Showing posts with label Kristina's hatred of marriage. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Kristina's hatred of marriage. Show all posts

Friday, December 5, 2025

Ida Ashworth Taylor on "Chanut's description of Christina; projects of marriage; Prince Charles Gustavus; Christina proposes him as her successor; scene in the Senate; her success" (1647-51)

Sources:

Christina of Sweden, pages 41 to 52, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, 1909; original at the University of Toronto


Drottning Kristina: bemyndigade öfversättning af H. Flygare, pages 42 to 53, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, translated by Hanny Flygare, 1912; original at the University of Minnesota


The account:

IT was inevitable that Christina's youth should be productive of complications, and that so long as she remained unwedded the future should wear an uncertain aspect. The question of her marriage was of the first importance, not to Sweden alone[,] but to Europe at large. A king consort who, connected with any of the powerful reigning houses, brought a large accession of strength to his wife's country would have been a menace to his neighbours; the influence of a husband pledged to any particular policy or party, domestic or foreign, would be a factor to be taken into account; whilst in Sweden, and more especially at Court, the unwise favour shown to Magnus de la Gardie may have served as an object-lesson as to the danger of undivided authority residing in the hands of a Queen of twenty-one, and have quickened the desire of her subjects to see her safe-guarded by marriage from some at least of the perils of her position. So far, however, it was impossible to form more than a conjecture as to the man upon whom her choice was likely to fall.

If her head had been turned[,] it was no wonder. Disposed by nature, as well as by training, to entertain an inordinate conception of her position and person, she could not be ignorant that she was playing not only to the select audience represented by her Court or country, but to Europe at large; and the consciousness can scarcely have failed to affect the performance. A detailed description sent home by Chanut supplies a picture of her at the age of twenty-one. Requested by Anne of Austria and the young King Louis to obtain for them a portrait of the Queen, the envoy supplemented it by an account of her habits and customs, her manners and way of life, which presents a picture drawn by a close and careful observer who enjoyed frequent opportunities of noting what he described. It is true that the attitude in which he paints her may have been a pose; but even so, it was probably, like many such, unconsciously artificial, and Christina, in acting a part, may have mistaken it for reality. At this distance of time it is difficult to determine the question. It must also be remembered that a pose has an increasing tendency to become second nature; so that a return to simplicity might, by a paradox, almost assume the character of a pose. In Christina's case, having formed an ideal of what the Queen of Sweden ought to be, she may honestly have believed herself to have attained it; and if there were deception[,] she may have been included in the fraud.

However that may be, the description of the French envoy renders it impossible to catch a glimpse of the girl as she appeared to her motley Court, made up of nobles of ancient houses, senators, and statesmen; men she had raised from obscurity; foreign adventurers, scientists, and philosophers. It was the Court of a woman, it must be added, who was never fortunate in her choice of servants.

With regard to her outward appearance, the writer confessed to a difficulty in portraying a countenance liable to sudden changes, according to the movements of her mind, ordinarily pensive, but clouding dangerously when she felt disapproval of what was said. In conversation she would treat at times, in the language of the Stoics, of virtue and its pre-eminence; whilst in familiar talk she spoke of the true value of things, trampling her crown under foot and acknowledging virtue to be the sole good. Yet it was not for long together that she forgot she was a Queen; and she would presently take up her crown once more, recognising its weight, and admitting that a good practice of her own profession of royalty was the initial step in the path of virtue. Nature, in Chanut's opinion, had equipped her well for her part. Her facility in the comprehension of public affairs was remarkable; her memory so good that she was tempted to abuse it. She spoke Latin, French, German, Flemish, and Swedish, and was learning Greek. In her hours of leisure she loved to talk with those acquainted with the curious facts of science; and her mind, eager in the pursuit of knowledge, sought information on every subject; though, far from making a parade of her learning, she sought rather to avoid the appearance of it. She took especial pleasure in hearing problems discussed by persons of differing opinions, reserving her judgment upon them until the last, when she would briefly express it, as a quasi determination of the question at issue.

The envoy further noted, with astonishment, the power she wielded, notwithstanding her youth, at the Council board, and the grace, kindness, and persuasive power she displayed. There were some who attributed the submissiveness of her senators to the deference paid to her womanhood. This was not Chanut's opinion; a king, he thought, with her qualities, would have wielded a like authority. But he confessed that it would have been less surprising than to see a girl sway the minds of councillors, old and wise, at her pleasure.

She rarely conversed with the ladies of her Court, business, together with the outdoor pursuits she loved, leaving little leisure for such intercourse; and even on formal occasions it was observed that she showed a preference for the conversation of men. The time she could spare from business was chiefly devoted to study. A quarter of an hour was the most she spent on her toilet, and, save on functions of State, a comb and a ribbon sufficed to dress her hair.

Christina, as here described, was not a woman to bestow her hand blindly or at the bidding of politicians. That she was still unmarried was not from lack of suitors. Gustavus Adolphus was scarcely dead before the Princes of Denmark had been put forward as aspirants to the hand of his daughter, the Queen-mother being supposed to favour the pretensions of the younger brother. Her views were not shared by Oxenstiern, who wrote from Germany to beg the Senate to guard the child's mind from the infusion of any such ideas. Eleonore, he added, had little or nothing to do with the disposal of the Queen. The interests of the kingdom were centred in Christina's person, whilst that of her mother was of the smallest account. The Senate and the Estates would never consent to a Danish marriage.

The Danish Princes disposed of, other suitors followed in due course. Christina's cousin, the Elector of Brandenburg, was of the number, and the possibility of a match with the Kings of Spain, Portugal, Hungary, and the Romans was at least discussed. There was, in fact, scarcely a marriageable prince in Europe who was not suggested as eligible. Each and all had a serious rival in Christina's cousin, Charles Gustavus. Stealing a march upon competitors at a distance, he had grown up with the Queen, he and his sisters having been the playmates and companions of her childhood; and the sequel was to prove that the Elector Palatine had acted wisely when, in spite of the rebuff administered by the Senate, he had decided upon giving his children a Swedish education. His eldest son was a young man of few personal attractions, but at seventeen even a Queen is not disposed to be over-critical of a lover, and at that age it seemed not unlikely that she would marry her cousin. The period that had since elapsed had worked a change in her sentiments; she was unwedded and increasingly uncertain of her wishes on the subject. The only lover she could have favoured, she wrote to Chanut in an undated letter, would have been Charles Gustavus, since he was brave and generous. But she had contracted an antipathy to marriage: "I was a child when I promised my cousin to wed him. Now I am grande fille, and I will sign no engagement of the heart. I should break it too soon. I would rather give him my crown than marry him."

The alternative must have been understood, if not used, as a mere figure of speech at the time the letter was written, nor had abdication yet taken shape as a serious possibility. In the meantime, three years after her entanglement — if it could be called so — with Charles Gustavus, had followed the interlude dominated by young de la Gardie. His father had indeed been credited with cherishing a hope that his son might obtain the Queen's hand; and though the suspicion that Christina intended Count Magnus to share her throne was effectually dispelled by his union with the daughter of the Prince Palatine, her liking for him showed no sign of diminution and may have disinclined her for the time to entertain the idea of marriage with any other man.

Those around her could not hope to escape, so long as she was young and unwedded, the imputation of nourishing ambitious aspirations; and Oxenstiern himself, like his rival, was charged in some quarters with a desire to marry her to his son. The Queen, the Chancellor wrote to the young man, had broached the subject to him in the course of conversation, observing that the best way to put an end to the report would be for young Oxenstiern to marry, a view in which his father concurred. Fantasies of the kind, he said, deserved nothing but ridicule; but malice had made use of the pretext to blacken the family reputation, and the choice of a good wife would put an end to the gossip.

Charles Gustavus was in truth the only serious candidate in the field, and a conversation drawn from his memoirs throws some light upon the relations of the cousins when, in 1647, the Prince was leaving Sweden to take command of the forces in Germany.

Into the period that had elapsed since Christina had imagined herself in love with her playmate, much experience had been crowded, and her views of life and marriage had undergone sensible modification. She had also become acquainted with possibilities represented by Count Magnus de la Gardie. When, therefore, in the presence of the latter, as well as of her tutor Matthiæ — surely the opportunity was ill-chosen — her cousin pressed for a definite understanding, Christina plainly refused to regard herself as in any way bound by what she had said as a child, annulling any engagement then entered into as formed by one not of an age to be pledged by any promise whatever. Having thus cleared the way by the assertion of her freedom, she explained that her mind was not yet made up, but that her decision would be taken at her coronation, when she would have reached the age of twenty-five. She further added the important and rash declaration that if she did not then wed Charles Gustavus[,] she would take no other husband, and would do what in her lay to cause him to be pronounced her successor. She kept her word.

Upon this imprudent compromise followed what the reader may be pardoned for regarding as a display of dramatic talent. In the manner of a stage hero, the Prince protested grandiloquently that, should his cousin refuse him as a husband, he, for his part, would not accept her other offers and would leave Sweden for ever.

"Christina", adds her biographer, "reproached him with indulging romantic fancies; and as the Prince continued to make the same affirmations, she attempted to close his lips by words little less romantic than his own, telling him that, should he happen to die before the date she had appointed, it would ever redound greatly to his honour that he had been esteemed worthy to wed a Queen such as herself, and that many men would have considered themselves very happy if only they had been adjudged worthy of that honour."

Whatever might have been the case with other men, the Prince showed no disposition to content himself with so barren a distinction; nor did Christina regard the question as closed, since her cousin was permitted to correspond on the subject with Matthiæ as well as with his father, his letters displaying the same spirit of chivalrous self-abnegation as at his parting interview and expressly urging that the Queen should be reminded of him. Unless she should decide in his favour he could not, he said, return with honour to Sweden, and begged that, so soon as peace was made, he might be given employment abroad. Should she not arrive at a definite determination[,] it would be best, he observed later on, that he should pass his days on the coast of the Baltic, and live there in tranquillity and[,] as it were[,] in retreat.

Whilst Charles Gustavus was making professions of disinterested devotion, the Estates of the Realm were urging marriage upon the Queen. The answers she returned were evasive. Thanking them for their affection, she stated that, though feeling no present inclination to take a husband, she might nevertheless consent to accede to their wishes for the good of the kingdom and the pleasuring of her subjects, and further inquired whether, in choosing her cousin, she would meet with their approval. She was quickly reassured on this point; but any hopes Prince Charles might have built upon the chances of her yielding to the instances of the representatives of the people were doomed to disappointment; and she continued to maintain her attitude, free from any pledge.

It appears clear that, from whatever cause, her distaste for matrimony was growing. In part due to a preference for untrammelled liberty, it is not unlikely that, as some averred, it was also the result of a prejudice instilled into her mind by Magnus de la Gardie; since, in after-days, and when the latter had fallen from the pinnacle on which she had placed him, she warned her cousin that his brother-in-law was unworthy of his affection and pity, by reason of the ill services he had rendered him. If she had not wedded the Prince, de la Gardie was the cause, having not only dissuaded her from the match, but inspired her with an aversion to Charles. The hopes of the nation were at all events doomed to disappointment. Christina's antipathy to marriage, far from diminishing, only deepened with time; and in the year when her final decision was to be taken[,] she is quoted by Chanut as declaring that she would choose death rather than a husband.

In the meantime the Peace of Westphalia, concluded in October 1648, had ended the Thirty Years' War, leaving the Powers who had taken part in it at liberty to turn their attention to domestic concerns. To Sweden the net result of the peace was five million crowns, the cession of the secularised Archbishopric of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden, and the possession of Upper Pomerania, Stettin, the island of Rügen and the city of Wismar, to be held as fiefs of the Empire. The successes of Christina's reign were crowned.

A few months later, in February 1649, she had taken the definite step of communicating to the Senate her repugnance to marriage; and, in consideration of the importance of a speedy settlement in the event of her dying childless, had pressed them to declare her cousin, Prince Charles, her successor.

The proposal was unexpected, and, taken by surprise, her hearers at first remained mute. The silence was presently broken by voices raised in protest, expostulation, and negation. The Senate was not disposed to do the Queen's bidding. Christina, however, unused to opposition, turned fiercely upon the dissentients. With a spirit reminiscent of Elizabeth Tudor, she told the members present that she was well aware that there were those among them who, regarding her as the last of her house, were counting upon their personal share in the election to follow upon her death. To them she had to say that not one of their house was to be preferred to Prince Charles. Others desired a change in the form of government, considering their interests before the welfare of the State. Had such a change been desirable[,] she would herself have taken measures to provide for it after her death, but, considering the habits of the nation, and regarding the destruction of the monarchy as an injustice, she desired to obviate the misfortunes incident to an election.

The scene, as it proceeded, was characteristic both of Christina and of the fashion of free speech prevailing in the Senate. Constable Torstenson, belonging to her own party at Court and one of the most loyal of her subjects, told his mistress plainly that only for her sake was any respect paid to Prince Charles. To turn themselves into slaves required overmuch reflection, though he had never contemplated introducing the republican form of government into Sweden.

After a digression dealing with the present condition of France and England, Christina returned to the point under discussion. Were she to die, she said, she wagered her two ears that her cousin would never come to the throne. Let him, therefore, be declared her successor; and when Torstenson expressed his belief that, should the Prince be denied her hand, he would remain unmarried, she replied by a frank expression of incredulity. Love, she said, was not kindled for one woman only, and a crown was a fair maiden. She had told Charles that in him, no more than a little Prince, it was great daring to aspire to wed a Queen. After which, condescending to meet the arguments that had been advanced, she admitted that she was entirely in accord with the Senate in believing that Charles had no right to the throne. Nevertheless she begged that, by favour and grace, and for the good and security of the realm, he might be recognised as her successor.

Some days later the question was referred to a Committee of the Estates, called into Council with the Senate. Again the Queen in person expounded her views and wishes. Again a hot argument ensued, Christina protesting that not a word should be extracted from her on the subject of marriage until her will had been executed. When Bishop Matthiæ urged that she was bound by the decrees of the realm to marry, she replied by an indignant protest. No one in the world, she declared, could compel her, should she not herself determine upon the step. She might do so — she did not deny it. To wed for the good of the realm was a great motive. But were she able to safeguard its interest by other means[,] she would have done all that could be demanded of her. What she had promised the Prince she would religiously perform, "but you are not at this time to know what it is that I have promised him." To the assertion of Matthiæ that the report that she had announced her intention of conferring her hand on her cousin was current in Europe, and to his question what would be said by the world of her present conduct, she replied negligently that when it had been talked of enough[,] another subject of conversation would be found.

The Queen was determined, the Senate and the Estates were not; in the end Christina carried her point, and the deed making Charles Gustavus heir to the crown of Sweden was signed; though Oxenstiern, affixing his signature to the document, did so with sorrow and anger. If, he told the official sent to him with it, his grave were open before him and he was to choose between it and the endorsement of this Act of Succession, he would prefer to enter his grave. So long, however, as Christina had her way[,] she probably cared little for disapproval or blame, and her success is a singular proof of the ascendancy she exercised over older and wiser heads.

Thus the first step towards abdication was taken. Christina dead, or otherwise removed, the future of Sweden, so far as she could compass it, was assured. But she conferred the crown on her cousin as a subject who had no claim to it. The Prince, it was stated in a contemporary memoir, accepted, under certain conditions, the honour offered him. "That is false and ridiculous", the Queen noted on the margin. "Could he fail to accept on his knees so great good fortune, so little merited and less hoped for? For not without losing his senses could he have hoped for it."

Wisely or not, the thing was done. At the Coronation, when it took place, Prince Charles, now returned from Germany, occupied his place as recognised heir to the throne. Christina had triumphed over Chancellor and Senate.

Swedish translation (by Flygare):

Det var gifven sak att Kristinas ungdom skulle ge anledning till förvecklingar och att framtiden skulle höljas i ovisshet så länge hon förblef ogift. Frågan om hennes giftermål var af största vikt, icke endast för Sverige utan för hela Europa. Kungen-gemålen skulle, om han var befryndad med något af de mäktiga regerande husen, tillföra sin makas land en tillökning i betydelse, som kunnat innebära ett hot för grannstaterna; inflytandet af en äkta man, som anslutit sig till någon viss politik eller till något visst parti, vare sig inhemskt eller utländskt, blefve en faktor att taga med i räkningen, under det att inom Sverige, framför allt vid hofvet, den okloka ynnest, som visats Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, tjänat till varnande exempel med afseende på den risk som förband sig med att den odelade makten låg i händerna på en tjuguettårig drottning och troligen stegrat undersåtarnas önskan att se henne genom giftermål skyddad åtminstone för några af hennes ställnings faror. Hittills var det dock omöjligt att annat än gissningsvis sluta sig till hvem hon kunde komma att välja.

Ingen må undra om hon blifvit litet yr i hufvudet. Af natur och genom uppfostran benägen att hysa ett öfverdrifvet begrepp om sin ställning och sin person, kunde hon icke vara okunnig om att hon uppträdde icke allenast inför det valda auditorium som representerades af hennes hof och hennes land utan inför hela Europa, och detta medvetande kunne knappast undgå att inverka på spelet. En af Chanut till sitt hemland afsänd beskrifning på henne framställer hennes bild vid tjuguett års ålder. Anmodad af Anna af Österrike och den unge kung Ludvig att skaffa dem ett porträtt af drottningen, ersatte envoyén porträttet med en redogörelse för hennes seder och vanor, hennes sätt att skicka sig och lefva, som framställer en bild tecknad af en noggrann och omsorgsfull iakttagare, den där hade talrika tillfällen att observera hvad han skildrade. Det är möjligt, att hon poserade för sitt porträtt, men om så var, är det troligt att hennes ställning var omedvetet konstlad och att Kristina, då hon spelade en roll, trodde sig vara naturlig. På ett så långt tidsafstånd är den frågan svår att afgöra. Man måste äfven komma ihåg att posen har en växande tendens att öfvergå till en andra natur så att en återgång till enkelhet kan i sin ordning, hur paradoxt det låter, nästan få karaktären af pose. Hvad Kristina beträffar är det antagligt, att hon efter att ha bildat sig ett ideal af hvad drottningen af Sverige borde vara, ärligt trott sig ha uppnått det, och om ett bedrägeri här förelåg, bedrog hon sig nog också själf.

Vare därmed huru som helst, nog af, denne fransmans beskrifning på Kristina gör det möjligt att uppfånga en skymt af henne då hon som ung flicka uppträdde i sitt brokiga hof, hvilket bestod af ädlingar tillhörande gamla familjer, rådsherrar och statsmän samt män som hon höjt från deras obskyra ställning, utländska äfventyrare, vetenskapsmän och filosofer. Det var — det måste tilläggas — en kvinnas hof, som aldrig varit lycklig i valet af sina tjänare.

Med afseende på hennes yttre människa tillstod författaren att det var svårt att porträttera ett ansikte som var så växlande i uttrycket — vanligen tankfullt men farligt mulnande, då hon ogillade det som sades. I konversationen afhandlade hon understundom på stoikernas språk dygden och dess höga betydelse, under det att hon i dagligt tal ordade om tingens verkliga värde, trampade sin krona under fötterna och förklarade att dygden var det enda verkligt goda. De stunder voro dock icke långa då hon glömde, att hon var drottning. Hon lyfte snart åter upp kronan, erkände dess betydelse och medgaf, att en god utöfning af hennes eget kall som drottning var det första steget på dygdens stig. Naturen hade, enligt Chanuts tanke, rustat henne väl för rollen. Hennes lätthet att fatta offentliga angelägenheter var anmärkningsvärd, hennes minne så godt att hon frestades att missbruka det. Hon talade latin, franska, tyska, holländska och svenska och studerade grekiska. På sina lediga stunder älskade hon att tala med dem som voro bekanta med vetenskapens underbara fakta och hennes intelligens, som törstade efter kunskap, sökte upplysning i alla ämnen, ehuru hon, längt ifrån att skryta med sin lärdom, snarare undvek att visa den. Det roade henne synnerligen att höra problem diskuteras af sinsemellan olika tänkande personer. Hon behöll sin åsikt för sig själf tills de slutat, då hon helt kort uttalade den, liksom afkunnande ett domslut rörande saken i fråga.

Envoyén omnämnde vidare med förvåning den makt hon, oaktadt sin ungdom, öfvade vid rådsbordet och det behag, den vänlighet och öfvertalande förmåga hon där utvecklade. Det var somliga som skrefvo rådsherrarnes undergifvenhet på räkningen af den vördnad man ägnade henne som kvinna. Men det var inte Chanuts åsikt. Han ansåg att en kung begåfvad med hennes egenskaper skulle öfvat samma myndighet. Men han medgaf, att de skulle ha verkat mindre öfverraskande än att se en flicka efter behag leda sina gamla visa rådgifvares sinnen.

Sällan samtalade hon med damerna vid sitt hof, enär statsgöromål och friluftssysselsättningar — som hon älskade — lämnade föga tid öfrig därtill, men äfven vid högtidligare tillfällen iakttog man att hon var mera road af att tala med män. Den tid som lämnades henne öfrig af de offentliga angelägenheterna ägnade hon förnämligast åt studier. En kvarts timme på sin höjd offrade hon åt toaletten, och utom vid större fester voro en kam och ett band allt som behöfdes för att pryda hennes hår.

Kristina, sådan hon här beskrifves, var icke den kvinna som blindt eller på politisk tillskyndelse skänkte bort sin hand. Att hon ännu var ogift berodde icke af att hon led brist på friare. Gustaf Adolf var knappt död förrän de danska prinsarne anmäldes som aspiranter till hans dotters hand, och änkedrottningen ansågs gynna den yngre broderns anspråk. Hennes syn på saken delades icke af Axel Oxenstierna, som skref hem från Tyskland och bad rådet skydda barnets sinne för ingjutandet af dylika tankar. Maria Eleonora, tillade han, hade föga eller intet att skaffa med afseende på bortlofvandet af drottningens person. Rikets intressen voro koncentrerade i Kristina, då däremot hennes mor betydde ganska litet. Rådet och ständerna skulle aldrig ge sitt samtycke till ett danskt giftermål.

Sedan de danska prinsarna blifvit affärdade, följde i sinom tid andra friare. Kristinas kusin, kurfursten af Brandenburg, var en af dem, och möjligheten af ett giftermål med någon af kungarna af Spanien, Portugal[,] Ungern eller romerske konungen afhandlades mer och mindre allvarligt. Det fanns knappt en giftasvuxen furste i Europa, som icke nämndes som ifrågakommande. Men alla hade de en svår rival i Kristinas kusin, Karl Gustaf. Fördelaktigare ställd än mera aflägset boende medtäflare, hade han vuxit upp tillsammans med drottningen, enär han och hans systrar varit hennes barndomsvänner och lekkamrater och det återstod att visa, huruvida pfalzgrefven handlat klokt då han, trots rådets afsnäsning, gifvit sina barn svensk uppfostran. Hans äldste son var en man, som ej ägde någon framstående personlig dragningskraft, men vid sjutton års ålder är inte ens en drottning så synnerligen kritisk i fråga om en tillbedjare, och då hon var sjutton år föreföll det inte osannolikt, att hon komme att gifta sig med sin kusin. Den tid som sedan dess förflutit hade åstadkommit en förändring i hennes känslor; hon var ogift och mer och mer oviss med afseende på sina önskningar i giftermålsfrågan. Den ende beundrare hon varit benägen att gynna — skref hon till Chanut i ett odateradt bref — skulle ha varit Karl Gustaf, emedan han var tapper och ädelmodig. Men hon hade fattat motvilja mot äktenskapet: »Jag var barn, då jag lofvade min kusin att gifta mig med honom. Nu är jag grande fille och underskrifver icke någon hjärtats förbindelse. Jag skulle alltför snart bryta den. Hellre gåfve jag honom min krona än jag gifte mig med honom».

Alternativet fattades, äfven om det icke så begagnats, som en retorisk figur vid den tid då brefvet skrefs, och tronafsägelsen hade då icke tagit form af någon egentlig möjlighet. De tre år som följde på hennes trassel — om det så kan kallas — med Karl Gustaf hade dominerats af den unge de la Gardie. Hans far hade verkligen, efter hvad som sades, smickrat sig med hoppet om att hans son skulle kunna vinna drottningens hand, och ehuru misstanken att Kristina ärnat dela tronen med grefve Magnus Gabriel grundligt skingrades genom hans förening med pfalzgrefvens dotter, visade Kristinas tillgifvenhet för honom intet tecken till aftagande och torde någon tid ha gjort henne obenägen att ingå giftermål med någon annan.

Så länge hon var ung och ogift kunde de som omgåfvo henne icke undgå att beskyllas för att nära ärelystna förhoppningar, och i likhet med sin medtäflare anklagades Axel Oxenstierna själf från somliga håll för att önska gifta henne med sin son. Drottningen, så skref rikskansleren till sin son, hade i samtal med honom vidrört ämnet och då sagt, att bästa sättet att göra slut på detta rykte var att den unge Oxenstierna gifte sig, en åsikt i hvilken hans far instämde. Dylika fantasier, sade han, vore endast att skratta åt, men illviljan hade begagnat saken som en förevändning att svärta familjens rykte och valet af en god hustru skulle göra slut på skvallret.

Karl Gustaf var då den ende giftermålskandidaten som togs på allvar, och ett i hans memoarer intaget samtal kastar ett visst ljus öfver förhållandet kusinerna emellan, då han 1647 lämnade Sverige för att som generalissimus taga befäl öfver hären i Tyskland.

Under den tid som förflutit sedan Kristina trott sig vara förälskad i sin lekkamrat hade mycken erfarenhet hopat sig och hennes syn på lifvet och äktenskapet hade betydligt modifierats. Hon hade äfven lärt känna möjligheter, som representerats af grefve Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie. Då hennes kusin i den senares och hennes lärare Johannes Matthiæs närvaro — tillfället var utan tvifvel illa valdt — yrkade på ett bestämdt aftal, vägrade Kristina helt enkelt att anse sig på något sätt bunden af det hon sagt som barn och upphäfde hvarje förbindelse hon då kunnat ingå, såsom ingången vid en ålder, då intet löfte vore bindande. Sedan hon på detta sätt klarat vägen genom att häfda sin frihet, förkunnade hon, att hon ännu icke bestämt sig, men att hennes beslut skulle fattas vid kröningen, sedan hon fyllt tjugufem år. Hon fogade härtill den viktiga och obetänksamma förklaringen, att om hon icke då förmälde sig med Karl Gustaf, skulle hon icke taga någon annan gemål och göra hvad i hennes förmåga stod att få honom korad till sin efterträdare. Hon höll emellertid ord.

På denna oförsiktiga kompromiss följde hvad man får förlåta läsaren, om han anser som ett slags dramatiskt kraftprof. Med en teaterhjältes later försäkrade den unge mannen helt storståtligt, att om hans kusin vägrade att taga honom till gemål, ville icke han för sin del acceptera hennes öfriga anbud utan skulle i så fall lämna Sverige för alltid.

»Kristina«, så säger hennes biograf, »förebrådde honom hans romantiska griller[,] och då Karl Gustaf fortsatte med samma försäkringar, sökte hon förmå honom till tystnad medelst ord föga mindre romantiska än hans egna, i det hon sade honom, att om han händelsevis dog före den tid hon utsatte, skulle det alltid högeligen bidraga till hans ära, att han aktats värdig att gifta sig med en drottning sådan som hon och att många män skulle ha skattat sig lyckliga om de bara aktats värda en sådan ära.»

Huru fallet än kunnat vara med andra män, säkert är att Karl Gustaf icke visade någon benägenhet att låta sig nöja med en så föga båtande utmärkelse. Icke heller Kristina ansåg frågan afslutad, enär det tilläts hennes kusin att i ämnet brefväxla med Johannes Matthiæ så väl som med sin far. I hans bref skönjes samma anda af ridderlig själfförsakelse som lagts i dagen vid afskedstagandet och han anhåller uttryckligen att drottningen måtte bli påmind om honom. Så framt hon icke beslöt sig till hans fördel, kunde han icke, så sade han, med heder återvända till Sverige utan anhöll att han, så fort fred blifvit sluten, måtte tilldelas sysselsättning i utlandet. Skulle hon icke kunna fatta ett afgörande beslut, vore det bäst — så skref han längre fram — att han tillbringade sina dagar vid Östersjöns kust och där lugnt lefde fram sitt lif i tillbakadragenhet.

Under det att Karl Gustaf uttalade dessa försäkringar om sin oegennyttiga hängifvenhet, yrkade rikets ständer på att drottningen skulle gifta sig. De svar hon afgaf voro undvikande. I det hon tackade dem för deras tillgifvenhet förklarade hon, att ehuru hon för närvarande icke kände sig böjd för att taga en gemål, skulle hon likväl möjligen tillmötesgå deras önskningar för rikets välgångs skull och för att göra sina undersåter till viljes samt frågade vidare, om hon, i händelse hon valde sin kusin, skulle vinna deras gillande. På den punkten blef hon snart lugnad, men i händelse Karl Gustaf byggt några förhoppningar på att hon skulle gifva vika för folkrepresentanternas trägna maningar, voro dessa förhoppningar dömda till undergång och hon fortfor att bibehålla sin ställning utan att i den vägen förbinda sig till någonting.

Det framgår med full klarhet, att hvilken än orsaken var, växte hennes motvilja mot äktenskapet. Delvis alstrad af hennes förkärlek för en oinskränkt frihet, är det icke osannolikt att den, som somliga påstodo, äfven var resultat af en fördom som Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie ingjutit i hennes sinne, ty längre fram och sedan denne fallit från den höjd hvarpå hon uppsatt honom, underrättade hon sin kusin om att hans svåger var ovärdig hans tillgifvenhet och medlidande på grund af alla de otjänster han gjort honom. Om hon icke gift sig med Karl Gustaf, var de la Gardie anledningen därtill, enär han icke endast afrått henne från giftermålet utan äfven ingifvit henne ovilja mot Karl Gustaf. Nationens hopp var i alla händelser dömdt att gå om intet. Kristinas vedervilja mot äktenskapet fördjupades allt mer med tiden, och det år, då hon skulle fatta sitt afgörande beslut, påstår Chanut, att hon förklarat, att hon hellre valde döden än en make.

Emellertid hade den Westfaliska freden, som slöts i oktober 1648 gjort slut på det trettioåriga kriget, och de makter som deltagit däruti voro nu i tillfälle att rikta sin uppmärksamhet på inre angelägenheter. För Sverige var resultatet af kriget fem miljoner riksdaler netto, de till världsliga områden förvandlade biskopsstiften Bremen och Verden samt ägandet af Vor-Pommern, Stettin, ön Rügen och staden Wismar, hvilka samtliga skulle innehafvas som län i Tyska riket. Framgångarna under Kristinas regering hade nu nått höjdpunkten.

Några månader därefter, i februari 1649, hade hon tagit det afgörande steget att meddela rådet sin motvilja mot att ingå äktenskap och med hänsyn till vikten af att ha successionen betryggad, i händelse hon skulle dö barnlös, hade hon sökt öfvertala rikets råd att förklara hennes kusin Karl Gustaf för hennes efterträdare.

Förslaget kom oväntadt och hennes åhörare blefvo så öfverraskade, att de till en början förstummades, men tystnaden bröts inom kort af röster, som höjde sig till protest, föreställningar och afslag. Rådet var icke benäget att rätta sig efter drottningens bud, men Kristina, icke van vid motstånd, angrep häftigt de från hennes mening afvikande. I en ton, som påminde om Elisabet Tudors, sade hon de församlade ledamöterna, att hon mycket väl visste, att det bland dem funnos sådana som betraktade henne som den sista i sitt hus och som räknade på sin personliga andel i det val som skulle följa på hennes död. Till dem ville hon nu säga, att icke någon af deras hus komme att föredragas framför Karl Gustaf. Andra önskade en förändring i styrelseformen, i det de mera höllo på sina egna intressen än på statens välfärd. Om en sådan förändring varit önskvärd, skulle hon själf vidtagit åtgärder för ombesörjandet däraf efter hennes död, men med hänsyn till nationens vanor och på grund af att hon ansåg monarkiens störtande som en orättvisa, önskade hon afvända de olyckor som ett val kunde medföra. Fältmarskalken Torstensson som tillhörde hennes parti vid hofvet och var en af hennes trognaste undersåtar, sade helt öppet sin härskarinna att det endast var för hennes skull man visade Karl Gustaf någon vördnad. Man måste väl betänka sig innan man gjorde sig till slaf, ehuru han för sin del aldrig haft för afsikt att införa den republikanska styrelseformen i Sverige.

Efter en afvikelse, hvarunder Kristina sysselsatte sig med det dåvarande tillståndet i Frankrike och England, återkom hon till den diskuterade frågan. Om hon skulle dö, så sade hon, kunde hon sätta sina båda öron i pant på att hennes kusin aldrig kom på tronen. Låt därför så ske, att han blir utnämnd till tronföljare! Då Torstensson sade sin tro vara den, att pfalzgrefven aldrig skulle gifta sig, om hon vägrade honom sin hand, svarade hon öppet, att hon var af annan mening. Kärleken, sade hon, tändes icke blott för en enda kvinna och kronan var en fager tärna. Hon hade sagt Karl Gustaf, att det för honom som en småfurste vore i hög grad förmätet att eftersträfva en drottning till brud. Därefter nedlät hon sig att besvara de invändningar som blifvit gjorda och medgaf, att hon ansåg rådet ha fullkomligt rätt i att Karl Gustaf icke hade några berättigade arfsanspråk på tronen. Icke dess mindre bad och bönföll hon att han af gunst och nåd samt för rikets välfärds och trygghets skull måtte bli erkänd som hennes efterträdare.

Några dagar därefter hänsköts frågan till ett utskott af ständerna, kalladt att förhandla med rådet. Åter framlade drottningen personligen sina åsikter och önskningar. Åter uppstod en het ordstrid och Kristina förklarade, att man icke kunde förmå henne att säga ett ord i giftermålsfrågan förrän man fogat sig efter hennes vilja. Då biskop Johannes Matthiæ påstod, att hon af rikets lagar ålades att gifta sig, svarade hon med ett harmset förnekande däraf. Ingen i världen, sade hon, kunde tvinga henne att taga ett sådant steg, om hon inte själf beslöt sig därför. Hon kunde möjligen göra det — det nekade hon inte till. Att gifta sig för rikets väl var att handla efter en storslagen bevekelsegrund. Men om hon genom andra medel lyckades betrygga dess intressen, så hade hon gjort allt hvad man kunde begära af henne. Hvad hon lofvat Karl Gustaf, det skulle hon troget hålla, »men den här gången fån I icke veta hvad det är jag lofvat honom». På biskopens försäkran att ryktet om att hon tillkännagifvit sin afsikt att skänka kusinen sin hand var spridt i hela Europa och på hans fråga om hvad hon trodde att världen skulle säga om hennes nuvarande beteende svarade hon helt vårdslöst, att när de talat sig trötta om den saken, skulle de nog finna ett annat samtalsämne.

Drottningen var fast besluten, men så var icke förhållandet med rådet och ständerna. Till sist dref Kristina igenom sin vilja, och den handling som gjorde Karl Gustaf till Sveriges tronarfvinge undertecknades, ehuru Oxenstierna, då han satte sitt namn under dokumentet, gjorde det med sorg och vrede. Om, det sade han tjänstemannen som skickats till honom med det, om grafven legat öppen för honom och han haft att välja mellan den och sitt underskrifvande af successionsakten, hade han föredragit att stiga ned i sin graf. Om blott Kristina fick sin vilja fram, frågade hon troligen föga efter vare sig gillande eller klander, och hennes framgång utgör ett egendomligt bevis på det välde hon utöfvade öfver äldre och klokare hufvuden.

Och så var första steget till tronafsägelsen taget. Om Kristina afled eller flyttade till ett annat land, var Sveriges framtid, så vidt det kom an på henne, betryggad. Hon tilldelade emellertid sin kusin kronan i hans egenskap af en undersåte den där icke hade några anspråk på den. I memoarer från den tiden läses att Karl Gustaf under vissa villkor mottog den ära som bjöds honom. »Det där är falskt och löjligt», anmärkte drottningen i marginalen. »Kunde han väl undgå att på sina knän mottaga en sådan gåfva, så föga förtjänt och än mindre motsedd? Han skulle ju ha varit från vettet, om han hoppats någonting dylikt.»

Om visligt eller icke, var nu saken gjord. Vid kröningen intog Karl Gustaf, nu återkommen från Tyskland, sin plats som erkänd arfvinge till tronen. Kristina hade segrat öfver rikskansleren och rådet.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.

Note: Stettin is the German name for the city of Szczecin in what is now the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland.

Friday, October 24, 2025

Sidney Dark's biography of Kristina, year 1929, part 3

Source:

Twelve Royal Ladies, pages 166 to 168, by Sidney Dark, illustrations by Mabel Pugh, 1929; original at the University of California


The account:

Christina was crowned in 1650, and four years afterwards this remarkable young woman abdicated. Europe was astounded. The abdication, which was as unexpected as Elizabeth's would have been after the destruction of the Spanish Armada, or Queen Victoria's in the year of the Great Exhibition, was due to a combination of circumstances reacting on an original and, in some respects, an abnormal character.

The internal affairs of Sweden were in a peculiarly difficult position. Christina understood the sufferings of the poor caused by the war, and she unquestionably resented the arrogance of the nobles. But she did nothing either to alleviate or to check, and her own personal extravagance stimulated discontent. She was confronted by a problem that she could not solve, and she ran away from it. Rather than confess to failure, she preferred to surrender what was becoming an untenable position, made the more tiresome by the folly and incapacity with which she was surrounded.

Moreover, she was determined never to marry. Like Elizabeth, she had a morbid horror of the action of s*x. Elizabeth hated it, but, as Mr. Lytton Strachey says, "she would play with it nevertheless." The English Queen never at any time had any real intention of marrying, but she delighted in coarse philanderings, and negotiations for marriage were the trump card in her crooked diplomacy until she was an old woman. Christina was more honest and more direct. She disliked women. All her friends were men, but from her girlhood she scorned the idea of marriage, because, perhaps, it meant reckoning herself with the sex which she despised. She would have no master. She was determined to die a free woman. But Christina realised that a childless monarch is a national nuisance. The succession remains doubtful. Dangerous ambitions are stimulated. A party among the Swedish nobles was perfectly content with a maiden Queen, and there was a suggestion that after her death an elected monarchy should be established in Sweden. But Poland was the object lesson of the futility of such a system. In abdicating, therefore, and in making way for her cousin, Prince Charles, Christina certainly acted as a patriotic Swede. It had long been supposed that she would marry her cousin, and, when she first broached the subject of abdication to the Senate, it was urged that, if she would not marry Charles, he would never marry anyone else. "But he will", said the Queen. "Love burns not for one alone. The crown is a pretty girl."


Above: Kristina.


Above: Sidney Dark.

Wednesday, October 22, 2025

Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès's biography of Kristina in "Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits", year 1834, part 5

Sources:

Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits, pages 81 to 82, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, 1834; original at the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France)


Memoirs of Celebrated Women of All Countries. With Portraits by the Most Eminent Masters, pages 233 to 234, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, translator anonymous, 1834; original at The British Library


The biography:

Lorsqu'elle eut vingt ans, les états du royaume lui demandèrent humblement de se choisir un mari.... En écoutant celui qui lui portait la parole, elle parut agitée.... son front devint sombre, et elle parut se contenir avec peine. Elle ne donna ce jour-là qu'une réponse évasive; mais, à quelque temps de là, les états ayant fait une nouvelle tentative, elle s'emporta sans mesure, et demanda pour quelle raison on prenait autant de licence envers elle.

L'orateur répondit que la Suède, qui la révérait déjà pour elle-même, avait aussi une profonde adoration pour la race de Gustave Wasa.

— C'est pour avoir des fils qui vous ressemblent, madame, et qui soient descendans de Gustave-Adolphe, l'honneur de la Suède!

— Eh! monsieur, s'écria Christine, que savez-vous si je ne mettrai pas au monde un Néron aussi bien qu'un Auguste?...

Puis elle ajouta:

— Ne me forcez pas à se marier... Je hais le mariage.... J'aimerais mieux vous désigner un prince qui prît la couronne à ma place que d'être votre reine en perdant mon indépendance!...

Les états s'éloignèrent sans répondre; mais le mécontentement était visible. Christine le vit; et, de ce moment, son parti fut arrêté.

English translation (by anonymous translator):

When she had reached her twentieth year, the states of the kingdom humbly solicited her to choose a husband. As she listened to their address, she became violently agitated, and seemed to struggle with difficulty against her rising passion. She, nevertheless, returned an evasive answer; but a short time after, the states having renewed their request, Christina, in violent anger, asked them how they dared to address her upon that subject.

The chief member of the deputation replied, that the Swedish nation revered her for herself; but at the same time entertained the most profound adoration for the family of Gustavus Adolphus.

"It is, madam, that you may have sons who resemble you, who are the descendants of your great and royal father, and the pride of the Swedish nation."

"How do you know", exclaimed Christina, "that I may not give birth to a Nero instead of an Augustus?" She then added: "Do not force me to marry. I hate marriage, and should prefer selecting a prince to reign in my stead, to being your queen with the loss of my independence."

The states withdrew in silence, but their disappointment was manifest; Christina perceived it, and from that moment her resolution to abdicate was formed.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès.

Sunday, October 19, 2025

Henry Woodhead on Kristina's hatred of marriage and refusal to marry, on her interest in celibacy, and on her many foreign suitors

Source:

Memoirs of Christina, Queen of Sweden, volume 1, pages 192 to 199, by Henry Woodhead, 1863; original at the University of Michigan


Kristina's letter to King Charles II of England, written sometime in the early 1650s, is here:


The account:

... She undoubtedly overrated De la Gardie's abilities, although they were by no means contemptible; and his descent from two of the greatest families in Sweden naturally gave him considerable importance. It was commonly believed that her judgment was blinded by love. However this might be, De la Gardie's marriage with her cousin took place when he returned to Sweden, after an absence of about a year.

Various stories were told which were more or less improbable, but they all hinted at love conquered by duty in the breast of Christina.

It was said that she would have married Magnus herself, if the Chancellor had not secretly traduced poor Ebba Brahe, and whispered that the young Count was really the son of Gustavus Adolphus. It is most unlikely that Oxenstiern should have told a dishonourable falsehood which cast a slur on his own order, and it is still more improbable that the report should have been true of the high-minded lady who refused to marry a king when she found that his moral conduct was not so spotless as the rest of his character. It was also reported that, at the celebration of the marriage, Christina said to her cousin, "I give you one I may not take myself."

There were[,] of course[,] numerous suitors who endeavoured to win the great heiress of the north, and her subjects were naturally anxious that she should marry to secure the succession.

In 1647, the order of ecclesiastics sent her an address, informing her that celibacy was an inconvenient and dangerous thing, and recommending her to marry.

Although at one time she appeared to waver, her disinclination for matrimony increased after she had begun to taste the sweets of undivided power.

When she was only nine years old, she heard for the first time the doctrine of the Catholic Church, that the unmarried state was the most meritorious. "Ah", remarked the child, "how fine that is! I will be of that religion."

When she was twenty-two years old, she performed in one of the masks which were then fashionable. She chose the part of Diana, and broke Cupid's bow and arrows to pieces. She continued proud of her independence, or affected to be so, to the end of her life, for one of her last medals, struck at Rome, represented a Phœnix, with the inscription, "I was born, lived, and died free."

In her life of herself, or, as it may rather be called, her confession, she says, "I was born in such a rank, that I might have chosen any man most to my taste, for there was no one in the world who would not have thought himself happy if I had chosen to give him my hand. If I had felt any weakness I should have married like so many others. I would not have had that invincible aversion to marriage, of which I have given such remarkable proofs, if it had been necessary for me."

When it was represented to her that it was dangerous for the kingdom to be left without a recognized successor after her death, and she was urged on that account to marry, she told her advisers that it was as likely she might be the mother of a Nero as of an Augustus.

Two of her suitors were the two sons of the King of Denmark. Ulrick was killed in the Thirty Years' War, and his brother Frederick succeeded to his pretensions. These pretensions were worth very little, as Christina did not listen to them, and the Swedish aristocracy would never have permitted such an alliance. In this case, as in several others, the hope of winning her hand was the means of deferring war.

The Danes did not wish to lose a chance of reuniting the Northern Crowns, and therefore refrained from joining the Imperialists at a critical time. The hope of obtaining the young heiress also made the policy of Frederick William of Brandenburg more favourable to Sweden.

He had been encouraged by Gustavus Adolphus to aspire to his daughter's hand, and he was formally proposed by the Council when she was fourteen years old. The Oxenstierns were not in favour of an alliance which might have revived the influence of the Queen Dowager, and they also feared that Christina might remain in Germany, and treat Sweden as an appendage. Many thought that the couple were too high-spirited to agree, but Frederick William cherished hopes until Christina attained her majority, when he was definitively refused, and an end thus put to the design of Gustavus Adolphus for the command of the Baltic.

Germany furnished several other visitors. The Archduke Leopold of Austria proposed to end the long strife between the two countries by a matrimonial alliance.

The Elector Palatine, Charles Louis, hoped that his house might regain by love what it had lost by war. A prince of Saxony wished to renew an alliance which his family had violated so treacherously, and to receive the hand of Christina as the reward. Ferdinand, King of Hungary, also tried his chance, but met with no encouragement. Her three Polish cousins all proposed for Christina, and although their father, Sigismund, still called himself King of Sweden, they were not the least ardent of her lovers. Their names were Uladislaus, John Casimir, and Casimir Sigismund. The second of these was a Jesuit and a Cardinal, but he undertook to get the necessary dispensation from Rome.

He afterwards became King of Poland, and his career, in one respect, resembled that of Christina, for he also abdicated his throne. Neither of them would probably have done so if they had been united, and the bloody war between Sweden and Poland, which occupied their successors, might have been averted.

Philip IV., of Spain, must be added to the list of wooers. Unlike his ancestor of the same name, he showed no jealousy of his son. He even offered the hand of Don John, in case Christina should prefer a younger man than himself. Such avowed indifference for her person, so long as her inheritance could be secured, was not a likely way to win the young Queen. It was suspected at the time that the Spanish proposals were not sincere, but were merely intended to raise some differences between Sweden and France. Rosenhaue [sic], the Swedish envoy at Madrid, viewed them in this light, and said, jocosely, the first condition was that the King of Spain must become a good Lutheran.

Charles II., at that time a fugitive, with little hope of mounting the English throne, was anxious to gain a share of the Northern crown. He sent the Chevalier Balandin to ascertain if his proposals would have any chance of success. By way of introducing the subject, and in the hope of captivating Christina, Charles sent her his portrait; but the result was so little satisfactory, that he wisely avoided the mortification of a direct refusal by abstaining from making a positive offer. Christina wrote a letter to Charles, in which she mentioned an application from him, which had been handed to her by Balandin, but it does not appear to refer to the offer of marriage. It mentions some request he had made, probably an application for assistance, which she politely declines to grant.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie and Marie Euphrosyne.


Above: Prince Ulrik of Denmark. Photo of portrait courtesy of Orf3us on Wikimedia Commons.


Above: Prince Frederik of Denmark, future King Frederik III.


Above: Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg.


Above: Archduke Leopold of Austria, future Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.


Above: Karl Ludwig, Elector of the Palatinate.


Above: Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary.


Above: Władysław IV Waza, King of Poland.


Above: Prince Jan Kazimierz Waza of Poland, future King Jan II Kazimierz Waza.


Above: Prince Zygmunt Kazimierz Waza of Poland.


Above: King Felipe (Philip) IV of Spain.


Above: Don Juan of Austria.


Above: King Charles II of England.

Monday, September 15, 2025

Francis William Bain on Kristina's suitors, Karl Gustav's ultimately vain hopes of marrying her, Kristina's reluctance and refusal to marry him or anyone at all, the possible personal and religious reasons for her aversion to marriage, and her fight to make Karl Gustav her successor

Source:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 97 to 117, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


Kristina's letter of January 5/15 (Old Style), 1644 to Karl Gustav is here:


The account:

The fame that Christina acquired by her personal qualities, her generous and universal patronage of learning and the learned, and her commanding position as head of the leading Protestant power, brought numerous suitors into the field for her hand. This had long been the subject of anxious consideration. Of these aspirants, the two sons of Christian IV. of Denmark are first to be noticed, Prince Ulric and Prince Frederick. Their alliance was supposed to have been favoured by the Queen-mother; we have already seen her close connection with Denmark. But however eagerly their suit might have been pressed, there was never the slightest probability that it should succeed: the relations between the two countries put such a match out of the question — Oxenstiern himself assured the Senate that any attempt to press this matter might lead to civil war, and endanger the life and crown of the young Queen, who never showed, moreover, the slightest inclination for it.

More important were the proposals of the Elector of Brandenburgh. This had been a project dear to the heart of Gustavus Adolphus. In a letter of the Chancellor's to the Senate, dated Berlin, February 4, 1633, he writes: "His Majesty of Christian memory, when he was a year ago at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, himself proposed to the commissioners of the Elector of Brandenburgh a match between his daughter and the young Elector, and commanded me to communicate further regarding it with the envoys, as I have also done several times. .... The principal reason was that His Majesty would not cede Pomerania, and yet found that it could not be kept without notable detriment and great umbrage to the Elector of Brandenburgh; next[,] that the King also perceived that if Sweden and Brandenburgh with their dependencies could be conjoined, hardly such a state could be found in Europe, and they might offer the headship to whom they would." This fine scheme was viewed with great jealousy and disapproval by all the Powers except England and Holland: but the soldiers in the Swedish army were already drinking healths to the young couple when Gustavus died, and the project died with him.

Under the pretext of settling the difficulties connected with the Queen-mother's escape to Denmark, the Elector sent an embassy to Sweden in 1641 to make final proposals. The Regents, however, who had no longer any intention of pursuing the design, fearing the foreign influence of German Princes, put him off with fine words; and although from time to time he made various attempts to reopen the subject, at length, in 1646, he recognised his suit was hopeless, and married a Princess of Orange. It was hinted by the Chancellor's enemies that he had expressly prevented this marriage in order to make the way clear for his son Eric; we have already seen that, whatever truth there might have been in these malicious insinuations, the only effect of them was to sow dissension between Christina and the Oxenstierns, and that the Chancellor had to write to his son, recommending him to marry in order to give the lie to scandal.

Besides these, there were at different times proposals, more or less serious, set on foot in favour of Philip IV. of Spain, King John of Portugal, the three sons of Sigismund, King of Poland, the King of Hungary, Don John of Austria, and others, all of which were, for obvious political or religious reasons, palpably absurd, and came to nothing. But of all the suitors of Christina, the one who seemed to be most in favour, both with herself and the Swedes, was Charles Gustavus, the Prince Palatine, her cousin. Brought up[,] as she was[,] by his mother, the Princess Catharine, for whom she always had a great affection, Christina had from her youth up been accustomed to consider Charles as her future husband; in their children's play, they would call themselves husband and wife; Christina promised in this way to marry him when they were grown up. Yet such a plan would no doubt be considered and approved by the Princess Catharine and her husband: to this doubtless refers the dangerous question which he put to the Regents, when he applied them to direct him how his children should be educated; they answered that it was his own affair and not that of the State. Charles Gustavus, after travelling abroad for two years, returned to Sweden in 1640, and was viewed by the Regents, who were doubtless aware of his schemes, with great disfavour: it was apparent to Christina that he must go away again for a time. She wrote to his father that everybody was surprised "at the tracasseries which had been shown to his son, and that whatever may be his father's reasons for not wishing him to come to him, she, at least, perceives that he cannot remain at Stockholm consistently with his good fame, for fear lest they may push things to a rude conclusion with him": and again, "Providence, which knows better than ourselves what is good for us, will be able to set bounds to this iniquitous affair, and turn it to our advantage." Accordingly[,] Charles Gustavus went to Germany, and distinguished himself greatly in the war, especially at Jankowitz, where he was almost killed, being shot through the hair, hat, and clothes.

That Christina had at this time a great affection for him is proved by the following letter, dated January 5th, 1644: —

"BELOVED KINSMAN, — I see by your letters that you do not dare to commit your thoughts to the pen. Yet we can write to one another with all freedom, if you will send me the key to a cipher, and compose your letters according to it, and put the initials C. R. on the address as well as inside, sealing it at the same time with a different seal expressly devised for that purpose, as I do with mine. The letters can then be sent to your sister, the Princess Maria. We must observe every possible precaution, for people have never been so much against us as now. But they shall effect nothing, if only you will remain as firm as I hope. People talk a great deal about the Elector, but neither he nor anyone else in the world, rich as he may be, shall ever turn me from you. My love is so strong that it can only be overcome by death; and if, which God forbid, you should die before me, my heart shall be dead for every other, but its memory and affection shall follow you to eternity, and there abide with you. It may be that some one will advise you to demand my hand now and openly, but I implore you by all that is sacred to have patience for yet a year, till you have won more experience in war, and I myself have got the crown on my head. I beg you not to let yourself think the time too long, but to remember the old saying, 'He waits not too long who waits for something good.' I hope, with God's help, that it may be a good we both wait for."

These tender feelings, however, were destined not to last: from this time a great change came over Christina's mind. Her letters gradually became colder, she assures the prince of her continued affection provided he keeps within bounds. In proportion as she seemed inclined to draw back, Charles grew even more eager. On his return to Sweden he pressed her eagerly to declare herself. It was the common opinion that she would marry him; it was[,] moreover[,] becoming a point of importance with the Estates in order to ensure the succession, now that Christina was of ripe age. In 1647 the clergy and the two lower Orders presented a petition recommending her to marry; the nobles, who were by no means so anxious, stipulating that no special person should be named: they would have been very well pleased to see things continue as they were, and were particularly unwilling to further the claims of Charles. The Queen, though she received the petition generously, said that at the moment she had no inclination to marry, yet inquired whether, should she make choice of the Prince, he would be acceptable to the Estates. They answered, Yes, and the matter remained there.

In the meantime, Charles felt himself in a very ambigious position. The more he pressed her, the more she recoiled. In 1647, she signified to him her intention of appointing him Generalissimo of the Armies in Germany. But the Prince was determined not to go without gaining a definite declaration from her on the subject next to his heart. This Christina would not give; when he thereupon informed her that in that case the earlier he left for the war the better, she replied that he must then remain satisfied with his ordinary rank. Nevertheless, she applied herself to his appointment with interest, and succeeded in carrying it against the opposition of the Chancellor and High Marshal. Charles Gustavus endeavoured to shake her resolution in a remarkable conversation which he had with her in the presence of Matthiæ and the Count Magnus de la Gardie. The Queen informed him that she could give him no promise to marry him; she would[,] however[,] promise not to marry any one else; and further, that if she finally determined never to marry, she would cause him to be appointed her successor to the throne; more she could not do. The Prince declared emphatically that if he did not marry her[,] all was indifferent to him; he would never return to Sweden. The Queen angrily retorted, that all this was mere romance; he must recollect he was born for higher things than idling about on his paternal estate, and prepare to apply himself to his duty. When he referred to her childish promises, she told him that she did not consider herself bound by promises made at a time when she was incapable of recognising the seriousness of the position; he must be content with what she had said, and consider it an honour, should he die before gaining his hopes, that he had ever been considered worthy of such a fortune. Charles ungenerously taunted her with the reports that had been spread of her marriage with Eric Oxenstiern, and said it did not apparently need much honour to aspire to her hand. This irritated the Queen, who declared he was unworthy of what she had done for him. The further expostulations of the Prince could not succeed in drawing from her anything more definite than what she had already told him; to his demand that he might be allowed to write to her, she replied that he had her permission to correspond with his father and Matthiæ. They parted on these terms; yet when the Prince embarked for his post, she followed him with her eyes as far as possible from the terrace of her castle.

What now were the reasons which determined Christina against marriage? They were not merely personal. Charles Gustavus was a man of daring courage and ambition, and, if Christina in jest used to call him "the little Burgomaster", she seems always to have preserved a respect and affection for him. It was said, indeed, with what truth we cannot determine, that she had heard rumours of his liaisons with other women, which were not likely to impress her proud spirit in his favour. Further, Chanut tells us, that Christina, before her resignation in 1654, sent to Charles Gustavus to say that Count Magnus (then in disgrace) was unworthy of his affection or compassion, inasmuch as he had been a false friend to him while in favour. She wished him to know that her not having married him was owing to the Count, who had inspired her with a special aversion to the Prince. This is by no means impossible; although Count Magnus was considered to be a great friend of the Prince; yet the meanness of his character, which will amply appear in the course of this narrative, and the fact that his influence was destined to come to an end should Christina marry Charles, give a colour to the report.

However this may be, it is certain that the determination of the Queen never to marry lay much deeper down. The proud and ineradicable independence of her mind and character recoiled instinctively from the idea of giving herself a master. "I will live and die free", she said to the Jesuit Mannerschied; in later life she had a medal struck with the inscription, libero io nacqui e vissi e morro sciolto [sic]. She told Chanut in 1651, that she would rather choose death than a husband. The idea of belonging to another, of being anyone's chattel, disgusted her; she shrank from classing herself in any respect with a sex she despised. From an anecdote preserved to us, quite in keeping with her character, but which will not bear repeating, it seems that the merely physical aspect of marriage was an insuperable obstacle to her. With all this agrees what Duke Adolphus told Whitelocke, that the Queen's refusal to marry Charles came from her innate abhorrence of the tie.

Yet to this must be added what is, undoubtedly, the strongest motive of all. At this time she was pondering a change of religion. To the statement in a history of that time, assigning as a reason for her abdication in favour of Charles "that she wished to become a Catholic", Christina has added a note: "This is the sole foundation of Charles's fortune; all the rest is false." Even when she was a child, when she heard that among Catholics the highest merit was assigned to the unmarried state: "Ah!" she had exclaimed, "how fine that is; it is of that religion that I will be."

We shall go more fully into the question of her conversion and its motives further on, when it will be seen that she had at this time already determined to become a Catholic; here it will be sufficient to point out how strongly the religious aspect of celibacy influenced her at this crisis. In the very singular fragment entitled her Memoirs, which is addressed to the Deity, there are many passages which throw great light on this point of a single life. "Thou hast been willing to let me know, from the cradle, the advantage of this great independence; which I have been able to maintain and will maintain till death." "I was called to the glory of sacrificing all to Thee, and I had to obey my vocation;" ... "my ardent and impetuous temperament has given me no less inclination for love than for ambition; into what misfortune might not so terrible an inclination have hurled me, had not Thy grace made use even of my defects to correct me of it; my ambition, my pride, incapable of submitting to anyone, my disdain, despising all things, have served me as admirable preservations; and[,] by Thy grace[,] Thou hast added thereto so fine a delicacy, that Thou hast saved me from an inclination so perilous for Thy glory and my happiness; however near the precipice I have been, Thy powerful hand has drawn me back. ... I should without doubt have married, had I not been conscious of the strength Thou hast given me to go without the pleasures of love. I knew the world too well to be ignorant that a girl who wishes to enjoy her life needs must have a husband: above all, a girl of my rank, who marries only to gain a subject, rather, a slave to her will and caprice. I was born to such a condition and walk in life that I might have chosen among all men him who took my fancy, for there was not one in the world who would not have deemed himself lucky if I had been willing to give him my hand, I knew my advantages too well not to have the mind to make use of them. Had I been conscious of any weakness, I should have known how, like so many others, to marry for pleasure's sake, and enjoy my good fortune; and I should not have had that insensible [sic] aversion for marriage, of which I have given so many striking marks, had it been necessary to me. But Thou hast given me a heart meet to be taken up with Thee alone; Thou hast formed it of so admirable and vast a capacity that nothing could fill it but Thyself."

To these extraordinary passages may be added the numerous places in her sentences and maxims which touch scornfully on marriage; and as a proof that this is not mere bravado, her conduct in later years, when, after the abdication of John Casimir, she endeavoured to gain the throne of Poland; at which time she would not yield to the condition necessary, and declared that for the empire of the whole world she would not marry, much less for the crown of Poland.

The motives which led Christina to remain unmarried, to resign the crown, and to go over to Rome, are so inextricably blended together that it is only after considering all three points that a complete judgment can be formed on any one of them. Enough has been said for the moment to throw a light on her love of celibacy, and let us partially understand her conduct to Charles Gustavus. Starting from the intention to become a Catholic, and, in close connection with this, to remain single, she found herself in a difficulty as regards the throne. The constitution of Sweden, and the national antipathy to Rome, would not allow her to retain the crown: this explains her exclamation to the Jesuit: "There is no help for it, I must resign." There were, indeed, further motives to assist her in her resignation, to which we shall return. This point gained, it was necessary for her to prepare the succession to the throne, and she now set herself to make smooth the way for Charles Gustavus. To do this was a task of no ordinary difficulty, but she showed in this as elsewhere her diplomatic skill and masterful strength of character.

Although all Christina's subjects were not equally desirous to see her married, a maiden queen and a disputed succession being thoroughly to the taste of the noble oligarchy, yet by the other Orders, and especially the clergy, to whom the celibate state was a stone of offence, representations and petitions continued to be addressed to her, recommending her to choose a consort. No suspicion of the actual state of her mind was at this time entertained, till in February 1649 the Queen herself opened the subject. She informed the Senate that for some years she had been continually solicited to marry; she could not disapprove of the foresight of those who loved their country and desired to prevent the evils that might arise, if God withdrew her from the world without leaving a fixed succession. ... She could not, however, get over her repugnance to marriage; and accordingly, out of her anxiety and love for her country, she had determined to consult the safety of the State by a course which might finally be detrimental to herself, viz., to propose to the Estates a successor to the throne, whose nomination would deliver them from the fear of her death: for which office none were more suited than her cousin, Prince Charles Gustavus, upon whose qualities she proceeded to expatiate. She then laid before them for their consideration two questions: — 1. Whether the marriage of the Queen was the only method of providing a successor to the throne. 2. Whether the good of the State would not better be consulted by naming Prince Charles heir to the throne in case of her own death. If the Senate would give its decision, she would propose it to the Committee of the Estates, and then bring it before the assembled Diet for confirmation.

After recovering themselves from their astonishment, they all spoke at once to try and dissuade her from the scheme, and assured her they would oppose it to the death. "I know well", said Christina, "that some of you are minded to establish an elective monarchy after my death; to these I must say that none of them are to be compared to Prince Charles; others wish for an aristocratic government, wherein they follow their own interests; such a constitution is by no means suitable for Sweden, otherwise I would myself at this moment try to establish it: everyone knows what the Chancellor and the High Steward are aiming at." Field-marshal Torstenson replied that except out of consideration for her Majesty, no one would ever have thought of Prince Charles; they must think twice before making themselves slaves; as to a Republican Government, no one had ever thought of it. ... Finally, however, each senator severally answered for it that if the Queen died childless[,] they would give their votes for Prince Charles. Christina answered that she could not trust to mere words, but must have this reduced to writing in due form. They endeavoured to point out the inconvenience arising from an heir-presumptive, especially for herself: they cited the evils caused by princes of the blood, and feared lest she might even after this marry some one else, the consequences leading possibly to civil war. Christina replied, she would answer for a good understanding between the Prince and herself; she solemnly engaged herself to marry none but Prince Charles; in any case[,] this remote possibility was not to be compared to the danger of her dying without heirs: and if there was to be a civil war, it would be no worse that it should arise out of the conflict between heirs of the Prince and her own, than that of the Houses of Oxenstiern and Brahé for the elective monarchy. When one of the House of Oxenstiern begged her not to cite his house in this invidious way, she said that she had named it as she might have named any other. The Senate still continued obstinate not to entrust their promises to writing. "If", said the Queen, "I marry Prince Charles, you will doubtless recognise his children; but if I die without heirs, I will bet my two ears he will never sit upon the throne." "Prince Charles", said Torstenson, "will never marry, if not your Majesty." "O, but he will", exclaimed the Queen; "love burns not for one alone; the crown is a pretty girl."

On resuming the discussion a few days later, seeing them resolving to put the matter off to the ensuing Diet, the Queen said that she saw no reason for postponing the settlement, the matter being one on which she had reflected daily for three years. Should she determine to marry, she could not give her hand to a mere Palsgrave; he must first be nominated successor to the throne. It was accordingly arranged that next day the Committee of the Estates should be summoned to the Senate. After much discussion the Queen declared that they should get nothing out of her on the subject of marriage; it was, further, impossible for her to marry before she was crowned. Thereupon Matthiæ pointed out that her Majesty was bound by the laws of the realm to marry in order to ensure succession. Christina answered, no one could compel her to it; what more, besides, could they desire that the succession should be secured? Till the Prince was declared successor[,] she could give no promise to marry; but at all events nothing should compel her thereto. Matthiæ assured her that it was noised throughout Europe that she was to marry Prince Charles. "When they have chattered enough about it", rejoined the Queen, "they will find something else to talk about." They could get nothing further from her than this: Charles must be declared successor before she could think of marrying him, and upon this she would not declare her mind till she was crowned.

The Committee retired after giving its consent. In the Diet, the three lower Orders agreed to accept Prince Charles; but the nobility still drew back, till the Queen exposed to them the danger they ran of getting a king in spite of themselves; adding, that the three other Orders had given their consent; she well knew that it was only a small part of them that set itself in opposition to her wishes; she could distinguish between them, and mark those who consulted their own interests in preference to those of the State. They accordingly withdrew, amazed, and the bravest among them began to take another tone. The Senate, now left alone, saw itself obliged to give in.

One opponent only remained. "The Chancellor", says Christina in her Memoirs, "was one of the greatest obstacles I had to overcome in order to carry out my design of sacrificing all to Thee." He had been absent from the Senate through illness; Mr. Nicolas Tungel, Secretary to the Court, was despatched by Christina to take him the Act of Succession to sign, on March 11, 1650. Tungel drew up a report of the conversation. Oxenstiern answered, with a sinister air, that he had but little knowledge of the matter, and would not therefore have it said that he had ever a hand in it; had they taken his opinion on it, he might have given better counsel on so important a matter, which had been too much hurried on. "I assure you", he added, "that if at this moment I saw my grave open before me, and I had to choose either to get in or sign this act, devil fly off with me, if I would not rather lie down in it than sign this instrument, not that it is not well drawn up, but that the future will show when it is too late that the consequences will be quite other than many persons suppose, and bring repentance with them; my consolation lies chiefly in my old age, which will prevent me from seeing that time. If I am mistaken, I will allow that all my principles are false, and have deceived me; and others may say that I am an old fool, understanding nothing in these affairs." The Secretary saying that the rest of the Senators and the Estates had consented; were their hearts all tablets, said the Chancellor, and her Majesty able to read them, she would see written thereon quite other things: how few were those who were sincere in the matter. As for himself, he would stand out no longer, now that things had gone so far, but go over to the majority; but he wished to stand excused before God and posterity, convinced as he was that the affair would end badly for the weal of the State. Never since the House of Vasa sat on the throne had there come up for decision anything so important.

Well might the old Chancellor feel disturbed. He had seen three monarchs of his beloved house, Charles IX., Gustavus Adolphus, and Christina, and his long life had been devoted to their service; now[,] at the close of his career[,] came an act, which seemed to herald the ruin of all his labours and strivings, and hand over the national throne of the Vasas to a hated stranger.

Christina alluded to his opposition in the Senate, blaming him, yet without bitterness, for his antagonism to her wishes. She had gained her point, the first step and the most difficult, to the full accomplishment of her design. That she could so completely overcome all opposition, and successfully carry through so delicate a business, gives us a great idea of her power and influence in the government. Charles Gustavus had in truth great reason to be thankful to her; yet she did not content herself with this. In the following year, on his return, she caused him and his descendants to be declared heirs to the throne, in the event of her dying without issue. He was entitled "Prince of Sweden", and "Royal Highness", with a yearly pension of 50,000 thalers. Yet she would not permit him to hold any office, nor take any part in the government, nor would she endow him with any principality, calling this an arcanum imperii. The Prince on his side took an oath to recognise the Queen as his legitimate sovereign, and obey her, himself and his heirs; to do nothing of importance without her advice and that of the Senate; and to observe in every particular the constitutional rights and duties, should he ever come to the throne.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.

Note: Jankowitz is the German name for the village of Jankov in the Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of what is now the Czech Republic.