Showing posts with label Kristina's intention to abdicate. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Kristina's intention to abdicate. Show all posts

Saturday, December 6, 2025

Francis Henry Gribble on "Christina's conversion to Roman Catholicism; her confidences on the subject to Chanut; her reasons for changing her religion; the seed sown by Father Marcedo [sic]; The evangelists sent from Rome; prolonged argument and ultimate conviction"

Sources:

The court of Christina of Sweden and the later adventures of the Queen in exile, pages 122 to 134, by Francis Henry Gribble, 1913; original at the University of Toronto


Drottning Kristinas hof och hennes senare äfventyr efter tronafsägelsen: bemyndigad öfversättning, pages 100 to 111, by Francis Henry Gribble, published by Wahlström & Widstrand, 1914; original at the University of Wisconsin, Madison


Kristina's letter to Pierre Hector Chanut, written on February 17 or 18/27 or 28 (New Style), 1654, is here:


Kristina's letter of March 10/20 (Old Style), 1652 to her cousin the Landgrave Friedrich of Hesse-Darmstadt is here:


Father Paolo Casati's letter of November 25/December 5 (New Style), 1655 to Pope Alexander VII is here:


The account:

WHITELOCKE'S picture of Christina has its value, though he did not understand her. In her cleverness he saw only a bright scholar's precocity; in her proposal to descend from the throne only a "young lady's" capricious whim. It did not occur to him that the "young lady", who seemed to be soaking in his words of mature wisdom, might really be playing with him and keeping back a portion of her thoughts. Yet that is not an infrequent way with young ladies. It may even have been the way, sometimes, of Mrs. and the Misses Whitelocke; and it was certainly Christina's way. She was an infinitely more complex young lady than the grave old Puritan imagined.

It was not true that she proposed to quit her throne merely for the sake of the greater calm of a private station. She also meant to change her religion; and she told Whitelocke nothing about that. Nor was it true that Whitelocke was, as she let him think, the first recipient of her confidences. Long before she confided in him[,] she had confided, as we know, in Chanut; and Whitelocke, in fact, prints the letter to Chanut which makes this clear, though without appearing to perceive that it contradicts Christina's statement that she had first sought advice from himself.

"You know" (Christina wrote to Chanut on February 28, 1653 [sic]) "that this fancy hath continued with me a long time, and that it hath not been without consideration. It is eight years since I formed this resolution, and at least five since I communicated it to you. In all that time nothing has happened to make me change my mind."

For years, she adds, she has been working towards the end which she now proposes to accomplish. She perceives that her action will be like the ringing down of the curtain on a drama; but she is indifferent to the applause or the lack of it. The many will doubtless censure; but the few will approve; and Chanut will be one of the few. She is quite content that the multitude shall be puzzled as to her motives. She despises the multitude, — she is capable of laughing at them. Though she will have plenty of leisure henceforward, she will devote none of it to worrying about their criticisms of her conduct. On the contrary, resigning without regret the advantages which she has enjoyed without improper pride, she will devote her time to examining her past life and correcting her faults, albeit without expressing any shocked surprise at them, or regarding them as matters to be repented of in sackcloth and ashes. Nor is she acting without consideration of the designs and decrees of Providence, though she is not at all sure what these may be —

"If Providence should still deign to take the trouble to direct my affairs for me, I shall submit to the divine will with all proper respect and resignation. If Providence leaves me to myself, I shall devote the faculties divinely bestowed upon me to the pursuit of happiness. And I shall achieve happiness, feeling sure that I have nothing to fear from either God or men; and the rest of my life shall be consecrated to familiarising myself with these thoughts, and watching from the safety of the haven the troubles of those who are still agitated by the storms of life because they have never given their minds to such reflections. I am happy, am I not? Many would envy me if they knew my happiness; but you are too good a friend to envy me. You will sympathise, rather, seeing that I have the frankness to confess that I derive a goodly share of these sentiments from my conversations with you."

That is a real confidence, — differing from the conversations with Whitelocke as a confidence differs from an apology. The heart speaks in it, even if the facts are scamped. There was no need for Christina to tell Chanut the facts, — he knew them. He might protest, for form's sake; but he would also admire and express his admiration, — sympathise and express his sympathy, — realising that Christina's decision was no sudden and irresponsible caprice, but the inevitable climax of a prolonged drama of the soul.

For Christina had long, as he knew, uneasily lived a double life; the life of a queen who was the illustrious figure-head of a country glorious in war; and the life of a woman to whom the routine of pomp was wearisome, and whose æsthetic sensibilities bade her aim at self-development, self-perfection, and self-expression. Alike in study and in frivolity, the struggle between the two sides of her nature had proceeded; but the scholars had hardly got nearer to perceiving it than the statesmen. To some of them she had appeared merely a blue-stocking; while others — like the Doctor of Divinity with whom she insisted on playing battledore and shuttlecock — had been shocked to see in her nothing but a romp.

She had been both these things at her hours, in response to the influences working on her; the abiding influence being the neurotic strain which impelled her to exaggerate in all things. But those traits were superficial. The essence was the desire to be herself and not the incarnation of her country; to live her own life, not the corporate life of Sweden. No women, and only a few men, had been accorded glimpses at this real self; but they could see that her motives, though apparently various, hung together. She was worried; religious unrest was mixed up with her worries; but the worries and the unrest were the occasion rather than the causes of the great renunciation on which she had determined.

She was worried with plots, opposition, hostility of sundry kinds. Her statesmen were jealous of her scholars; her countrymen were jealous of the foreigners. Different factions were pulling different ways. The peasants wanted her to take their part against the nobles; the nobles wanted her to take their part against the peasants. There were even plots against her life, though it can hardly be said that her life was in any real danger from them. The disorder in the finances, which was really due to the expenses of the Thirty Years War, was attributed to her extravagance; and satires were circulated on the subject: notably a poem in which the following imaginary dialogues occurred —

"Beaulieu", asked the Queen of her Master of the Ceremonies, "how much does a ballet cost?"

"About ten thousand dollars, Your Majesty."

"What! Is that all? Get the money from the Treasurer at once."

And then again —

"John Holm", asked the Queen of her Chamberlain, "what are people talking about in the city?"

"They find that the time hangs heavily and tediously because Your Majesty no longer dances."

"Well, Beaulieu", said the Queen, turning to the Master of the Ceremonies, "prepare a ball for the amusement of the people. How much does a ball cost?"

"About twenty thousand dollars, Your Majesty."

"Very well! Go to the Treasurer and tell him to give you the money!"

The implied charge was not altogether unfounded. Christina had begun to fling money about recklessly from the very day of her Coronation, when her accession was honoured with a salute of no less than 1800 guns, and wine, both red and white, spouted from the fountains all day long. But these things did not really matter. Christina could have conciliated her critics by mending her ways; or she could have defied them. Sedition does not seem to have frightened her. But she disliked the atmosphere of political conflict and intrigue. She had no real interest in the business, — she knew a better way.

On the religious side, too, she had found a way which pleased her better than that of the long-winded Lutherans; though it would be an error to think of her as a woman to whom nothing but religion mattered. In later life, indeed, when she wrote her Memoirs, she was persuaded that she had cheerfully resigned precious possessions for the sake of the Gospel and the Kingdom; but, in that distant view of the matter, she had evidently got the perspective wrong. Her tone, at the time, was different; for, on the very eve of her own change of religion, we find her writing to Prince Frederick of Hesse to dissuade him from changing his —

"You must be aware" (she urged) "how much converts are hated by those whom they leave, and you must know from many famous examples that they are despised by those whom they join. Consider how the belief in his constancy affects the reputation of a prince, and be assured that your fame will suffer if you are guilty of such a fault."

The inconsistency is too glaring to be explained except on the assumption that, in the choice of a religion, as in the other affairs of life, circumstances alter cases: a common assumption in royal circles ever since the day when Henri IV. declared Paris to be worth a mass. Christina, in fact, speaks of herself, in this very letter, as being of "a third religion", and therefore able to discuss the other two religions impartially. We must be content to make what we can of her attitude and her arguments when we come to piece together the story, such as it is, of her conversion.

There was no coup-de-foudre, such as has marked the great historical conversions from the time of St. Paul to that of General Booth. It was a gradual process, ending, indeed, in a sort of rapt mysticism, but originating in an impulse partly æsthetic and partly philosophic. Disgust with the aridities of Lutheran hair-splitting, the æsthetic inadequacy of Lutheran ritual, and the awful length of Lutheran sermons, furnished the starting-point: as we have seen, Christina's first manifestation of religious originality was to misbehave in church. She was also, like most clever young women, instinctively and intensely anxious to be "in the movement"; and those were days when, everywhere except in England, the prevalent spiritual movement was back to Rome. Many eminent scholars had 'verted or were 'verting; and it may well have seemed to Christina that all the clever people, and all the nice people, were Catholics.

How or when the seed was first sown[,] one cannot say. She herself attributes her change of heart to a serious illness which overtook her in 1648. "It was in this sickness", she writes, "that I made a vow to quit all and become a Catholic if God would save my life"; but, if she made this vow at that date, she certainly did not hurry to fulfil it, as her attempt, made four years later, to dissuade Frederick of Hesse from becoming a Catholic most clearly shows. Her enemies, on the other hand, have attributed her conversion to the evil influence of Dr. Bourdelot; but that is a still less credible theory, — not only because Bourdelot is said to have been an atheist, but also because of the improbability that such a woman as Christina would have gone to a practical joker for religious advice.

Most likely, therefore, the first effective evangelists were Chanut and Descartes. The former was the most sympathetic and the latter the cleverest man whom Christina had ever met. And they were both Catholics of a kind: the kind which, somehow or other, — in virtue, as it were, of the disposition of their minds in watertight compartments, — contrive to reconcile profound and daring speculation with a theoretical acceptance of the papal authority in the domain of dogma. It does not much matter whether they actually sowed the seed or only prepared the soil, or whether the effect of their conversations was accidental or designed.

But then came Father Macedo, a Jesuit, and Confessor to the Portuguese Ambassador. The Ambassador, who knew no Latin, sometimes employed him as an interpreter; and he seized the opportunity of spreading the light at times when he was supposed to be discussing diplomatic business. If he did not shake Christina's faith, at least he aroused her curiosity. It was arranged between him and her, under the unsuspecting Ambassador's nose, that machinery should be set in motion for her conversion: that the General of the Jesuit Order should be asked to send two of his best men to Sweden to reason with her. Perhaps, delighting in theological dialectics, she wished to show that she could give a good account of herself in controversy; or it may be that intellectual pride forbade her to yield, except to the Pope's picked champions.

Macedo, at any rate, accepted the commission and set out for Rome. The Ambassador refused him leave of absence; but he dispensed with it, and departed secretly, holding that his duty to the Church ranked before his duty to the man who only paid his salary. Nor was his flight altogether without adventure. He shivered all night on a desolate rock while waiting for the vessel which was to take him off. The scandalous report was spread that he had not gone alone, but had taken a lady with him on a gallant excursion. A hue and cry was raised. The captain of a Swedish man-of-war was sent in pursuit, — albeit with secret instructions from Christina on no account to catch the fugitive: a series of exciting incidents which may well have appealed to her appreciation of the romantic, mysterious, and spectacular.

And then, in due course, the emissaries of the Jesuit General arrived: Francesco Malines, Professor of Theology at Turin, and Paul Casati, Professor of Mathematics at Rome; but still an air of mystery — deeper mystery than even before — enveloped the proceedings. The emissaries did not announce themselves: they knew — or feared — that a Protestant mob would tear them limb from limb if their errand were suspected. They appeared, therefore, as ordinary Italian gentlemen travelling for their pleasure, and were presented at Court in that character, leaving it to Christina to divine their true identity and question them. She had seen them several times before she penetrated their disguise; but then there was a whispered colloquy, as between the partners in some dark conspiracy of melodrama —

"Are you those whom I expect?"

"We are."

"Have you letters for me?"

"We have."

"Not a word of them to any one. Be silent as the grave!"

One can almost see her putting her finger to her lips, not exactly in jest, but with a certain satisfaction at having a secret which even her sagacious Chancellor must not be allowed to penetrate: she was still young enough to take pleasure in that way. The next thing was to find pretexts for private conversations with the missionaries, and even to play with them something very much akin to a comedy: putting posers to them as if to make it clear that she was worth converting because she was hard to convert, — affecting to be obdurate, even after she had made up her mind to yield.

The position which she chose to defend would seem to have been that of a sceptic rather than an orthodox Protestant; and it was a fixed idea with her, in later years, that she had never in her life believed the Lutheran tenets. We have only her word for that; but we can easily conceive that Catholicism appealed to her by its trick of whittling away intellectual difficulties, instead of insisting upon a definite intellectual attitude towards a vast number of undemonstrable propositions. For that is unquestionably the line of attack by which Catholicism sometimes subdues superior minds.

Protestantism affirms at once the right of private judgment and the duty of privately judging in favour of particular conclusions. But that is, of course, to confer a privilege with one hand and take it away with the other, and to assume authority in the very act of denying it: an inconsistency which always seems either painful or absurd to those who are acute enough to detect it.

Catholicism, at any rate, perceives and avoids that pitfall. It no more asks any Catholic to have an opinion of his own about any doctrinal subtlety than the Professor of Mathematics expects the man in the street to have opinions of his own about the infinitesimal calculus. Its view is, rather, that, as mathematics are left to mathematicians, so theology should be left to theologians; that whatever appears to be "contrary to reason" shall be regarded as "above reason"; that the faithful shall leave whatever puzzles them to the Church — that is to say, to the Pope. If the Pope be mistaken — perish the thought! — the responsibility is his. The convert need not worry, but may confess his sins and be absolved.

That is the position. It seems to have both pros and cons, but we need not go into them. Enough to note it, and to note also how much more powerfully than Protestantism it appeals to those who combine dialectal acumen with mystical inclinations. Christina was such a one; and hence her sudden capitulation after strenuous resistance. She argued everything: the distinction between good and evil; the existence of God; the immortality of the soul. But then she added, to the intense astonishment of the evangelists who believed that she was trying to drive them into a corner: "Perhaps, after all, I am nearer to becoming a Catholic than you suppose."

"When we heard that", said Casati, "we felt like men raised from the dead"; and the rest was only detail. Supposing she were admitted into the Church, Christina asked, would the Pope accord her a dispensation to receive the Lord's Supper, once a year, according to the Lutheran rites? The answer was that the Pope would assuredly lend himself to no such deception; and that settled it —

"The die is cast", said Christina. "I must resign my crown."

Swedish translation (by Wahlström & Widstrand):

Whitelockes teckning af Kristina har sitt värde, ehuru han icke förstod henne. I hennes snille såg han endast en begåfvad lärjunges brådmogenhet, i hennes beslut att afsäga sig kronan endast "en ung dams" nyckfulla infall. Det föll honom icke in, att den "unga damen", som tycktes insupa hans mogna visdoms ord, i själfva verket kunde leka med honom och förtiga en del af sina tankar. Detta är just ingenting ovanligt hos unga damer. Det torde nog stundom ha händt både mrs. och missena Whitelocke, och Kristinas sätt var det för visso. Hon var en oändligt mycket mera sammansatt ung dam än den allvarlige gamle puritanen föreställde sig.

Det var icke sant, att hon tänkte lämna sin tron endast för att komma i åtnjutande af en privatpersons lugnare ställning. Hon hade också för afsikt att förändra sin religion, men därom sade hon ingenting åt Whitelocke. Det var icke heller sant, att Whitelocke var den förste, som erhöll hennes förtroende, såsom hon lät honom tro. Långt innan hon meddelade sig med honom, hade hon redan anförtrott sig åt Chanut; och Whitelocke aftrycker också det bref till Chanut, som förklarar detta, ehuru han icke tyckes märka, att det motsäger Kristinas försäkran, att hon först sökt råd hos honom.

"Ni vet", skref Kristina till Chanut den 26 februari 1653 [sic], "att jag länge hyst denna tanke och att detta icke skett utan öfverläggning. Det är åtta år sedan jag fattade detta beslut, och åtminstone fem år sedan jag meddelade Eder detsamma. Under hela denna tid har ingenting händt, som kunnat förmå mig ändra föresats."

I åratal, tillägger hon, hade hon arbetat för det mål, som hon nu föresatt sig att fullfölja. Hon inser, att hennes handling skall bli som om ett förhänge nedfälldes öfver ett drama, men hon är likgiltig för bifall eller icke bifall. Mängden skall sannolikt klandra henne, men ett fåtal gilla henne, och Chanut skall vara en af de få. Hon är fullkomligt nöjd med att mängden skall undra, hvilka hennes bevekelsegrunder äro. Men hon föraktar mängden och kan skratta åt den. Fastän hon dädanefter skall få godt om tid, tänker hon icke ett ögonblick plåga sig med dess kritik öfver hennes uppförande. Tvärtom, då hon utan saknad afstår från de fördelar, som hon åtnjutit utan otillbörlig stolthet, skall hon ägna sin tid åt granskningen af sitt förflutna lif och att rätta sina fel, utan att fördenskull uttrycka någon upprörd öfverraskning öfver dem eller betrakta dem såsom något, som bör ångras i säck och asko. Hon handlar för öfrigt icke utan afseende på försynens planer och beslut, ehuru hon alls icke vet hvilka dessa äro:

"Om försynen ännu skulle värdigas göra sig besvär med att tyda mina angelägenheter, skall jag med vederbörlig vördnad och undergifvenhet underkasta mig den gudomliga viljan. Om försynen lämnar mig åt mig själf, skall jag ägna de gåfvor, som gudomlig nåd förlänat mig till att söka lyckan. Och jag skall bli lycklig, enär jag känner mig förvissad om, att jag icke har något att frukta från vare sig Gud eller människor; och hela mitt återstående lif skall jag söka göra mig förtrogen med dessa tankar och från den trygga hamnen ge akt på deras bekymmer, hvilka ännu kringkastas af lifvets stormar därför att de aldrig ägnat sina tankar åt sådana betraktelser. Är jag icke lycklig? Många skulle afundas mig, om de visste, huru lycklig jag är; men Ni är en alltför god vän för att afundas mig. Ni skall fastmer skänka mig Edert deltagande, då Ni ser, att jag är öppenhjärtig nog att erkänna, att jag fått en god del af dessa känslor från mina samtal med Eder."

Detta är ett verkligt förtroende — lika skiljaktigt från hennes samtal med Whitelocke som ett förtroende skiljer sig från en ursäkt. Hjärtat talar i det, äfven om fakta äro knapphändiga. Kristina behöfde för öfrigt icke omtala det verkliga förhållandet för Chanut, ty han kände det. Han kunde för formens skull göra invändningar, men han skulle också beundra och uttala sin beundran — sympatisera och uttrycka sin sympati — då han fann, att Kristinas beslut icke var en plötslig, oförsvarlig nyck, utan den oundvikliga höjdpunkten af ett långvarigt själsdrama.

Kristina hade verkligen, såsom han visste, länge oroligt lefvat ett dubbellif; lifvet hos en drottning, som var den lysande gallionbilden för ett i krig ärorikt land, och lifvet hos en kvinna, för hvilken ståten var tröttsam och hvars skönhetskänsla bjöd henne sträfva efter själfutveckling, själffulländning och själfhäfdelse. Både under hennes studier och hennes förströelser hade kampen mellan de båda sidorna af hennes natur fortgått; men de lärde hade knappast lika väl märkt detta som statsmannen. För några af dem hade hon endast tett sig som en blåstrumpa, medan andra — i likhet med den teologie doktor, med hvilken hon ville spela boll — förgrymats af att i henne icke finna annat än en yrhätta.

Hon hade tidtals varit båda delarna alltefter de inflytanden, som påverkade henne, medan det fortfarande inflytandet utgjordes af den neurotiska belastning, som dref henne till öfverdrift i allt. Dessa drag voro emellertid ytliga. Det väsentliga var hennes önskan att vara sig själf och icke personifikationen af hennes land, att lefva sitt eget lif, icke Sveriges statsslif. Ingen kvinna och blott få män har det förunnats att få inblickar i detta hennes verkliga jag; men de kunde se, att hennes bevekelsegrunder, ehuru af olika slag, likväl sammanhängde med hvarandra. Hon var uttråkad; religiös oro blandade sig med hennes obehag, men obehagen och oron föranledde fastmer tillfället än de utgjorde orsakerna till den stora uppoffring, för hvilken hon beslutat sig.

Hon var trött på intriger, motsägelser, fientligheter af allehanda slag. Hennes statsmän voro afundsjuka på hennes lärde, hennes landsmän afundsjuka på utländingarna. Olika partier sträfvade åt olika håll. Bönderna ville, att hon skulle försvara dem mot adeln; adeln, att hon skulle sätta sig på dess sida mot bönderna. Anslag mot hennes eget lif förekommo också, ehuru det knappast kan sägas, att hennes lif verkligen var i fara. Oordningen i rikets finanser, som i verkligheten berodde på kostnaderna för trettioåriga kriget, tillskrefs hennes slöseri, och om den saken voro satirer i omlopp, i synnerhet ett poem, hvari följande samtal förekom:

"Beaulieu", sade drottningen till sin ceremonimästare, "hur mycket kostar en balett?"

"Omkring tiotusen daler, Eders majestät."

"Hvad! Icke mera? Tag genast pengarna hos skattmästaren."

Och vidare:

"Johan Holm", sade drottningen till sin kammartjänare, "hvad säger folk i staden?"

"Man tycker, att tiden blir lång och tråkig därför att Eders majestät icke dansar mera."

"Godt, Beaulieu", sade drottningen och vände sig till sin ceremonimästare, "ställ till en bal för att roa folket. Huru mycket kostar en bal?"

"Omkring tjugutusen daler, Eders majestät."

"Godt! Gå till skattmästaren och säg, att han skall lämna Eder pengarna!"

Förebråelsen var emellertid icke alldeles ogrundad. Kristina hade börjat strö penningar omkring sig alltifrån den dag hon kröntes och hennes uppstigande på tronen firades med salut från icke mindre än 1,800 kanoner och både rödt och hvitt vin hela dagen rann i springbrunnarna. I själfva verket betydde detta likväl icke mycket. Kristina hade kunnat tysta dem, som klandrade henne, genom att bättra sig eller ock kunde hon ha trotsat dem. Uppror tyckes icke ha skrämt henne. Men hon afskydde den atmosfär af politiska strider och ränker, som omgaf henne. Hon hyste intet verkligt intresse för regeringsärendena — hon visste hvad som var bättre.

Äfven hvad religionen angick, hade hon funnit hvad som mera behagade henne än den långrandiga lutheranismen, ehuru det skulle vara ett misstag att tro henne vara en kvinna, för hvilken ingenting annat än religionen hade betydelse. Då hon under den senare delen af sin lefnad skref sina "Minnen", var hon visserligen öfvertygad om, att hon med glädje afstod från dyrbara ägodelar för evangeliets och Guds rikes skull, men på så långt afstånd från händelserna hade hon tydligen förlorat det rätta perspektivet. Vid denna tid var hennes tro helt annorlunda, ty omedelbart före sin egen religionsförändring finna vi, att hon skref till prins Fredrik af Hessen och sökte öfvertala honom att icke byta om religion.

"Ni måste veta", förklarade hon, "huru hatade nyomvändne äro af dem de lämna, och af ryktbara exempel måste Ni också veta, att de föraktas af dem, till hvilka de öfvergå. Betänk, huru tron på hans ståndaktighet inverkar på en furstes anseende, och var viss om, att Edert rykte skall lida, om Ni gör Eder skyldig till ett sådant fel."

Inkonsekvensen är alltför påtaglig för att kunna förklaras, så vida man icke vill påstå, att omständigheterna förändra saken i valet af religion liksom i andra lifvets angelägenheter: ett vanligt förebärande i kungliga kretsar allt sedan den dag, då Henrik IV förklarade, att Paris var värdt en mässa. I själfva verket talar Kristina i detta bref om sig själf, som om hon omfattade "en tredje religion" och fördenskull kunde bedöma de båda andra religionerna med opartiskhet. Vi måste nöja oss med att förklara hennes hållning så godt vi kunna och granska hennes skäl, då vi skola sammanfoga historien, sådan den är, om hennes omvändelse.

Där förekommer intet sådant coup de foudre, som utmärkt de stora historiska omvändelserna från aposteln Paulus till general Booth. Det var en gradvis framskridande, process, hvilken slutade med ett slags hänförd mysticism, men som hade sitt ursprung i en delvis estetisk, delvis filosofisk bevekelsegrund. Motvilja mot de torra lutherska hårklyfverierna, den estetiskt otillfredsställande lutherska ritualen, och de lutherska predikningarnas fruktansvärda längd utgjorde utgångspunkten; såsom vi sett, var Kristinas första yttring af religiös originalitet, att hon uppförde sig på ett opassande sätt i kyrkan. Liksom de flesta begåfvade unga kvinnor var hon af instinkt ytterst ifrig att vara "midt uppe i rörelsen", och just under dessa dagar var, utom i England, den förhärskande andliga rörelsen "tillbaka till Rom". Många framstående lärde hade "omvändt" sig eller stodo i begrepp att "omvända sig", och Kristina kunde ganska väl ha tyckt, att allt begåfvadt och allt fint folk voro katoliker.

Huru och när utsädet först såddes, kan ingen säga. Själf tillskrifver hon sitt hjärtas förändring en allvarsam sjukdom, som 1648 angrep henne. "Under denna sjukdom", skrifver hon, "gjorde jag ett heligt löfte att öfvergifva allt och bli katolik, om Gud ville rädda mitt lif." Om hon verkligen gjorde detta löfte vid den tiden, så hade hon visserligen ingen brådska att uppfylla det, såsom det försök, hon fyra år därefter gjorde att öfvertala Fredrik af Hessen från att bli katolik, tydligt nog visar. Å andra sidan ha henens [sic] fiender gifvit d:r Bourdelot fördärfliga inflytande skulden för hennes omvändelse; men detta är ännu mindre troligt, icke allenast därför att Bourdelot sades ha varit ateist, utan äfven på grund af det osannolika däri, att en sådan kvinna som Kristina skulle ha vändt sig till en rolighetsmakare för att erhålla råd i en religionsfråga.

Sannolikast är fördenskull, att de första verksamma troslärarna voro Chanut och Descartes. Den förre var den mest sympatiska och den senare den snillrikaste människa, Kristina någonsin träffat, och båda voro det slags katoliker, som på ett eller annat sätt — i kraft af sin andes, så att säga, inledning i vattentäta skott — lyckas förena djupt och djärft tänkande med ett teoretiskt medgifvande af den påfliga auktoriteten på dogmens område. Det gör icke mycket till saken, om de verkligen sådde säden eller endast förberedde jordmånen, eller om verkan af deras samtal var tillfällig eller beräknad.

Men sedan kom pater Macedo, jesuit och portugisiska sändebudets biktfar. Sändebudet, som icke kunde latin, använde honom ibland som tolk, och han passade på tillfället att sprida ljuset på de tider, då han antogs behandla diplomatiska ärenden. Om han icke skakade Kristinas tro, väckte han åtminstone hennes nyfikenhet. Midt för sändebudets näsa kommo de öfverens om, att åtgärder skulle vidtagas för hennes omvändelse: jesuiternas ordensgeneral skulle anmodas sända två af ordens bästa medlemmar till Sverige för att tala med henne. Hon, som älskade teologiska dispyter, önskade måhända visa, att hon kunde göra bra rätt för sig i ett meningsskifte, eller kanske hennes intellektuella stolthet förbjöd henne ge vika för andra än påfvens valda kämpar.

Macedo åtog sig i alla händelser uppdraget och begaf sig på väg till Rom. Sändebudet vägrade honom tillåtelse att resa, men detta frågade han icke efter, utan afreste i hemlighet, alldenstund han ansåg sin plikt mot kyrkan gå framför sina skyldigheter mot den person, som endast aflönade honom. Hans flykt var för öfrigt icke alldeles utan äfventyr. Hela natten skakade han af köld på en enslig klippa, medan han väntade på fartyget, som skulle ta honom ombord. Den skandalösa berättelsen spriddes, att han icke rymt ensam, utan tagit med sig en fröken på en kärleksresa. Också höjdes ett anskri, och ett svenskt örlogsfartyg sändes efter flyktningen, men med hemliga order från Kristina till kaptenen att på inga villkor fånga honom; en rad spännande händelser, som måste ha tilltalat hennes smak för det romantiska, hemlighetsfulla och uppseendeväckande.

I sinom tid anlände jesuitgeneralens utskickade: Francesco Malines, teologie professor i Turin, och Paolo Casati, professor i matematik i Rom; men fortfarande insveptes åtgärderna i en ändå djupare hemlighetsfullhet än förut. De utskickade gåfvo sig icke tillkänna; de visste — eller fruktade — att en protestantisk pöbel skulle slita dem i stycken, om deras ärende misstänktes. De uppträdde fördenskull såsom vanliga italienska adelsmän, hvilka reste för sitt nöje, och presenterades i denna egenskap vid hofvet, där de öfverläto åt Kristina att gissa, hvilka de i själfva verket voro, och fråga dem. Hon hade sett dem flera gånger, innan hon genomskådade deras förklädnad, men då ägde ett hviskande samtal rum liksom mellan deltagarna i en dunkel melodramatisk sammansvärjning.

"Ären I dem jag väntar?"

"Det äro vi."

"Hafven I bref till mig?"

"Det hafva vi."

"Icke ett ord om dem till någon. Varen tysta som grafven!"

Man kan nästan se henne lägga sitt finger på läpparna, om icke precis på skämt, så likväl med en viss tillfredsställelse att ha en hemlighet, som äfven hennes skarpsynte kanslär icke skulle få tillfälle uppdaga; hon var ännu tillräckligt ung för att finna nöje häri. Därnäst måste förevändningar för enskilda samtal med de utskickade uppfinnas, och något, som mycket liknade en komedi sättas i verket. I detta syfte förhöll hon sig på sådant sätt, att det blef dem klart, att det var mödan värdt att omvända henne, eftersom hon var så svår att omvända; äfven sedan hon beslutit ge vika, låtsades hon nämligen vara omöjlig att öfvertyga.

Den ställning, hon valde att försvara, tyckes fastmer ha varit en tviflandes, än en ortodox protestants, och under hennes senare år var hon fullt och fast öfvertygad om, att hon aldrig trott på de lutherska lärosatserna. Om den saken ha vi emellertid endast hennes egen försäkran, men kunna lätt förstå, att katolicismen tilltalade henne genom sitt knep att kringgå intellektuella svårigheter, i stället för att intaga en bestämd intellektuell ståndpunkt inför en stor mängd obevisliga satser. Detta är nämligen utan fråga det angreppssätt, hvarpå katolicismen stundom kufvar öfverlägsna andar.

Protestantismen erkänner samtidigt rätten till enskild pröfning och plikten att företaga denna pröfning till förmån för särskilda satser. Detta är naturligtvis att med ena handen gifva ett privilegium och ta det tillbaka med den andra samt göra anspråk på auktoritet just i det man förnekar denna; en inkonsekvens, som alltid synes pinsam eller orimlig för hvar och en, som är skarpsinnig nog att upptäcka den.

Katolicismen ser och undviker i alla händelser denna fälla. Den begär icke mer, att någon katolik skall ha en egen mening om lärans hårklyfverier än en professor i matematik väntar, att mannen från gatan skall ha egna åsikter om infinitesimalkalkylen. Dess synpunkt är fastmer att, liksom matematiken skall lämnas åt matematiker, så skall teologien lämnas åt teologer; att hvad som synes "stridande mot förnuftet skall betraktas såsom öfver förnuftet"; att de troende skola lämna hvad som förbryllar dem åt kyrkan, d. v. s. åt påfven. Om påfven misstar sig — bort denna tanke! — drabbar ansvaret honom. Den omvände behöfver icke bry sin hjärna, utan bör bikta sina synder och erhålla absolution.

Detta är ställningen. Den har mycket både för och emot sig, men härmed behöfva vi icke sysselsätta oss. Det är nog att framhålla detta och äfven att framhålla, huru mycket kraftigare än protestantismen den katolska kyrkan tilltalar dem, som förena dialektisk skärpa med benägenhet för mysticism. En sådan person var Kristina, och häraf kom sig också, att hon plötsligt gaf sig efter ett envist motstånd. Hon gjorde invändningar mot allting: skillnaden mellan godt och ondt; Guds tillvaro; själens odödlighet. Men därpå tillade hon till de båda utskickades stora förvåning, hvilka trodde, att hon ville sätta dem i förlägenhet: "När allt kommer omkring, är jag måhända närmare att bli katolik än I tron."

"Då vi hörde detta", sade Casati, "kände vi oss såsom människor, de där stigit upp från de döda"; sedan återstod endast att ordna enskildheter. Antaget att hon intogs i kyrkan, frågade Kristina, om påfven skulle bevilja henne rättigheten att en gång om året åtnjuta nattvarden enligt luthersk ritual? Svaret blef, att påfven för visso icke skulle låna sig till ett sådant medgifvande: och därmed var saken afgjord:

"Tärningen är kastad", sade Kristina. "Jag måste nedlägga min krona."


Above: Kristina.


Above: Francis Henry Gribble.

Francis Henry Gribble on "Bulstrode [Whitelocke], the British Ambassador to Sweden; his character sketch of Christina; his dance with her; his conversations with her on various subjects; she informs him of her intention to abdicate; his unsuccessful attempt to dissuade her"

Sources:

The court of Christina of Sweden and the later adventures of the Queen in exile, pages 107 to 121, by Francis Henry Gribble, 1913; original at the University of Toronto


Drottning Kristinas hof och hennes senare äfventyr efter tronafsägelsen: bemyndigad öfversättning, pages 88 to 100, by Francis Henry Gribble, published by Wahlström & Widstrand, 1914; original at the University of Wisconsin, Madison


The account:

THOUGH Bulstrode Whitelocke was the Ambassador of a Puritan Government, we must not think of him as one of the ordinary psalm-singers of the period. He figured on the Puritan side in the character of a "political Dissenter" rather than a fanatic. He had been a gentleman before he became a Puritan: he remained a gentleman first and a Puritan afterwards. He was an Oxford man — a fellow commoner of St. John's — and a barrister of the Middle Temple, with a practice worth £2000 a year and a country seat near Henley-on-Thames. As a law student he had organised a masque for the diversion of the King and Court; he had been complimented, on that occasion, not only on his stage-management, but on his dancing. England had need of such Puritans no less than of the Puritans who went about snuffling that if Christ had not died for them[,] they had been damned.

He was one of those, moreover, who had too much wit to associate themselves with the indictment, trial, and execution of the King: a reason, of course, for expecting them to be a persona grata to other sovereigns, who might have found it hard to be polite to regicides. On the other hand, he was too good a Parliamentarian to please Cromwell; and it therefore suited Cromwell to find him honourable employment at a distance from home. So, when there was trouble with the Dutch, and a Treaty with Sweden was deemed desirable, he was the obvious man to be charged with the mission. He did not in the least want to go; but he yielded to the claims of expediency, took two of his children with him, leaving ten behind, and tore himself from the arms of a wife who not only wept[,] but "shrieked" at the hour of his departure, believing Sweden to be as remote as the North Pole, and sadly fearing that she would never see her husband's face again.

And truly the journey was a terrible experience, very different from any that a modern Ambassador has to take. On the high seas Whitelocke had to run the gauntlet of the Dutch fleet, — he actually captured one of their ships, and considered that he did no violence to international law by bringing it into a Swedish port as a prize. It was a time, too, when British Ambassadors were frequently waylaid and murdered, as Ascham and Dorislaus had lately been. Moreover, the sea voyage was long and rough, and most of the company were prostrated with sea-sickness; and even after they had landed at Gothenburg, their troubles were by no means at an end. They still had to travel in coaches and carts — a long procession of one hundred carts — for many weary days over abominable roads, putting up for the night in miserable country inns before they reached Upsala, where the Queen was wintering. It was on November 6, 1653, that Whitelocke weighed anchor in the Thames, and on November 15 that he landed. He rested at Gothenburg for a fortnight, and did not get to Upsala until just before Christmas Eve.

His adventures by the way are his business rather than ours; but his record of the spirit in which he faced them shows us usefully what manner of man it was that Cromwell had sent to Christina. He was a Puritan up to a point, but a very cheery Puritan: one who combined a rough sense of humour with a keen sense of his personal and ambassadorial dignity. It was his pleasant habit to "droll" with his companions, or, as we should say, to "chaff" them. He began by drolling with the ship's company, "by affording them now and then a douse in the neck or a kick in jest ... which demeanours please those kind of people." He ended by drolling with the Queen of Sweden, albeit in a manner more suitable to her condition.

Though no total abstainer, again, he astonished the Swedes by refusing to join them in the drinking of toasts. "Why not 'eat' a toast instead?" he asked them; and there were indeed horrible examples in Sweden which indicated that that was the safer way of pledging those whom one esteemed. The case of the Russian Ambassador may be cited; a formal reception of the diplomatic corps having to be put off on account of that Muscovite's excesses —

"The Russ" (Whitelocke tells us) "had sent word that, the notice of his audience not being given him till about ten o'clock this morning, he had before that time drunk so much aqua-vitæ that he was already drunk, and not in a condition to have his audience that day, but desired it might be appointed another day, and he to have earlier notice of it."

Another matter in which Whitelocke had firm principles and stuck to them firmly was that of Lord's Day observance. As each Sabbath came round he required his chaplain to preach two sermons to his retinue; and when the chaplain had finished he generally added admonitions of his own, speaking more to the point than the clergy did, and having, as one imagines, something of a lawyer's disdain for clerical circumlocutions. Nor would he divert himself, or countenance diversion, on the Sunday: a day which he insisted, in many discourses, must be wholly given over to devotional exercise and Bible reading. He begged that he might be given no Sunday invitations, even to Court entertainments, in order that he might not have to cause offence by declining them; but on other days he could be induced to dance, with the slow dignity becoming his years and station, and was, in fact, rather glad to have the opportunity of demonstrating that, Puritan though he was, he danced uncommonly well.

Such were his manners and disposition; and if we desire a picture of his appearance on ceremonial occasions, this is how he tells us that he looked —

"His secretary, for the credit of his master, had put himself into a rich habit. Whitelocke himself was plain, but extraordinarily rich in his habit, though without any gold or silver lace or embroidery. His suit was of black English cloth, the cloak lined with the same cloth, and that and the suit set with very fair rich diamond buttons; his hat-band of diamonds answerable; and all of the value of £1000."

Thus plainly but bravely apparelled, he proceeded to his first audience; the Queen receiving him "sitting, at the upper end of the room, upon her chair of state of crimson velvet, with a canopy of the same over it." Her magnificence, he observed, was less than his. Her dress was "of plain grey stuff", surmounted with "a jacket such as men wear of the same stuff." Round her neck was a black scarf, "tied before with a black ribbon, as soldiers and mariners sometimes use to wear"; while "her hair was braided and hung loose upon her head." She nevertheless had "much of majesty in her demeanour"; but Bulstrode Whitelocke was not the man to let himself be too much impressed by it. The Spanish Ambassador was reported to have been so dazzled by her that, when first received, he had made three low bows and retired without speaking, — affecting to be overawed, dumbfoundered, unable to find words; but if Christina expected Whitelocke to do the same, she had misjudged him —

"The Queen" (he writes) "was very attentive whilst he spake, and, coming up close to him, by her looks and gestures (as was supposed) would have daunted him; but those who have been conversant in the late great affairs in England are not so soon as others appalled with the presence of a young lady and her servants."

So, the ordinary civilities having been exchanged, Whitelocke withdrew and settled down in his Embassy. He showed himself a man of the world as well as a Puritan by hastening to make friends with "Grave Tott, the Queen's favourite, a gallant young gentleman"; and one would gather from the way he puts it that it was a matter of course to him that queens should have favourites, — a foreign custom to be accepted by him in the same tolerant spirit in which he accepted foreign food and foreign languages. He also let his interests range somewhat in the style of an American Ambassador in England by entering into friendly relations with the students of the Upsala University. They presented an address of welcome to him, composed in verse and in English. He thought the verses quaint; and so they were —

"One only star (from East) three Kings did lead:
Most glorious Mars and Jupiter brought you to Swede,
Who, doubtless, with your famous will and wisdom,
Will knot and LOCK ours with your most martial kingdom."

Et cetera; leading to the conclusion that —

"Thus do we, the literal flower of this most glorious Academy,
With hearts embrace whom Heaven sent, and praise your famous Excellency."

And so to business; though, as Whitelocke's business is not ours, we will not dwell upon it, but merely record that he was kept kicking his heels in Sweden rather longer than he liked before he could get it finished. The round of banquets, musical evenings, and diplomatic interviews would be wearisome to follow in detail; but one must insist that Whitelocke was a strong man who maintained the dignity of the Commonwealth by emphatically affirming his title to ceremonial precedence. When the Master of the Ceremonies told him that, at a certain reception, the Danish Ambassador would take precedence of him because he was the representative of a crowned sovereign, he replied that if the Danish Ambassador attempted to do anything of the kind, he would lay violent hands on him, even in the royal presence, and throw him out; with the result that, as Whitelocke was believed to be a man of his word, the Danish Ambassador received no invitation to that party.

His firmness, however, did not prevent Christina from liking him. Again and again she invited him to join her when she proposed to "take the air"; and the conversation was by no means limited to diplomatic business. He "drolled" with her, as has been said; he had even some reason to believe that she confided in him. She told him that she considered Cromwell "one of the gallantest men in the world", — superior even to the Prince de Condé. She was much interested in his description of the officers and soldiers of the Army of the Parliament "encouraging and exhorting one another out of the word of God" — an example which Gustavus Adolphus had set; and she mentioned the proposal of marriage which she had received from Charles II. —

"I confess that letters have passed between us; but this I assure you, that I will not marry that King; he is a young man, and in a condition sad enough; though I respect him very much, yet I shall never marry him, you may be well assured."

She was also curious about Whitelocke's own matrimonial affairs —

"How many wives have you had?"

"I have had three wives."

"Have you had children by all of them?"

"Yes, by every one of them."

"Pardieu! Vous êtes incorrigible!"

"Madam, I have been a true servant to your sex; and as it was my duty to be kind to my wives, so I count it my happiness and riches and strength to have many children."

Then we have a curious dialogue arising out of some remarks on the comparative poverty of Sweden. The English, Christina said, had money to spare, whereas she had none; whereupon —

"I do not see Your Majesty to waste the revenues of your Crown in gallantry of clothes for your person."

"I am the least curious in clothes of any woman, especially now I am in the country."

"Your wearing plain clothes makes them rich."

A compliment which the Queen turned with the irrelevant remark: "My Chancellor will be in town shortly"; whereto Whitelocke adroitly responded: "Your Majesty is happy in such a servant of so great wisdom, experience, and fidelity."

Religion was another of Christina's favourite subjects. The number and variety of the sects in England perplexed her; and she was also curious to know what Whitelocke thought about transubstantiation, — a significant hint as to the turn which her thoughts were beginning to take. That, however, is a matter which we shall have to return to. For the moment it is more relevant to show how Whitelocke acquitted himself at one of the Court balls. Christina invited him to dance with her; he begged to be excused, but she insisted: "I will try", she said, "whether you can dance." So he took up the challenge, and earned a compliment —

"The Hollanders" (Christina said) "reported to me, a great while since, that all the noblesse of England were of the King's party, and none but mechanics of the Parliament party, and not a gentleman among them; now I thought to try you, and to shame you if you could not dance; but I see that you are a gentleman and have been bred a gentleman, and that makes me say that the Hollanders are lying fellows."

Whereto Whitelocke properly replied that the Parliament "would not have given the honour to any but a gentleman to kiss Your Majesty's hand", adding: "I was bred up in the qualities of a gentleman, and, in my youth, was accounted not inferior to others in the practice of them." And Christina thanked him, saying: "I take it as a favour that you were willing to lay aside your gravity and play the courtier upon my request, which I see you can do so well when you please."

Evidently Whitelocke knew how to deal with the Queen who required Doctors of Divinity to play battledore and shuttlecock, — unbending with more dignity than they did. His manner with her would seem to have been that of a father with a skittish daughter: he tells us of yet another occasion on which he humoured her inclination for friskiness.

It was on May Day, when he was permitted to offer her an entertainment in the English style. He not only gave her a banquet which tempted her to "eat and drink more than she used to do in three or four days at her own table"; he also found her "full of pleasantness and gaiety of spirit both in supper-time and afterwards", in the following manner —

"Among other frolics" (he says) "she commanded Whitelocke to teach her ladies the English salutation, which, after some pretty defences, their lips obeyed, and Whitelocke most readily ... and her discourse was all of mirth and drollery, wherein Whitelocke endeavoured to answer her, and the rest of the company did their parts."

Whether Christina herself took lessons in "the English salutation" does not appear, — perhaps she already knew it; but these stories, at any rate, show us fairly well how Whitelocke regarded her. He was not overawed, — he did not take her too seriously. As soon would the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge be overawed by a Girton girl because she was reported to write brilliant iambics! She remained just a "young lady" to him. His cue was to pat her paternally and approvingly on the back when she did well; to descend a little way towards her level and humour her when she was gay [cheerful, excited]; to admonish her when the gaiety was excessive; to give her good advice out of the vast storehouse of his experience. No doubt he "had a way with him" which Christina liked even when he gave her "a talking to" on the impropriety of dancing on the Sabbath; and that is how it came about that she proposed to tell him a secret and ask his advice —

Queen: "I shall surprise you with something that I intend to communicate to you; but it must be under secrecy."

Whitelocke: "Madam, we that have been versed in the affairs of England do not use to be surprised with the discourse of a young lady. Whatsoever Your Majesty shall think fit to impart to me, and command to be under secrecy, shall be faithfully obeyed by me."

What she should tell him, Christina continued, she had as yet told to no one else. She told it now because she desired advice; and then she came out with it —

"Sir, this it is. I have it in my thoughts and resolution to quit the Crown of Sweden, and to retire myself unto a private life, as much more suitable to my contentment than the great cares and troubles attendant upon the government of my kingdom; and what think you of this resolution?"

It was a little disingenuous. The resolution was not so new as all that, — the secret had already been imparted to a good many others. Chanut, for one, had been taken into Christina's confidence long before Whitelocke. Nor did she impart all her reasons for her decision, — the religious reason, which would not have appealed to Whitelocke, was withheld: we will deal with that reason in its place. But she had a woman's desire to be advised to do the thing which she had made up her mind to do; and she had ulterior motives, which will appear. So she and Whitelocke argued the matter out for the space of about three hours.

He spoke of the duty which a queen owed to her subjects; she replied that her successor would be much more competent than she was to discharge that duty. He then warned her of certain possible consequences of her abdication — a diminished income and affronts from time-serving courtiers who now cringed and fawned before her; and to these arguments also she had her answer ready. Her tastes, she protested, were very simple: "I can content myself with very little; and for servants, with a lackey and a chambermaid." As for the threatened disrespect: "I look upon such things as these as the course of this world, and shall expect such scorns, and be prepared to contemn them."

So Christina adhered to her opinion, and Whitelocke to his; and presently Whitelocke discovered that the secret which had been communicated to him was already secret de Polichinelle, and that it had been communicated to him for a particular private reason: because Christina wanted a secret article included in the projected Treaty, empowering Cromwell to repudiate his engagements if her own retiring allowance was not punctually paid. That, however, was altogether too feminine a proposal to be practicable. Christina did not insist upon it; and the business being concluded, the farewells were said. Gifts were exchanged; and Whitelocke received an invitation to visit the Queen in Pomerania, where, she said, she proposed to take the waters. One may quote a final scrap of dialogue —

Queen: "If you will come to me into Pomerland, you shall be as welcome as any man living, and we will be merry together."

Whitelocke: "I humbly thank Your Majesty for your great favour to your servant, who hath a wife and children enough to people a province in Pomerland, and I shall bring them all thither to do Your Majesty service."

Queen: "If you will bring your lady and all your children and family thither, and settle yourself there, you shall want nothing in my power, and shall be welcome to me."

But that was only politeness; interesting chiefly as proving that the Puritan as well as the Queen could, on occasion, grace life with agreeable fibs. Not Pomerania[,] but Rome[,] was Christina's destination; and Whitelocke had no intention of visiting her either in Pomerania or anywhere else.

Nor was he really as deeply in her confidence as he had flattered himself. His portrait of her is valuable as a corrective of certain other portraits; but the true story of her abdication, and her motives for it, must be sought from other sources.

Swedish translation (by Wahlström & Widstrand):

Ehuru Bulstrode Whitelocke var en puritansk regerings sändebud, få vi icke tänka oss honom såsom en af denna tids vanliga psalmsångare. Han stod på den puritanska sidan i egenskap af "politisk dissenter" fastmer än som en fanatiker. Innan han blef puritan, hade han varit gentleman, och gentleman förblef han först och främst och puritan därnäst. Han var en Oxfordman, samt medlem af S:t Johns College och jurist i Middle Temple med en praktik, värd 2,000 pund om året, och ett landtligt herresäte i närheten af Henley-on-Thames. Medan han var juris studiosus, hade han ordnat en maskerad för att roa kungen och hofvet och hade fått beröm vid detta tillfälle, icke blott för sin anordning af scenen, utan äfven för sin dans. England behöfde sådana puritaner lika väl som de puritaner, hvilka gingo omkring och snörflade, att om Kristus icke dött för dem, hade de blifvit fördömda.

Han var dessutom en af dem, som voro alldeles för kloka att taga del i konungens anklagelse, förhör och afrättning; ett skäl, hvarför han kunde väntas vara persona grata hos andra suveräner, hvilka torde ha funnit det svårt att artigt behandla kungamördare. Å andra sidan var han en alltför god parlamentariker för att behaga Cromwell, som fördenskull fann lämpligt att skaffa honom hedrande sysselsättning på afstånd från hemmet. Då tvist uppstod med Holland och ett fördrag med Sverige ansågs önskvärdt, var han rätte mannen till att erhålla uppdraget. Han ville alls icke resa, men gaf vika för nödvändighetens kraf, tog två af sina barn med sig och lämnade kvar tio samt slet sig ur en hustrus armar, som icke allenast grät, utan "skrek" i afskedsstunden, i den tron att Sverige vore så långt borta som nordpolen och i sin sorg fruktade, att hon aldrig mera skulle få se sin makes ansikte.

Resan var verkligen också en fruktansvärd erfarenhet, helt annan än den ett modärnt sändebud behöfver göra. Ute på öppna sjön löpte Whitelocke fara att öfverrumplas af den holländska flottan; — han tog verkligen ett af deras fartyg och ansåg det icke för något brott mot mellanfolklig lag att föra det till en svensk hamn som god pris. Det var en tid då försåt ofta lades för britiska sändebud, hvilka mördades, såsom detta kort tid förut händt Ascham och Dorislaus. Dessutom var sjöresan lång och stormig; de flesta af sällskapet angrepos af sjösjuka, och äfven sedan de landstigit i Göteborg, var det ingalunda slut med deras vedermödor. I vagnar och kärror — en lång rad af mer än hundra fordon — måste de under många tröttsamma dagar resa på afskyvärda vägar och under nätterna taga in på usla gästgifvargårdar, innan de uppnådde Uppsala, där drottningen tillbringade vintern. Den 6 november 1653 hade Whitelocke lyft ankaret i Thames och den 15 november hade han landstigit. Han stannade fjorton dagar i Göteborg och kom icke till Uppsala förrän strax före julafton.

Hans äfventyr under vägen äro hans ensak, men hans berättelser om det sätt, hvarpå han tog dem, visar oss förträffligt hvad slags man Cromwell skickat till Kristina. Han var visserligen puritan, men en mycket gladlynt puritan; en puritan, som förenade sinne för en sträf humor med en stark känsla af sin värdighet som person och sändebud. Han hade en treflig vana att gyckla och "nojsa" med sitt sällskap. Han började nojsa med skeppsbesättningen "genom att då och då gifva dem en knuff i nacken eller på skämt ge dem en spark... hvilket behagar sådant folk". Han slutade med att gyckla med drottningen af Sverige, ehuru på ett sätt, som bättre öfverensstämde med hennes ställning.

Ehuru visst icke absolut nykterhetsvän, förvånade han svenskarna, då han vägrade förena sig med dem i att dricka skålar. "Hvarför inte lika gärna i stället 'äta' en skål?" frågade han, och i Sverige funnos verkligen fruktansvärda exempel, som visade, att, detta var bästa sättet att göra dem man aktade sig förbundna. Det ryska sändebudet må här omtalas; en högtidlig mottagning af den diplomatiska kåren måste uppskjutas till följd af moskoviternas utsväfningar.

"Ryssen", berättar Whitelocke, "hade sändt bud, att som underrättelsen om hans audiens icke meddelats honom förrän på morgonen klockan tio, hade han redan före den tiden druckit så mycket aqua vitæ, at han redan var drucken och icke i sådant tillstånd, att han kunde infinna sig till audiens den dagen, men önskade, att en annan dag måtte bestämmas och att han tidigare underrättades därom."

En annan fråga, i hvilken Whitelocke hade fasta grundsatser, som han strängt vidhöll, var söndagens iakttagande. Då hvarje söndag kom, fordrade han, att hans kaplan skulle hålla två predikningar för hans husfolk; och då kaplanen slutat, ställde han vanligen egna förmaningar till dem och talade mera på sak än prästerskapet gör; han hade nämligen, såsom man kan tänka sig, något af juristens förakt för kyrkliga talesätt. Icke heller ville han deltaga i förströelser eller tillåta sådana om söndagen, en dag, hvilken, såsom han i många tal framhöll, helt och hållet måste ägnas åt andaktsöfningar och bibelläsning. Han bad, att inga bjudningar till hoffester skulle tillställas honom på söndagen, på det att han icke skulle nödgas orsaka förargelse genom att afböja dem, men andra dagar kunde han förmås att dansa med den lugna värdighet, som anstod hans år och hans rang. I själfva verket var han ganska nöjd att få tillfälle visa, att han dansade ovanligt väl, fast han var puritan.

Sådant var hans sätt och hans sinnelag, och om vi vilja ha en skildring af hans uppträdande vid högtidliga tillfällen, så berättar han, att han såg ut på följande sätt:

"Till sin herres ära hade hans sekreterare iklädt sig en rik dräkt. Själf bar Whitelocke en enkel, men utomordentligt rik dräkt, ehuru utan guldsaker, silfverspetsar eller broderi. Hans dräkt var af svart engelskt kläde och kappan fodrad med samma tyg, och såväl kappan som den öfriga dräkten var besatt med mycket vackra rika diamantknappar; bandet kring hans hatt var på samma sätt besatt med diamanter, alltsammans till ett värde af 1,000 pund sterling."

På detta sätt enkelt, men dyrbart klädd begaf han sig till sin första audiens, vid hvilken drottningen mottog honom, "sittande vid rummets öfre ända på sin tron af röd sammet under en himmel af samma tyg". Hon var, anmärker han, mycket mindre dyrbart klädd än han. Hennes kjol var "af enkelt grått tyg" och öfver densamma bar hon en jacka, sådan männen bära, af samma tyg. Om halsen hade hon en svart halsduk, "framtill knuten med ett svart band, sådan soldater och sjömän stundom bruka bära"; medan "hennes hår var benadt och hängde löst kring hennes hufvud". Detta oaktadt hade hon "mycket majestätiskt i sitt sätt". Bulstrode Whitelocke var emellertid icke den, som lät imponera på sig. Det berättades, att spanska sändebudet blifvit så bländad af henne vid sin första audiens, att han gjorde tre djupa bugningar och därpå drog sig tillbaka utan att säga något, i det han gaf sig sken af bli så öfverväldigad och förvirrad, att han var ur stånd att finna ord; men om Kristina trott, att Whitelocke skulle göra på samma sätt, hade hon misstagit sig på honom.

"Drottningen", skrifver han, "var mycket uppmärksam, medan han talade, och, då han kom tätt intill honom, skulle hon (såsom antogs) ha skrämt honom med blick och åtbörder; men de, som deltagit i de senare stora händelserna i England, bringas icke så lätt som andra ur fattningen af en ung dams och hennes tjänares närvaro."

Sedan på detta sätt de vanliga hedersbetygelserna växlats, drog sig Whitelocke tillbaka och ordnade sin beskickning. Han visade sig vara en man af värld lika väl som puritan genom att skyndsamt göra bekantskap med "drottningens gunstling, grefve Tott, en vacker ung ädling"; och af det sätt, hvarpå han omtalar detta, finner man, att han fann det helt naturligt, att drottningar skulle ha gunstlingar — ett utländskt bruk, hvari han fogade sig med samma fördragsamhet som han fann sig i främmande föda och främmande språk. Han utsträckte också sina intressen, ungefär på samma sätt som ett amerikanskt sändebud i England, till att sätta sig i vänskaplig förbindelse med studenterna vid Uppsala universitet. De öfverlämnade en välkomsthälsning till honom på vers och på engelska, slutande med att "den litterära blomman vid den högst berömda akademien hjärtligt omfamnar den, som himlen sändt, och prisar Eders berömde excellens."

Och nu till affärerna. Som Whitelockes uppdrag egentligen icke angår oss, skola vi icke uppehålla oss vid detsamma, utan endast anteckna, att han måste dröja kvar mycket längre i Sverige än han ville, innan han kom till slut därmed. Det skulle bli alldeles för enformigt att i detalj skildra raden af festmåltider, musikaftnar och diplomatiska sammankomster; men man måste framhålla, att Whitelocke var en stark karl, som upprätthöll republikens värdighet genom att eftertryckligt fasthålla sin rätt till officiellt försteg. Då ceremonimästaren sade honom, att danska sändebudet skulle ha försteget framför honom vid en viss mottagning, alldenstund sändebudet representerade en krönt suverän, svarade Whitelocke, att om danska sändebudet gjorde ett dylikt försök, skulle han bära våldsam hand på honom, om det också vore i själfva drottningens närvaro, och kasta ut honom. Resultatet blef, att som Whitelocke ansågs vara man att stå för sitt ord, erhöll danska sändebudet ingen inbjudning till mottagningen.

Hans fasthet hindrade emellertid icke, att Kristina fann behag i honom. Hon inbjöd honom om och om igen att göra henne sällskap, då hon ville "hämta frisk luft", och samtalet inskränkte sig ingalunda till diplomatiska angelägenheter. Han "nojsade" med henne, såsom redan omtalats; han hade också skäl att tro henne hysa förtroende till honom. Hon förklarade, att hon ansåg Cromwell för "en af de yppersta män i världen", till och med öfverlägsnare än prinsen af Condé. Hon intresserade sig mycket för hans beskrifning af parlamentsarméns officerare och soldater, "hvilka stärkte och uppmuntrade hvarandra med Guds ord", efter Gustaf Adolfs föredöme; hon omtalade också det giftermålsanbud, som hon erhållit af Karl II.

"Jag erkänner", sade hon, "att bref växlats mellan oss; men jag försäkrar Eder, att jag icke vill äkta denne kung; han är en ung man och befinner sig i en nog så sorglig belägenhet. Ehuru jag högt aktar honom, skall jag aldrig gifta mig med honom, därpå kan Ni vara säker."

Hon ville också veta Whitelockes egna husliga förhållanden:

"Huru många hustrur har Ni haft?"

"Jag har haft tre hustrur."

"Har Ni haft barn med dem alla tre?"

"Ja, med hvarenda en."

"Pardieu! Vous êtes incorrigible!"

"Madame, jag har varit en trogen tjänare åt Edert kön; och som det var min plikt att vara god mot mina hustrur, så räknar jag det också för min lycka och rikedom och styrka att ha många barn."

Vi ha därnäst ett egendomligt samtal med anledning af Sveriges relativa fattigdom. Engelsmannen, sade Kristina, har pengar, som han kan spara, hvaremot hon icke hade detta. Härtill svarade Whitelocke:

"Jag kan inte se, att Eders majestät offrar Eder kronas inkomster på präktiga kläder för Eder person."

"Jag bryr mig minst af alla kvinnor om kläder, särskildt nu, då jag är på landet."

"Att Ni bär enkla dräkter, gör Edert folk rikt."

En artighet, som drottningen kringgick med den oväntade anmärkningen: "Min kanslär skall inom kort komma till staden"; hvarpå Whitelocke skickligt svarade: "Eders majestät är lycklig, som har en så klok, erfaren och trogen tjänare."

Religionen var ett annat af Kristinas favoritämnen. Mängden och omväxlingen af sekter i England förvånade henne, och hon ville gärna veta, hvad Whitelocke tänkte om transsubstantiationen, — en betydelsefull vink om den riktning hennes tankar börjat taga. Till detta ämne skola vi emellertid återkomma. För tillfället är det viktigare att veta, hur Whitelocke redde sig vid en hofbal. Kristina inbjöd honom att dansa med sig; han bad att få slippa, men hon envisades: "Jag vill försöka", sade hon, "om Ni kan dansa." Han måste sålunda mottaga inbjudningen och erhöll en komplimang.

"Holländarne", sade Kristina, "berättade mig för en längre tid sedan, att hela den engelska noblessen stod på konungens sida och att endast handtverkare tillhörde parlamentet, men ingen adelsman. Nu tänkte jag pröfva Eder och skämma ut Eder, om Ni inte kunde dansa; men jag ser, att Ni är en adelsman, och nu säger jag, att holländare ljuga."

Härpå svarade Whitelocke lämpligt, att parlamentet icke "skulle gifvit någon annan än en adelsman äran att få kyssa Eders majestäts hand", och tillade: "Jag har fått adlig uppfostran och ansågs i min ungdom icke någon underlägsen i adliga öfningar." Kristina tackade honom och sade: "Jag anser det som en ynnest, att Ni velat lägga å sido Edert allvar och på min begäran vara hofman, hvilket jag ser, att Ni mycket väl kan, om Ni vill."

Whitelocke visste tydligen huru han skulle behandla en drottning, som fordrade, att teologie doktorer skulle spela boll — oböjlig med mera värdighet än de. Hans sätt mot drottningen tyckes ha varit en faders mot en nyckfull dotter. Han berättar äfven om ett annat tillfälle, vid hvilket han fogade sig efter hennes böjelse för upptåg.

Det var en majdag, då det tilläts honom att bjuda henne på en underhållning i engelsk stil. Han icke allenast gaf en festmåltid, som narrade henne att "äta och dricka mer än hon plägade göra på tre eller fyra dagar vid sitt eget bord", utan fann henne också "glad och vid godt lynne både vid supén och efteråt" på följande sätt:

"Bland annat skämt", säger han, "bad hon Whitelocke lära hennes damer den engelska hälsningen, som deras läppar efter några små invändningar lydde, en önskan, som Whitelocke beredvilligt efterkom ... och hennes tal var idel munterhet och lustiga infall, på hvilka Whitelocke gjorde sitt bästa att svara, och det öfriga sällskapet spelade äfven sin roll.["]

Om Kristina själf tog undervisning i "den engelska hälsningen", synes icke, — måhända kunde hon den redan, men dessa historier visa i alla händelser väl, huru Whitelocke uppfattade henne. Han var så längt ifrån öfverväldigad, att han icke tog henne allt för mycket på allvar. För honom förblef hon endast "en ung dam". Hans sätt var att faderligt och gillande klappa henne på axeln, då hon gjorde sin sak bra, att sänka sig ett litet stycke till hennes ståndpunkt och uppmuntra henne, då hon var glad, men varna henne, då glädjen gick till öfverdrift, och gifva henne goda råd ur sin erfarenhets stora skattkammare. Detta hade obestridligen "ett sätt med sig", som Kristina tyckte om, äfven då han gjorde henne "föreställningar" om det oskickliga i att dansa på sabbaten; och härpå berodde det, att hon beslöt anförtro honom en hemlighet och spörja honom om hans mening.

Drottningen: "Jag skall öfverraska Eder med något, som jag tänker meddela Eder; men det måste förbli oss emellan."

Whitelocke: "Madame, vi som tagit del i händelserna i England, bruka icke bli öfverraskade af hvad en ung dam har att säga. Hvad det än är, som Eders majestät anser lämpligt att anförtro mig och befaller under tysthetslöfte, skall jag troget åtlyda."

Hvad hon tänkte säga honom, fortsatte Kristina, hade hon ännu icke sagt någon annan. Nu omtalade hon det, därför att hon ville ha ett råd, och så kom hon fram med det: —

"Sir, det är detta. Jag tänker och har beslutit afsäga mig Sveriges krona och draga mig tillbaka till privatlifvet, som bättre passar för mina önskningar än de bekymmer och all den oro, som äro oskiljaktiga från regeringen öfver mitt kungarike; hvad tänker Ni om mitt beslut?"

Detta var icke fullt uppriktigt. Beslutet var ingalunda så nytt, som hon sade — hemligheten hade redan anförtrotts åt flera andra. Chanut t. ex. hade långt före Whitelocke fått Kristinas förtroende. Icke heller omtalade hon alla skälen till sitt beslut; den religiösa orsaken, som icke skulle gjort någon verkan på Whitelocke, förteg hon sålunda; vi skola sedermera tala om densamma. Men hon hade en kvinnas lust att bli rådd just till det, som hon föresatt sig att göra, och dessutom hade hon andra skäl, hvilket skall visa sig. Emellertid öfvervägde hon saken med Whitelocke under nära tre timmars tid.

Han talade om den förpliktelse, drottningen hade till sina undersåtar; hon svarade, att hennes efterträdare skulle vara mycket mera kompetent än hon att uppfylla denna förpliktelse. Han varnade henne därefter för vissa möjliga följder af hennes afsägelse — minskade inkomster och förolämpningar af ögontjänare till hofmän, som nu bugade sig och kröpo för henne; men till dessa skäl hade hon sitt svar färdigt. Hennes tycken och vanor, förklarade hon, voro mycket enkla: "Jag kan nöja mig med mycket litet; hvad tjänare angår, med en lakej och en kammarjungfru." Om den hotande missaktningen sade hon: "Dylikt betraktar jag som tillhörande denna världens gång och väntar mig också uttryck af lågsinthet, hvilka jag är beredd att förakta."

Kristina vidhöll sålunda sin mening och Whitelocke sin, och snart upptäckte Whitelocke, att den hemlighet, som anförtrotts honom, redan var secret de Polichinelle samt att den meddelats honom af vissa särskilda privata skäl: därför att Kristina ville ha insatt i fördraget en hemlig artikel, hvilken gaf Cromwell rätt att uppsäga sina förpliktelser, om de medel, hvilka anslogos åt Kristina efter hennes nedstigande från tronen, icke punktligt utbetalades. Detta var emellertid ett alltför kvinnligt förslag för att vara praktiskt. Kristina vidhöll icke heller detsamma, och då fördraget slutligen ingåtts, bjöd man hvarandra farväl. Skänker växlades, och Whitelocke erhöll en inbjudning att besöka drottningen i Pommern, där hon sade sig tänka genomgå en brunnskur. Vi anföra endast ett brottstycke af ett egendomligt samtal.

Drottningen: "Om Ni vill besöka mig i Pommern, är Ni så välkommen som någon lefvande människa, och vi skola roa oss tillsammans.«

Whitelocke: "Jag tackar ödmjukast Eders majestät för Eder stora ynnest mot Eder tjänare, som har en hustru och tillräckligt många barn till att befolka en provins i Pommern, och jag skall föra dem allihop till att tjäna Eders majestät."

Drottningen: "Om Ni vill medföra Eder hustru och alla Edra barn och hela familjen dit och bosätta Eder där, skall Ni inte sakna något, som står i min makt, och skall vara välkommen."

Detta var emellertid endast artighet, af mesta intresset därför att det visade, att såväl puritanen som drottningen vid tillfälle kunde skänka lifvet behag med angenäma talesätt. Kristinas mål var Rom, men alls icke Pommern, och Whitelocke hade alls icke för afsikt att besöka henne vare sig i Pommern eller annorstädes.

Han hade för öfrigt icke heller hennes förtroende i så hög grad som han själf smickrade sig med. Hans porträtt af henne är af värde såsom korrektiv af vissa andra porträtt; men den verkliga historien om hennes tronafsägelse och hennes bevekelsegrunder till densamma måste sökas från andra källor.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Bulstrode Whitelocke.


Above: Francis Henry Gribble.

Notes: literal = literary.

skittish = wanton; fickle.

secret de Polichinelle (secret of Polichinelle) = an open secret, a supposed secret known to everyone.

Sunday, November 16, 2025

Francis William Bain on Kristina's second to last visit and second to last goodbye to Maria Eleonora

Source:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 237 to 238, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


The account:

Some weeks before her resignation, Christina went to Nycöping to bid farewell to her mother. Before the Prince, whom she summoned for this purpose, and the Count, she asked her pardon if she had not at all times shown all the respect and care towards her that she ought; this was not owing to a want of goodwill, but the result of certain circumstances which had tied her hands. She was now going to resign the crown and would be still less able to do anything for her than before; but if her mother was going to lose a daughter, she would find a son: and she presented to her Charles Gustavus, and committed her to his care. They bade each other farewell, Christina firmly, but Maria Eleanora burst into tears. She cried all night. Christina got up and went to her to endeavour to console her; at five in the morning she returned to Upsala.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Maria Eleonora.

Francis William Bain on Kristina revealing her final decision to abdicate and the negotiations for her future maintenance

Source:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 233 to 237, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


The account:

In Feb. 1654 she wrote her letter to Chanut; on the eleventh of the same month she had already communicated her intentions to the Senate; she told them that she had summoned them to hear what she was going to lay before the Diet at the next meeting, namely, her abdication. Though three years ago she had yielded to their dissuasions, she had now determined to carry it out; for her successor they had Charles Gustavus, already nominated, and well able to supply her place. She did not fear criticism, her resolution was taken: she did not apply to them now for advice, but assistance in furthering the matter. The Senate, astonished and dismayed, made every effort to alter her mind, but unsuccessfully; she said her purpose was fixed, and left them. On a subsequent meeting, four days later, she placed it before them again. Count Brahé opposed her with great vehemence, asserting it to be a desertion of duty, and that they who counselled her in the matter were rascals. Christina said he was going too far; there were many who would see her abdicate with great pleasure: she was not able to discover to them the true reason for the course she took, which, however, they would learn ere long. The matter was adjourned to the meeting of the Diet in the following May. In the interval Christina treated with Charles respecting the revenues she wished to retain in her private condition. The ambitious Prince saw the dawn of his reign with secret joy, nevertheless he made decent but ineffectual attempts to turn her from her purpose. Christina at first demanded the absolute sovereignty and revenues of many important towns and districts; this, however, she had to forego, and content herself with a fixed revenue, to be submitted to the Diet. She also endeavoured to make further regulations for the succession, seeing Charles Gustavus was as yet unmarried, and might die without heirs; but here, too, she had to give way. She is said to have cast her eyes for that purpose on the young Count Tott, whom she viewed with favour at the time, a descendant of Eric XIV.; she wished to make him a duke, along with Brahé and Oxenstiern; but by the representations of the two latter she relinquished her design.

On May 12 [sic] the Diet was held at Upsala. Among others, Whitelocke has left us an account of it, "being in an upper room or gallery, where he sat privately, not taken notice of by any, yet had the full view of the great hall where the Ricksdag met, and heard what was said." He describes the splendid appearance of this great hall and the entry of the four Orders. "About nine o'clock there entered at the lower end a plain lusty man in his boor's habit, with a staff in his hand, followed by about eighty boors;" after them the citizen Order, then the nobility, and clergy. "All being sat", came in the Queen's guard, the senators, the Court, and the Queen herself, who walked up the lane they made for her and took her seat "in the chair of state, all of massy silver, a rich cushion in it, and a canopy of crimson velvet richly embroidered over it." The Chancellor should have made the opening speech, but he remained silent. The Queen beckoned to him, and after a little speaking together he returned to his place; he would take no part in removing the crown from the head of a descendant of the house of Vasa. "The Queen sat down again a little time; then[,] rising up with mettle, she came forward, and with a good grace and confidence spake to the assembly." She told them that they would doubtless be astonished at the reason why they had been summoned, being a thing without precedent: but if they reflected upon it, they would see that it was no new resolve, but a thing of long premeditation. She reminded them of the succession assured to her cousin, and his eminent qualities, whom they would doubtless joyfully welcome to the throne; she recalled her unwearied diligence and service of the state during the ten years of her reign, demanding nothing in return but that they would consent to her resolution, which was firm and ineradicable: and concluded with her wishes for the future good of the country. Her speech was answered by others from the Archbishop and the Grand Marshal, setting forth their gratitude and approbation of her reign, and praying her to give up her determination to abdicate. "In the last place stepped forward the Marshal of the Boors, a plain country fellow, in his clouted shoon, and all other habits answerable;" "without any congées or ceremony at all, he spake to her Majesty:

"'O Lord God, Madam, what do you mean to do? It troubles us to hear you speak of forsaking those that love you so well as we do. Can you be better than you are? You are Queen of all these countries, and if you leave this large kingdom, where will you get such another? ... Continue in your gears, good Madam, and be the forehorse as long as you live, and we will help you the best we can to bear your burden.' ... When the boor had ended his speech, he waddled up to the Queen without any ceremony, took her by the hand and shook it heartily, and kissed it two or three times; then[,] turning his back to her, he pulled out of his pocket a foul handkerchief, and wiped the tears from his eyes."

Schering Rosenhane then read a paper in which the Queen reviewed her political and domestic relations, and invited the Estates to consider the allowances to be paid her. And then the Estates left the hall as they had come in.

After attempting to shake her resolution once again, the Diet agreed to her abdication; yet would not, as has been said, grant the lands demanded, but only the revenues accruing from them: namely, from the isles of Œland, Gothland, and Œsel, Wollin, Usedom, the town and castle of Wolgast, and some lands in Pomerania. There were some who wished to compel her to live in Sweden, and not spend these revenues out of the country. But Charles Gustavus opposed himself to this, not only to oblige Christina, but because he had no wish to see her remain in the kingdom on his own account.


Above: Kristina.

Notes: The famous speech by the peasant to Kristina is a fabrication by Whitelocke.

Ösel is the old German and Swedish name for the Estonian island of Saaremaa.

Wollin is the German name for the Polish island of Wolin and a town on it, in the Baltic Sea.

Usedom is the German name for the Polish island of Uznam in the Baltic Sea.

Francis William Bain on Kristina's intention and final decision to abdicate, on its purported direct connection with her intention to convert to Catholicism, and on her religious beliefs

Source:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 214 to 227, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


Bulstrode Whitelocke's diary entry of January 21/31 (Old Style), 1654 is here:


Pierre Hector Chanut's letter of January 31/February 10 (New Style), 1654 to Kristina is here:


Her reply to him, written on February 17 or 18/27 or 28 (New Style), 1654, is here:


Chanut's reply to her, of February 20/March 2 (New Style), 1654, is here:


The account:

CHAPTER VI.
ON January 21, 1653 [sic], Christina sent for Whitelocke, and drawing her stool nearer to him, said, "I shall surprise you with something I intend to communicate to you, but it must be under secrecy."

Whitelocke: "Madam, we that have been versed in the affairs of England, do not use to be surprised with the discourse of a young lady."

The Queen: "Sir, this it is. I have it in my thoughts and resolution to quit the Crown of Sweden."

Whitelocke: "I suppose your Majesty is pleased only to droll with your humble servant?"

The Queen: "It is my love to the people which causeth me to think of providing a better governor for them than a poor woman can be. And it is somewhat of love to myself, to please my own fancy by private retirement."

Whitelocke: "With your Majesty's leave, I shall tell you a story of an old English gentleman" [who was persuaded to hand over his estate during his lifetime to his son: all things being prepared for signing the agreement]. "The father, as is much used, was taking tobacco in the better room, the parlour, where his rheum caused him to spit much, which offended the son; and because there was much company, he desired his father to take the tobacco in the kitchen, and to spit there, which he obeyed. All things being ready, the son calls his father to come and seal the writings. The father said his mind was changed.... because he was resolved to spit in the parlour as long as he lived. And so I hope will a wise young lady."

The Queen: "Your story is very apt to our purpose, and the application proper to keep the crown upon my head as long as I live; but to be quit of it, rather than to keep it, I shall think to be to spit in the parlour."

Christina's determination to abdicate was so closely connected with her change of faith, that a full examination of her motives has been postponed till now, although in strictness it was necessary for the proper understanding of her previous conduct. At the time of the conversation with Whitelocke[,] the rumour of her intended abdication had got about, and was causing much disquiet in Swedish political circles. She did not tell Whitelocke, however, her real reason, and few people had any knowledge of what was passing in her mind; of these few, one was Chanut. In January, 1654, being at that time ambassador at the Hague, he wrote to her endeavouring to dissuade her. Christina sent him the following reply: —

"Westeras, Feb. 28, 1654.
I have told you before the reasons which have obliged me to persist in my design of abdicating. You know that this fancy has lasted long with me, and it is only after having pondered on it for eight years that I have determined to carry it out. It is at least five since I informed you of my purpose, and I then saw that it was only your sincere regard and the interest you took in my fortunes that compelled you to oppose me, in spite of the reasons you could not condemn, however keenly you set yourself to dissuade me. It pleased me to see that you found nothing in the thought that was unworthy of me. You know what I told you on this matter, the last time I had the satisfaction of conversing with you about it. In so long a course of time nothing has happened to alter me. I have determined all my actions with reference to this end, and have brought them to this final point, without hesitating now that I am ready to finish my part, and go behind the curtain. I care not as to the Plaudite. I know that the scenes I have played in could not have been composed according to the ordinary dramatic laws. With difficulty will any strong, masculine, or vigorous touches therein please. I leave it to every man to judge it according to his lights: I can deprive no one of his liberty herein, nor would I even if I could. I know that there are few who will pass a favourable criticism on it, and I am convinced that you will be of those few. The rest are ignorant of my reasons and my humour, since I have never declared myself to any one except you, and one other friend, whose soul is great and elevated enough to judge it as you do. Sufficit unus, sufficit nullus. I despise the rest, and should do honour to any one of the herd whom I should find ridiculous enough to amuse myself with. Those who consider this action in the light of common every-day maxims, will doubtless condemn it, but I will never take the trouble to make my apology to them. And in the fulness of the leisure which I am preparing for myself, I shall never be idle enough to remember them. I shall pass it in examining my past life and correcting my errors without either astonishment or repentance. What pleasure shall I not find in recollecting that I have joyfully done good to humanity, and punished those that deserved punishment. I shall find consolation in never having made any person guilty who was not so already, and even in having spared those who were. I have placed the welfare of the State above all other considerations, I have sacrificed all cheerfully to its interests, and have nothing to reproach myself with in its administration. I have possessed without pride, and resign without difficulty. After all this, do not fear for me. I am in safety, and my good is not in Fortune's power: I am happy, whatever occurs:

Sum tamen, O superi, felix: nullique potestas
Hoc auferre Deo.

"Aye, I am so, more than any one, and will always be: I have no fear of that Providence of which you speak to me. Omnia sunt propitia. Let Providence take it upon itself to settle my fortunes, and I will submit with that respect and resignation which I owe to its decrees: let it leave the direction of my conduct to myself, and I will employ any such faculties as have been granted to me in making myself happy. And I shall be so as long as I am persuaded that I have nothing to fear from God or man. I shall employ all the rest of my life in familiarising myself with these thoughts, in fortifying my soul, and observing from the haven the troubles of those who are tossed about in life by the storms that one suffers therein, for want of having applied their minds to these meditations. Am I not to be envied in my present condition? Beyond doubt I should find many enviers if my happiness were known. You love me, however, well enough not to envy me, and I deserve it, since I am honest enough to admit that I have got some of these sentiments from you: I learned them in conversations with you, and I hope to cultivate them some day with you during my leisure. I am certain that you cannot break your word, and will not cease in these altered circumstances to remain my friend, since I am abandoning nothing that is worthy of your regard. I will, in whatever condition I may be found, preserve my friendship for you; and you will see that no changes will ever be able to alter the views in which I glory. You know all this, and you are doubtless of opinion that the best pledge I can give you of myself is to tell you that I will always be
"CHRISTINA."

In answer to this[,] Chanut wrote expressing his approval of her resolve, yet reminding her that the world holds as defects those virtues it is incapable of noticing: he promises always to bear her witness that her first and strongest motive has been the good of her subjects and the safety of the State; yet the stroke is so bold that it will astonish all those who do not know that the retreat which her Majesty is preparing for herself is greater than all the kingdoms of the earth.

This 'retreat' is not merely an allusion to her intention of becoming a Catholic; it has a deeper meaning, which will become clear as we proceed. Some passages in Christina's 'Life' of herself will furnish the best starting-point. This strange fragment of autobiography is a kind of confession: it is addressed to the Deity, and reminds us of nothing so much as the 'Confessions' of S. Augustine. "This heart was Thine since it first beat in my breast; .... nothing can content me, nothing satisfy me, but Thou alone." Throughout, its spirit is analogous to that of a mystic quietism, and subjection of the individuality to the Divine will, which recalls Madame de Guion. "After the grace Thou hast shown me in introducing me to that admirable and mysterious solitude, where we neither seek nor find anything but Thee;" ... "Thou art all, and I am nothing;" ... "Make me worthy to possess Thee by that blind and entire resignation, which is Thy due." With this is combined a dislike to forms and common notions of religion. "All the respect, admiration, and love which I have had all my life for Thee, O Lord, never hindered me from being incredulous and little inclined to devotions; I believed nothing of the religion in which I was brought up. All that they told me seemed to me unworthy of You. I thought that men made You speak after their fashion, and that they wished to deceive me, and frighten me, so as to govern me in their own way. I hated mortally the long and frequent sermons of the Lutherans; but I knew that I must let them speak, and have patience, and conceal my secret thoughts. But when I was grown up a little, I formed a sort of religion in my fashion, whilst waiting for that Thou hast inspired me with, towards which I had naturally so strong an inclination. Thou knowest how often, in a language unknown to common persons, I have prayed to be lightened by Thy grace; how I made Thee a vow to obey Thee at the expense of my life and my fortune."

The peculiarity of her religious views finds its explanation in her character and the influences brought to bear on it during her education. She was naturally very reflective, and very secret; having lost her father, and being deprived of her mother very early, she was thrown back upon herself. Conversations preserved by Chanut show, too, that there was never any sympathy on religious subjects between her and Maria Eleanora, who could see no point of view but her own. The peculiar isolation of her position increased her natural bent to secrecy, and she early framed a sort of religion of her own. The influence of Matthiæ, whose great idea was a neglect of non-essential distinctions, prevented her from imbibing Lutheranism, to which she had, besides, an instinctive dislike: "I was never a Lutheran", she says herself. Between the general Lutheranism, the Calvinism of her uncle's house, and Matthiæ's syncretism, she became impressed with liberal opinions as to dogma, and all through her life she showed a toleration and a strong aversion to persecution, whether of Catholics at the beginning or of Protestants at the end, rare in that age. The point of contact between her own private, and as yet undefined, opinions, and Roman Catholicism, was almost certainly the idea of self-abnegation, especially as illustrated in abstaining from marriage. We have already mentioned her delight at hearing of the celibacy of the Catholics, when a child. The independence of her character made this "dedication of herself to Heaven" irresistible. Thus the attraction of the Church of Rome found a powerful support in her mind at the very outset.

But she did not arrive at her later half-Catholic, half-mystical doctrines all at once. The tendency of her early associations was increased by her studies, and the influence of the two most remarkable men with whom she came in contact, Chanut and Descartes. As to the first, she combined a strong taste for ancient philosophy with a fondness for the Fathers of the Church; while the former led her away from Lutheranism, the latter brought her nearer Rome. On the one hand, Cicero's remark that all religions might be false, while only one could be true, struck her forcibly, and as she is said to have been fond of Lucian, his 'Hermotimus', a practical commentary on Cicero's text, would be to her all that 'Bossuet's History of Protestant Variations' was to Gibbon. On the other hand, this sceptical tendency was corrected by the study of the Fathers and Christian antiquity; how could the mushroom sects of a day compare with the venerable Catholic Church, with all its great men, its martyrs, and, above all, its admirable virgins? Over and over again, in her collection of 'Maxims', does Christina emphasise this point of view.

Thus, while the cold and insufficient appeal of Protestantism to her intellect was undermined by her scepticism, in the traditions and æsthetic attractions of Rome she found something that met her emotional needs half-way. The contact between her own aspirations and the spirit of Catholicism, as she read its history, was like the junction of the electric coil, producing a spark; she felt that the truth must, if anywhere, be found here. And this line of argument was confirmed by her intercourse with Chanut and Descartes. Here were two men, at once the best and wisest she had ever seen, both Roman Catholics. We have no record of any conversations which she held with them; but even if Christina had not expressly stated that she owed her conversion to a great extent to Descartes, we do not need to look far for proofs of the close connection between his sceptical principles and Catholicism; an illustrious apologist has placed that position on a casuistical basis in his 'Grammar of Assent.'

The foolish and short-sighted assertions, due principally to the irritated Swedes, that Bourdelot and Pimentelli were mainly instrumental in her change of faith, which was either altogether insincere, or a refuge from frivolity and atheism, are entirely without foundation, and have been partly refuted in what has been said of Bourdelot. Christina was neither frivolous nor an atheist; further, any one who supposes that a man like Bourdelot would ever have influenced her anyhow, is infinitely far from a knowledge of her character. But fortunately, there is another and final disproof: "A lie about dates", said Bentley, "is the easiest of all lies to disclose." Her mind was made up long before she ever saw either of them. In 1648 she fell dangerously ill of a fever, and "it was in this sickness", she says, "I made a vow to quit all and become a Catholic, should God preserve my life." With this agrees what she says in her letter to Chanut, that it was eight years since she thought of her design, and five since she spoke to him about it. And as to the charge that her change of faith was insincere or indifferent, the story of the rest of her life will render that assertion simply ridiculous. The virulent and never-ending calumny and slander to which she was subjected all her life long have done her great injustice in this way, that they necessarily raised her anger and disdain, and caused her to assume an antagonistic and, as it were, self-conscious attitude in her religious views; there is a sort of "virtute me involvo" air very often in her letters, which springs really from her keen sense of wrong; it gives her an artifical and unnatural appearance which belies her greatly, for she was really full of bonhomie and kindly humour. But the mud thrown by her detractors has left its mark.

The determination to change her religion implied her abdication, for she could not become a Catholic and remain upon the throne of Sweden; legally and morally it was impossible. In working out her plans, the two points from which she started were, that she must become a Catholic, and that nothing should induce her to marry. The former was, she said at a later time, the unique foundation of the fortune of Charles. These two premisses being given, the conclusion was inevitable. Yet it was not without a hard struggle that she brought herself to resign; just before she did so, her usual serenity left her, and she appeared pale, silent, and disturbed. Certainly there were compensating advantages which lent a support to her design: she would escape from her cold climate and inappreciative Swedes, and gain in exchange the congenial atmosphere of Rome, Italy, and the sunny South — the prospect of wandering in new lands, and the glorious uncertainty of an adventurous step, were not for nothing to a character like hers. But the eternal statement of her enemies that her domestic difficulties drove her away, is not only entirely gratuitous, but betrays a lamentable want of insight into her nature. Christina was, like all her race, one who was rather attracted than repelled by danger and difficulty, and we might safely assert, without other evidence, that a motive of this kind would rather have kept her on the throne than forced her to leave it. But there is other positive evidence against it. Mr. Daniel Whistler, one of Whitelocke's assistants on the Swedish embassy, wrote to Cromwell in February, 1654, saying that Christina's proposed abdication is a puzzle to politicians, because her crown is not too heavy for her, and she is not reduced to any disagreeable extremity, except that want of money nearly always customary with generous princes; she has no declared enemy, and is universally esteemed among her people for her liberality, her wisdom, her moderation, and her temperance. Her action, he goes on to say, is as difficult to penetrate as the meaning of Parker's prophecies — they must wait for the event. This sober statement by an unprejudiced observer is worth all the idle declamation of her enemies, who must besides have read history to very little purpose, if they think that want of money is a sufficient reason for resigning a crown.


Above: Kristina.