderful diamond ring.

They danced till five in the morning, and it was the success of this gallant evening that encouraged Christina to found the order. The motto for these knights and ladies was to be Semper idem. They swore to follow Virtue and Honour. They also swore, if unmarried, to remain so. Semper idem! The Order had a short life, so perhaps the vow was kept.

The insignia which Christina designed was costly and gorgeous. It was of gold thickly set with diamonds, the device a laurel wreath with two "A's" entwined in the centre. It was attached with a bright red taffeta scarf fringed with silver, tied round the left shoulder. The ladies wore it under the left breast, tied also with crimson taffeta. There was some delay in the distribution of this decoration, but Christina wore hers almost incessantly from the first moment. There were many theories as to the significance of the entwined "A's". The simplest is that they represented the first and last letters of Amaranta, but the double coincidence of the town of Amaranta being the birthplace of Pimentelli and his Christian name being Antonio was too much for the gossips to resist. The Don was now nearly as indispensable to the Queen as Bourdelot had been, and in spite of his superior estate, he became equally unpopular. Christina yielded more easily to the urgency of her advisers than in the case of the doctor, and the Spaniard was given his congé. At his last audience he was pale and speechless — another bit of play-acting in the opinion of those present.

He sailed from Gothenburg, and after two or three days of tempest his vessel was obliged to put about and return to port. Pimentelli did not wait for a favourable wind, but regarding the storm as an act of God, he posted back to the Court as fast as possible, where Christina received him with unfeigned delight. He was now established more firmly than ever, and when the Court moved to Upsala on account of plague in Stockholm, he was lodged in apartments so close to the Queen's that when his carriage was waiting for him, the horses attached to it were in front of her grand staircase.

The Castle at Upsala, built of plastered brick on the top of a hill, looked down on the Cathedral City and a fair countryside, with the river Sale running at the foot of the hill and emptying itself into a lake. The old Upsala, about two miles north of the present city, was famous early in history for its magnificent temple to Thor, Odin and Frey. On this site was built the first Christian cathedral in 1100. It was destroyed by fire. The archiepiscopal see was moved to the present Upsala, and another cathedral built. The city became a great episcopal capital, where kings were crowned. Gustavus Vasa founded the Castle in 1548, but it was never really finished. In Christina's time only two sides of the four-square building were completed, but it was of noble design and full of spacious apartments. The Queen's garden was a wretched, neglected place of four or five acres surrounded by post and rails, with nothing but a few hedges which began to get green after the thaw in May, no trees and few flowers but ordinary tulips. The climate did not encourage the planting of fruit trees or shrubs.

In 1567 the Castle had been the scene of a horrible outrage when the demented Eric XIV had three members of the great Sture family and two other noblemen put brutally to death on the pretext that they were traitors. This strange Prince, described as very handsome, marvellously accomplished and speaking many languages, amateur of music and mathematician, was the son of Gustavus by his first wife, Catherine of Saxe Lauenberg [sic], and was therefore a great-uncle of Christina's. There were a good many points in common between them. That murder at the Castle — something of the same callousness was seen at Fontainebleau — years later.

But here was the Court, established at Upsala, awaiting with some excitement the arrival of Bulstrode Whitelock, Ambassador from the Commonwealth of England. It was winter-time, and in the cold, short days few people stirred out if they could help it. But when the sun shone and the bitter Baltic wind was still, the streets were jingling with sleigh-bells.

On some glittering frosty day Christina would flash by in her little sled, drawn by a big trotting horse gaily plumed and covered with silver bells, one of her gallants standing behind her and holding the reins. A dozen or so of her ladies would come jingling after her, each with her gallant, all in gay [festive] attire, their plumes flying, the brightly painted little sleds skimming along the white ground — bells and laughter and bright colours.

Magnus de la Gardie plunged himself deeper into disgrace with Christina at this time by another ridiculous plot to retrieve his position, involving the Queen's Equerry Steinbergh, whom he accused of having made mischief. He might have known that Christina would sift this calumny to the bottom, and it was soon proved that Steinbergh was quite innocent, but naturally sufficiently annoyed to take the matter further, and, on his demanding of de la Gardie from whom he had the slander, the latter, after much hesitation, declared that Schlippenberg [sic], the Grand Seneschal at Stockholm, was responsible. Worse and worse! The Queen summoned all three men to appear before her, with the result that de la Gardie was completely discredited. Later in the day he sent to Christina asking to be allowed to retire to his country seat, begging her to deny Schlippenberg [sic] the Court, and to avoid speaking of the affair to his own disadvantage.

Christina haughtily replied that she not only allowed him, but ordered him to leave town, to go where he chose so long as it was not to her Court; that she could not think of using Schlippenberg as he suggested, and as to the third demand — she could feel for him nothing but pity for his self-inflicted misfortune. Even yet Magnus approached her again; this time with a letter. As she read it, she murmured several times "Poor Count!" and sent him a long reply, some of which is worth quoting:

"SIR, — As you wish to see me again after your disgrace, I must tell you how opposed this wish is to your advantage, and I write this letter to remind you of the reasons which prevent me from acceeding to it, and to convince you, too, that the interview is useless to your peace of mind. It is not for me to bring remedies for your misfortunes; it is to yourself you must look to repair your honour. What can I do except pity and blame you? The friendship I had for you compels me to do both; and however much I may have indulged you in the past, I cannot, with any sincerity, pardon you the crime you have committed against yourself. Do not imagine that I am angry with you — I assure you I am not. I can now do nothing but pity you, which can do you no good, since you have shown yourself indifferent to my friendship. You are unworthy by your own confession, and you have yourself pronounced the decree of your banishment in the sight of several persons of rank who were present. I have confirmed this decree because I found it just, and I am not ready to undo it, as you seem to suppose. After what you have done and suffered, do you dare to show yourself to me? I am ashamed to think of the many base actions you have stooped to. ... In this unfortunate affair, no spark of magnanimity or generosity has appeared in your conduct. Were I capable of repentance[,] I should regret ever having made a friendship with so feeble a soul as yours; but this weakness is unworthy of me, and, having always acted as reason dictated on my own impulse[,] I ought not to blame the veil I have thrown over the course of events. I would have preserved this all my life had not your imprudence compelled me to declare myself against you. Honour compels me to do it openly, and justice forces it upon me. I have done too much for you these nine years, in always blindly taking your part against all. But now that you abandon your dearest interests, I am released from all further care of them. You have yourself betrayed a secret which I had resolved to keep all my life, by showing that you were unworthy of the fortune I built up for you. If you are determined to hear my reproaches you can come to me; I consent on this condition. But do not hope that tears or entreaties will ever force me to yield a hair's breadth. The only favour I can do for you is to remember you little and speak of you less; being determined never to mention you except to blame you. ... Remember that you are yourself to blame for what has occurred to your disgrace, and that I am just towards you as I always will be for all the world.
CHRISTINA.
UPSALA,
December 5, 1653."

The phrase about the betrayed secret has been interpreted by some as referring to the private relations between Christina and her favourite. It seems more likely to imply simply the secret of his unworthiness of which she had always been conscious, and had tried to conceal from the world, but which was now too clearly displayed, to his undoing and her own humiliation. There were no secrets otherwise that he was likely to have betrayed. The world considered him her lover — no doubt he boasted of being so — the mystery of their relationship was never revealed.

Magnus, amazingly, still held on, even after that crushing letter, and pleaded through every channel he could find for reinstalment [sic] in her good graces. He even approached his old enemy the Chancellor, Oxenstierna, whereupon the Chancellor, with grim humour, sent the retort, that "he doted, being already in his second childhood, and no longer capable of giving counsel", a quotation from de la Gardie himself. Nothing moved Christina. Her mind[,] once made up[,] was hard to alter, and Magnus retired from the contest, a bitter enemy, awaiting his time to strike.

The sober Whitelock set out with his embassy from London on the Lord's Day, November 6, 1653. The Phœnix, the Adventurer, the Elizabeth, the Fortune, a State "Catch" and a private man-o'-war commanded by a bold fighting seaman, Captain Welsh, attended the Hope, which conveyed Whitelock, two of his sons and some of his suite. The Adventurer had over thirty horses on board. At the Nore, in the mouth of the Thames, the convoy was held up by contrary winds, and Whitelock had the satisfaction of hearing the news, carried in haste by wherrymen, that his dear third wife had been safely delivered of his thirteenth child, a son. As soon as this news had been received[,] the wind changed, and the voyage began in earnest, Whitelock praising God for His blessings. There followed seven days of violent and dangerous adventure, including an encounter with Dutch ships, a few shots, but a friendly finish, wild storms and a great deal of sea-sickness for nearly everybody but the Ambassador himself, who "held well".

They disembarked at Gothenburg, the seaport founded with immense foresight by Gustavus Adolphus, and built by Dutch settlers, which became one of the great ports of the world, and is now the key to Sweden's prosperity. Here they were received with due pomp and ceremony, but though the relief of being on land must have been great, their discomforts were not over, for after a short time spent in Gothenburg, there followed a fortnight's hard travelling on the road, with straw beds for most of the company at their stopping-places, and food consisting often of dead cows. The last three days of their journey were spent in the vast, sweet-scented forest of Valterd, three hundred miles long and seventy miles broad, of ash and oak, firs and birches, full of wolves, bears and other wild beasts. Here, when they came to a burgh, they had better food, pork and hares, and a little bird called a yerpen, more delicate than a partridge.

When within a mile of Upsala, the embassy prepared for the arrival of Vanderlin, the Queen's Master of Ceremonies, and the pages, lackeys, and the rest put on their liveries. Whitelock complains that Vanderlin arrived in careless garb, but this lack of respect was no doubt soon forgotten in the sight of the Queen's carosse du corps sent to convey him, which was of green velvet inside and out, richly laced with broad silver laces and fringed, with six white horses, and twenty of the Queen's lackeys in blue and silver, in attendance. There were eighteen coaches with six horses, and many gentlemen on horseback. Great crowds watched the procession, which was nearly as impressive as Whitelock could have wished, and he was conducted to the best house in the town, which he was glad to know was second in importance only to the Castle. It had been prepared specially for him, and by the Queen's orders hung with some of her most beautiful tapestries.

This was all very satisfactory, and as near as possible worthy of his exalted station and the vast importance of his mission. No one ever took himself more seriously than Whitelock, and, his excellent diary being written in the third person, he could extol himself and his own right-doing without self-consciousness whenever it was necessary, and it continually was.

The first person of distinction to send a greeting to the English Ambassador was Don Antonio Pimentelli, and Whitelock was not long in discovering that the Spanish Envoy was indeed one of the most important people to cultivate, while Pimentelli had no doubt from the first of the expediency of friendship with the Commonwealth Ambassador.

For his first audience with Christina, Whitelock was brilliantly accompanied by his gentlemen in their richest garments, and every man with his sword at his side. But the Ambassador himself was plain though extraordinarily rich in a habit of fine black English cloth, the cloak lined with the same cloth, and "both set with very fine diamond buttons; his hat-band of diamonds answerable; and all of the value of £1,000".

He found the Queen sitting on her crimson velvet chair of state, surrounded by a great company. He was probably taken aback by her unceremonious attire, which was of plain grey stuff, with a man's jacket, ruffled cuffs, and a black velvet cap lined with sable, which she took off whenever Whitelock uncovered. She wore the Order of Amaranta.

While he was speaking his address in English, which was interpreted into Swedish, she gazed fixedly in his face, a disturbing habit of hers. But Whitelock flatters himself that it would take more than that to daunt him. At the end she was silent for a pretty while. He had spoken with feeling of the Protestant cause, and of its defence by her father, Gustavus Adolphus, of blessed memory. Did her mind for one moment flinch at the thought of that King, and all he had fought and died for? After the short silence she advanced, and "with a countenance and gesture full of confidence, spirit and majesty, yet mixed with great civility and good grace", she replied in Swedish, which was translated into English, and she did not mention the Protestant cause. After this ceremonial audience they always conversed in French, Christina, with all her languages, having no English.

The commercial alliance between the Commonwealth and Sweden, which was the object of Whitelock's embassy, was long in the making. The Chancellor was cautious from the first, but when the unexpected news came of the change of government in England, and Cromwell became supreme Governor and Protector, the progress of events was again checked because of doubts as to the validity of the Ambassador's credentials under the new régime. After he had satisfied everyone upon this point with new documents arrived from England, there were still, he felt, unaccountable delays, which kept him in Upsala nearly four months. During this time the Queen treated him with great friendliness, giving him many private audiences, and evidently enjoying his ponderous "drolling". At the first private audience they walked up and down the room for two hours in conversation. Whitelock, who was lame, found that he was very weary, "yet at the same time in discourse with such a Princess, and upon such high matters (like a wounded man when he is hot), he felt not the pain, but felt it afterwards". After this Christina always called for stools, and they sat discussing everything under the sun, Christina being prone to get away from the main object of their meeting as much as possible. But when the Alliance was discussed she seldom failed to insist upon the advantage of bringing Spain into it, and here the influence of Pimentelli was obvious even to Whitelock. Christina was as much concerned for Spain as she was for Sweden, perhaps more so; but most of all, as will be seen later, she was concerned for herself.

One day she sent for Whitelock, and after a long discussion upon the Protestant religion, she, to change the subject, asked how he communicated secretly with his superiors in England. He explained the invisible ink he made himself. Two glasses of water were left with the Secretary of the Council, one to write with and the other to pour over Whitelock's letters when they arrived, when the blank page became a sheet of clearly written script. Then suddenly:

THE QUEEN. What huge dog is this?

WHITELOCK. It is an English mastiff, which I brought with me. It seems it is broke loose, and followed me even to this place.

THE QUEEN. Is he gentle and well-conditioned?

WHITELOCK. The more courage they have, the more gentle they are; this is both. Your Majesty may stroke him.

THE QUEEN. I have heard of the fierceness of these dogs; this is very gentle.

WHITELOCK. They are very gentle unless provoked, and of a generous kind: no creature hath more mettle of faithfulness than they have.

THE QUEEN. Is it your dog?

WHITELOCK. I cannot tell; some of my people told me that one Mr. Peters sent it for a present to the Queen.

THE QUEEN. Who is that Mr. Peters?

WHITELOCK. A Minister, and great servant to the Parliament.

THE QUEEN. That Mr. Peters sent me a letter.

WHITELOCK. He is a great admirer of Your Majesty, but to presume to send a letter or a dog for a present to a Queen, I thought above him, and not fit to be offered to Your Majesty.

THE QUEEN. I have many letters from private persons. His letter and the dog do belong to me, and are my goods, and I will have them.

WHITELOCK. Your Majesty commands in chief, and all ought to obey you, and so will I, not only as to the letter and dog, but likewise as to another part of his present, a great English cheese of his country making.

THE QUEEN. I do kindly accept them from him, and see that you send my goods to me.

WHITELOCK. I will not fail to obey Your Majesty.

They parted "in much drollery"[,] and the Queen was delighted with the English cheese. Whitelock's stratagem to bring the dog to her notice was crowned with success[,] but it needed no diplomacy on his part to dispose of the English horses he had brought over with him. Christina had her eye on them from the first. In fact, they made as much impression generally as the Ambassador himself. The Swedish horses were a small nag-like breed, and though the Queen and some of the nobles kept a few large and handsome animals, they did not compare with those that Whitelock brought out of England. The first tentative came from Prince Adolphus at his first visit, who praised them so highly, and stressed so much the danger of a sea voyage to them, that Whitelock was convinced he desired a couple or so for himself. But Whitelock was not so young a courtier as to pass the compliment of their being at His Highness's service, lest he might be taken at his word. However, one day, after a discourse on hunting, the Queen herself delivered a broad hint that could not be misunderstood. She thought, she said, of sending to England for horses, whereupon Whitelock, in duty bound, assured her that if she had a liking for any of his[,] they were at her disposal. Baron Steinbergh, Master of the Horse, was asked a few days later to bring to the Queen's notice that Whitelock was making her a small present of three saddle-horses. They were brought to the Castle and walked up and down while the Queen stood at a window for a great while judging their paces. Nothing but the snow hindered her from mounting them immediately. They were of excellent shape and mettle.

But this was not enough for Christina. She had set her heart on the splendid team of black horses which made such a stir when Whitelock went abroad in his coach. She felt that they were destined to carry her on her journey to the South. The South!

She was right, for though Whitelock was most unwilling to part with them, in the end she got them, and Prince Charles Gustavus had the other team of brilliant bays. The Chancellor was presented with a "strong, well-paced English pad nag", and several geldings were distributed as the Queen decided among her gentlemen, including Tott and Steinbergh. Whitelock had to borrow horses for his return journey.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Bulstrode Whitelocke.

Notes: left-handed daughter = "*i.e.* daughter of second wife whose children cannot inherit if there is issue of the first wife."

dote = to be senile.