Showing posts with label Alchemy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Alchemy. Show all posts

Sunday, November 30, 2025

Letter forwarded by Kristina to Azzolino, dated March 16/26 (New Style), 1667

Source:

Riksarkivet, page 17 in K 429 (Nr 36)/Alchimia et Astrologia; Azzolinosamlingen; Kungliga arkiv



The letter (with Kristina's handwriting in italics):

Ambstelodami 26 Martij 1667.
Peregrinus Philosophus in uili habitu. Doctori Heluetio remonstrauit, Se lapidem intra triduum perfecisse, biduum in præparacione salis impendit, quod difficillimum est, et medium tantum diem in præparatione sulphuris et mercurij, quod pro puerorum lusu reputandum, totum Simul non expetit sumptus maiores tribus florenis hollandicis.

Post diuturnas preces P[h]ilosophus 36 vel quadraginta annorum in hollandia occidentali prope Sparendam natus, modicum de lapide com̄unicauit seminis milij dimidium, à quo Philosophus adhuc medietatem abstulit, atqz in ignem coniecit, dicens medietatem sufficere, ita ut quasi impalpabilis athomus fuerit, quod Heluetius ceræ inclusit, et sequenti die in præsentia multorum supra quantitatem plumbi in crucibulo liquefacti proiecit, et statim optimum aurum confecit: inconsiderate odiecerat aliquid argenti Heluetius, quod per crucibulum instar aureorum florum se dispersit. Accepit deinde de hoc acero pondus trium solidorum anglicorum, et cum pondere quindecim argenteorum fudit, atqz in aqua forti separauit, hos tres solidos aceri, duos de argento tinxisse reperit, quod aurum in testa cum septem partibus antimonij probatum est, et optimum repertum, at modo nemo scit, quo se Philosophus ille contulerit ⸓

H[el]vetius est vn Medecin de la princesse dorange [sic] qui a escrit Contre la piere[.]

Je vous envoy la Copie de cette lettre qui est escrit[e] dvne homme digne de foix.

With modernised spelling (with Kristina's grammar and spelling mistakes preserved as much as possible):

Amstelodami, 26 martii 1667.
Peregrinus philosophus in vili habitu. Doctori Helvetio remonstravit, se lapidem intra triduum perfecisse, biduum in præparatione salis impendit, quod difficillimum est, et medium tantum diem in præparatione sulphuris et mercurii, quod pro puerorum lusu reputandum, totum simul non expetit sumptus majores tribus florenis Hollandicis.

Post diuturnas preces philosophus 36 vel quadraginta annorum in Hollandia occidentali prope Sparendam natus, modicum de lapide communicavit seminis milii dimidium, a quo philosophus adhuc medietatem abstulit, atque in ignem conjecit, dicens medietatem sufficere, ita ut quasi impalpabilis atomus fuerit, quod Helvetius ceræ inclusit; et sequenti die in præsentia multorum supra quantitatem plumbi in crucibulo liquefacti projecit, et statim optimum aurum confecit. Inconsiderate odjecerat aliquid argenti Helvetius, quod per crucibulum instar aureorum florum se dispersit.

Accepit deinde de hoc acero pondus trium solidorum Anglicorum, et cum pondere quindecim argenteorum fudit, atque in aqua forti separavit. Hos tres solidos aceri, duos de argento tinxisse reperit, quod aurum in testa cum septem partibus antimonii probatum est, et optimum repertum. At modo nemo scit, quo se philosophus ille contulerit.

H[el]vétius est un medecin de la princesse d'Orange [sic] qui a écrit contre la pierre.

Je vous envoie la copie de cette lettre, qui est écrit[e] d'une homme digne de foix [sic].

French translation (my own; Kristina's original French in italics and with regular modernised spelling and grammar):

Amsterdam, le 26 mars 1667.
Un philosophe itinérant, vêtu de vêtements bon marché, montra au docteur Helvétius qu'il avait achevé la pierre en trois jours, passé deux jours à préparer le sel (très difficile) et seulement une demi-journée à préparer le soufre et le mercure (un jeu d'enfant), le tout pour un coût n'excédant pas trois florins hollandais.

Après de longues prières, le philosophe, âgé de 36 ou 40 ans et né dans l'ouest de la Hollande, près de Spaarndam, partagea un peu de la pierre, une demi-graine de millet. Il en retira encore la moitié et la jeta au feu, affirmant que la moitié suffisait. Il en réduisit la quantité à un atome presque impalpable, qu'Helvétius enferma dans de la cire. Le lendemain, devant une foule nombreuse, il jeta un surplus de plomb dans un creuset de plomb en fusion et obtint aussitôt de l'or pur. Helvétius avait imprudemment jeté un peu d'argent, qui se répandit dans le creuset comme des fleurs d'or.

Il prit ensuite de cet érable l'équivalent de trois shillings anglais, les mélangea à quinze pièces d'argent et les sépara dans de l'eau concentrée. Il constata que ces trois shillings étaient teintés avec de l'érable, et que deux d'entre eux étaient en argent. Ce dernier, testé dans un récipient contenant sept parties d'antimoine, se révéla être le meilleur. Mais à ce jour, nul ne sait ce qu'est devenu ce philosophe.

H[el]vétius est un medecin de la princesse d'Orange [sic] qui a écrit contre la pierre.

Je vous envoie la copie de cette lettre, qui est écrit[e] d'une homme digne de foi.

Dutch translation (my own):

Amsterdam, 26 maart 1667.
Een rondreizende filosoof in goedkope kleren. Hij toonde dokter Helvetius dat hij de steen binnen drie dagen had voltooid, twee dagen had besteed aan de bereiding van het zout, wat zeer moeilijk is, en slechts een halve dag aan de bereiding van de zwavel en het kwikzilver, wat als kinderspel beschouwd mag worden, alles bij elkaar niet meer dan drie Hollandse florijnen kostte.

Na langdurige gebeden deelde de filosoof — die 36 of 40 jaar oud was en geboren in West-Holland, nabij Spaarndam — een klein stukje van de steen af, ter grootte van een halve gierstkorrel. Hiervan verwijderde de filosoof echter nog eens de helft, die hij in het vuur wierp met de woorden dat de helft volstond; zo bleef er slechts een vrijwel ongrijpbaar atoom over, dat Helvetius in was insloot. De volgende dag wierp hij, in het bijzijn van velen, een overmaat aan lood in een smeltkroes vol gesmolten lood, en maakte daaruit onmiddellijk het fijnste goud. Helvetius had onbedachtzaam wat zilver weggeworpen, dat zich als gouden bloemen door de smeltkroes verspreidde.

Vervolgens nam hij van deze esdoorn een gewicht ter waarde van drie Engelse shillings, goot dit samen met een gewicht van vijftien zilverstukken en scheidde het in sterk water. Hij ontdekte dat deze drie shillings met esdoorn waren gekleurd en dat twee ervan uit zilver bestonden; dit werd getest in een vat met zeven delen antimoon en bleek van de allerbeste kwaliteit te zijn. Maar tot op de dag van vandaag weet niemand waar die filosoof naartoe is gegaan.

Helvetius is arts van de Prinses van Oranje [sic], die geschreven heeft tegen de steen.

Ik stuur u een kopie van deze brief, die geschreven is door een man die het vertrouwen waard is.

Swedish translation (my own):

Amsterdam, den 26 mars 1667.
En vandrande filosof i billiga kläder. Han visade doktor Helvetius att han hade färdigställt stenen på tre dagar, tillbringat två dagar med att förbereda saltet, vilket är mycket svårt, och bara en halv dag med att förbereda svavel och kvicksilver, vilket borde betraktas som en barnlek, då allt detta inte krävde mer än tre holländska floriner.

Efter långa böner delade filosofen, som var 36 eller 40 år gammal och född i västra Holland, nära Spaarndam, lite av stenen, ett halvt hirsfrö, från vilket filosofen fortfarande tog bort hälften, och kastade det i elden och sade att hälften var tillräckligt, så att det var nästan en omärkbar atom, som Helvetius inneslöt i vax; och följande dag, i mångas närvaro, kastade han ett överskott av bly i en degel av smält bly och tillverkade omedelbart det finaste guldet. Helvetius hade tanklöst kastat bort lite silver, som spred sig genom degeln likt gyllene blommor.

Sedan tog han från denna lönn en vikt på tre engelska shilling, hällde den med en vikt på femton silvermynt och skilde den i starkt vatten. Han fann att dessa tre shilling var färgade med lönn, och två av dem var gjorda av silver, vilket testades i ett kärl med sju delar antimon och befanns vara det bästa. Men ännu vet ingen vart den filosofen har tagit vägen.

Helvetius är läkare åt prinsessan av Oranien [sic] som har skrivit mot stenen.

Jag sänder Er en kopia av detta brev, som är skrivet av en man värdig tro.

English translation (my own):

Amsterdam, March 26, 1667.
A wandering philosopher in cheap clothes. He showed Dr. Helvetius that he had completed the stone within three days, spent two days in preparing the salt, which is very difficult, and only half a day in preparing the sulphur and mercury, which should be considered child's play, all together requiring no more than three Dutch florins.

After long prayers, the philosopher, who was 36 or 40 years old and was born in western Holland, near Spaarndam, shared a little of the stone, half a millet seed, from which the philosopher still removed half, and threw it into the fire, saying that half was enough, so that it was almost an impalpable atom, which Helvetius enclosed in wax; and the following day, in the presence of many, he threw an excess of lead into a crucible of molten lead, and immediately made the finest gold. Helvetius had thoughtlessly discarded some silver, which scattered itself through the crucible like golden flowers.

He then took from this maple a weight of three English shillings, and poured it with a weight of fifteen silver pieces, and separated it in strong water. He found that these three shillings were dyed with maple, and two of them were made of silver, which was tested in a vessel with seven parts of antimony, and was found to be the best. But as of yet, no one knows where that philosopher has gone.

Helvetius is a doctor to the Princess of Orange [sic] who has written against the stone.

I am sending you a copy of this letter, which is written by a man worthy of faith.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Cardinal Decio Azzolino.


Above: Helvetius (Johann Friedrich Schweitzer).

Notes: The stone = the philosopher's stone, a mythic alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as lead or mercury into gold or silver. Alchemists believed that it could be used to make an elixir of life which made possible rejuvenation and immortality.

Helvetius = Johann Friedrich Schweitzer (1630-1709), a Dutch physician and alchemical writer of German extraction. He is known for his books Ichts aus Nichts, für alle Begierigen der Natur (1655), Vitulus Aureus (The Golden Calf, 1667; published under the pseudonym Joakim Philander), and Miraculo transmutandi Metallica (1667).

After Helvetius moved to The Hague, he became physician to Prince Willem of Orange-Nassau, the future King William III of England (1650-1702). The only previous Princess of Orange at the time this letter was written was Mary Henrietta of England (born 1631), who had already passed away in 1660. The next one would be Queen Mary II of England (1662-1694), who became Princess of Orange when she married Willem/William in 1677.

Saturday, November 8, 2025

Letter to Kristina from Samuel Forberger, dated February 12/22 (Old Style), 1689

Sources:

Riksarkivet, pages 12 to 15/16 in K 429 (Nr 36)/Alchimia et Astrologia; Azzolinosamlingen; Kungliga arkiv


Wentrup, Curt, Johann Rudolph Glauber: the royals' alchemist and his secret recipes. Foundations of Chemistry 26, 3–13 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10698-023-09493-8







The letter:

Augustissima et Potentis-
sima Regina.
Jgnis Glauberí quem Mj:s V:ra desiderat, quô omnia vegetabilia, animalia et mineralia absqz igne extrahuntur, corriguntur et emendantur, quô etiam venena salubria redduntur, est Nitrum quod fixatur sequenti modo:

Nitrum optimè depuratum, miscetur cum tertia parte aluminis plumosi, et cornutæ satis amplæ inditur, quæ item̀ lutô bene sit circumducta, inde carbones /: non lignum :/ accenduntur, per quatuor dies. Primô die levissimo igne elicitur spiritus; Secundô die augetur ignis violentiâ carbonum magnâ, ita ut omnis spiritus in recipientem transeat; Hic ignis gradus continuatur per duos alteros dies, ut bene calcinêtur sal residuum, tum refrigeratô, vase rumpitur et sal ex capite mortuô aquâ extrahitur, filtratur et congelatur. Hoc Sal crucibulo immittitur, fuso, carbonum pulvis admiscetur, ita ut bene fixetur (hoc non est necessarium), tum per deliquium in humidô resoluitur in oleum, quod filtratur et congelatur. Hæc resolutio per deliquium filtratio et congelatio ter repetitur: Ultima vice solummodo resolvitur in oleum et filtratur sed non congelatur. Hoc est oleum Alkahest et ignis Glauberi, humidus et siccus prout artifici placet, cum quo Maj:s V:ra omnia experiri potuerit quod in scriptis Glauberi expressum est.

Et licet supra posita distillatio facillima videtur, attamen peritissimum requirit artificem. Ego enim vel decie[s] erravi; Et magnum mysterium inest alumini plumoso quod retinet, fixat et exaltat tincturam salis Nitri, licet alumen incombustibile maneat et nihil extranei neqz de sua natura Nitro communicet. Pulverisationem Aluminis plumosi difficillimam, filius meus Mj:ti V:ræ monstrabit. Variæ quoqz et prolixæ circumstantiæ in adhibendo, hoc menstruo inveniantur, quas Glauberus in suis scriptis omisit; sed quæ propriâ experientiâ supra vegetabilia et mineralia /: supra metalla nondum licuit :/ comprobavi quæ si arridebunt Mj:ti V:ræ ad minimum Jpsius nutum mittentur.

Sal Armoniacum Glauberi sine ignis ipsius secretissimus, cuj tantas adscribit laudes et cum quo in lectulo decumbeno propter infirmitatem laboravit sequenti confecit modo:

Nitrum fixum, utpote supra dictum est, congelatum recepit ejus decem vncias, et spiritus cujus modo supradicto cum alumine plumoso eliciti tres uncias, Digessit unâ in balneo per 24 horas, tum distillavit leviter et nihil nisi phlegma foetens transijt in recipientem remisit alteras tres uncias spiritus sui et in digestionem posuit balnij per 24 horas, tum iterum distillavit phlegma foetens, continuavit remittere spiritum novum digerendo et distillando tot vices, donec Sal propter congelationem spiritus sui proprij excrevissent pondus 20 vel 22 Unciarum et ferme volatile esset factum, huic Sali remisit spiritum vini summe rectificatum 6 uncias, remisit in balneum digestionis causa per 24 horas; tum distillavit phlegma foetidum, remisit alteras 6 uncias digerendo et distillando phlegma et hoc continuavit totius, usqz dum sal 40 unciarum pondere auctum fuisset et multiplicatum; tum sublimabat hoc Sal quod est totum volatile et facillime in oleum resolvitur, quod oleum omnia metalla volatilisat et tractu temporis fixat: neqz aliquem tædeat longi temporis. Est enim verus Alkahest et hoc Sal solum est summa medicina corporis humani eademqz præstat, quæ Helmontius suo adscribit Alkahesto. Est verus Philosophorum vini spiritus Lullianus. hactenus Glauberus: quæ omnia ex ipsius manu scriptis Mj:ti V:ræ fidelissime committo.

Modum operandi in libris ipsius non communicavit, sed spero à viduâ ipsius quædam manuscripta, quæ simulatqz habuero Mj:ti V:ræ illicò transmittam. Nihilominus facile constat ex Philosophorum libris vsus hujus Alkahest, licet modum conficiendi et materiam tacverint. V:ra Majestas experietur Nitrum fixum in oleum resolutum, et oleum Salis Tartari per deliquium eodem gustu viribus et virtute gaudere, ita ut Nitrum et idem, neqz ullo modo possit discerni.

Est enim Sal vegetabile et facillimè concludo quod Nitrum sit Sal naturæ aut ab ipso non longè differat Mj:ti Vestræ humilissimô animô transmisi librum in quo apertissimis verbis ab[s]qz ullo ænijgmate revelatum conspiciet Alkahesti seu Mercurij Philosophorum compositionem; quem si æquo animo M:s V:ra excipiet brevi temporis spatio in splendidissimum. Jpsius conspectum prodibit sulphur Philosophorum à vinculis suis liberatum. Jnterim Majestatem Vestram Divinæ elementiæ ut quam longissimè vigeat atqz florescat me verò atqz filium meum M:is V:ræ protectioni et gratiæ obsequiosissime commendo;
Majestatis Vestræ
humillimo et fide-
lissimus Servus
Samuel forberger mp
Stralsundi 12 febr:
1689.

With modernised spelling:

Augustissima et Potentissima Regina,
Ignis Glauberi quem Majestas Vestra desiderat, quo omnia vegetabilia, animalia et mineralia absque igne extrahuntur, corriguntur et emendantur, quo etiam venena salubria redduntur, est nitrum quod fixatur sequenti modo:

Nitrum optime depuratum, miscetur cum tertia parte aluminis plumosi et cornutæ satis amplæ inditur, quæ item luto bene sit circumducta, inde carbones (non lignum) accenduntur, per quatuor dies. Primo die levissimo igne elicitur spiritus; secundo die augetur ignis violentia carbonum magna, ita ut omnis spiritus in recipientem transeat. Hic ignis gradus continuatur per duos alteros dies, ut bene calcinetur sal residuum, tum refrigerato, vase rumpitur et sal ex capite mortuo aqua extrahitur, filtratur et congelatur.

Hoc sal crucibulo immittitur, fuso, carbonum pulvis admiscetur, ita ut bene fixetur (hoc non est necessarium), tum per deliquium in humido resolvitur in oleum, quod filtratur et congelatur. Hæc resolutio per deliquium filtratio et congelatio ter repetitur; ultima vice solummodo resolvitur in oleum et filtratur, sed non congelatur. Hoc est oleum alkahest et ignis Glauberi, humidus et siccus prout artifici placet, cum quo Majestas Vestra omnia experiri potuerit quod in scriptis Glauberi expressum est.

Et licet supra posita distillatio facillima videtur, attamen peritissimum requirit artificem. Ego enim vel decie[s] erravi; et magnum mysterium inest alumini plumoso quod retinet, fixat et exaltat tincturam salis nitri, licet alumen incombustibile maneat et nihil extranei neque de sua natura nitro communicet. Pulverisationem aluminis plumosi difficillimam, filius meus Majestati Vestræ monstrabit.

Variæ quoque et prolixæ circumstantiæ in adhibendo, hoc menstruo inveniantur, quas Glauberus in suis scriptis omisit; sed quæ propria experientia supra vegetabilia et mineralia (supra metalla nondum licuit) comprobavi quæ si arridebunt Majestati Vestræ ad minimum ipsius nutum mittentur.

Sal armoniacum Glauberi sine ignis ipsius secretissimus, cui tantas adscribit laudes et cum quo in lectulo decumbeno propter infirmitatem, laboravit sequenti confecit modo:

Nitrum fixum, utpote supra dictum est, congelatum recepit decem uncias, et spiritus cujus modo supradicto cum alumine plumoso eliciti tres uncias. Digessit una in balneo per 24 horas, tum distillavit leviter et nihil nisi phlegma fœtens transiit in recipientem remisit alteras tres uncias spiritus sui et in digestionem posuit balnii per 24 horas, tum iterum distillavit phlegma fœtens; continuavit remittere spiritum novum digerendo et distillando tot vices, donec sal propter congelationem spiritus sui proprii excrevissent pondus 20 vel 22 unciarum et ferme volatile esset factum. Huic sali remisit spiritum vini summe rectificatum 6 uncias, remisit in balneum digestionis causa per 24 horas.

Tum distillavit phlegma fœtidum, remisit alteras 6 uncias digerendo et distillando phlegma et hoc continuavit totius, usque dum sal 40 unciarum pondere auctum fuisset et multiplicatum; tum sublimabat hoc sal, quod est totum volatile et facillime in oleum resolvitur. Quod oleum omnia metalla volatilisat et tractu temporis fixat; neque aliquem tædeat longi temporis. Est enim verus alkahest, et hoc sal solum est summa medicina corporis humani eademque præstat, quæ Helmontius suo adscribit alkahesto. Est verus philosophorum vini spiritus Lullianus, hactenus Glauberus, quæ omnia ex ipsius manu scriptis Majestati Vestræ fidelissime committo.

Modum operandi in libris ipsius non communicavit, sed spero a vidua ipsius quædam manuscripta, quæ simulatque habuero Majestati Vestræ illico transmittam. Nihilominus facile constat ex philosophorum libris usus hujus alkahest, licet modum conficiendi et materiam tacuerint. Vestra Majestas experietur nitrum fixum in oleum resolutum, et oleum salis tartari per deliquium eodem gustu viribus et virtute gaudere, ita ut nitrum et idem, neque ullo modo possit discerni.

Est enim sal vegetabile et facillime; concludo quod nitrum sit sal naturæ aut ab ipso non longe differat. Majestati Vestræ humilissimo animo transmisi librum in quo apertissimis verbis absque ullo ænigmate revelatum conspiciet alkahesti seu mercurii philosophorum compositionem; quem si æquo animo Majestas Vestra excipiet brevi temporis spatio in splendidissimum. Ipsius conspectum prodibit sulphur philosophorum a vinculis suis liberatum. Interim Majestatem Vestram divinæ elementiæ ut quam longissime vigeat atque florescat; me vero atque filium meum Majestatis Vestræ protectioni et gratiæ obsequiosissime commendo.
Majestatis Vestræ
humillimo et fidelissimus servus
Samuel Forberger, m. p.
Stralsundi, 12 februarii 1689.

French translation (my own):

Très Auguste et Très Puissante Reine,
Le feu de Glauber que Votre Majesté désire, par lequel tous les végétaux, animaux et minéraux sont extraits, corrigés et améliorés sans feu, par lequel même les poisons sont rendus sains, est le nitre qui est fixé de la manière suivante:

Le nitre, bien purifié, est mélangé à un tiers d'alun, un alu à l'aspect plumeux et corné, placé dans un récipient suffisamment grand, lui-même recouvert de boue. On y allume ensuite des charbons ardents (et non du bois) pendant quatre jours. Le premier jour, on extrait l'esprit à feu très doux; le deuxième jour, on intensifie le feu avec de gros charbons, de sorte que tout l'esprit se retrouve dans le récipient. Cette étape de chauffage se poursuit pendant deux jours supplémentaires, afin que le sel restant soit bien calciné. Après refroidissement, le récipient est brisé et le sel est extrait de la base avec de l'eau, filtré et congelé.

Ce sel est placé dans un creuset, fondu, puis mélangé à de la poudre de charbon de bois pour bien le fixer (cette étape n'est pas indispensable). Ensuite, par fusion avec l'humidité, il se dissout dans de l'huile, qui est filtrée et congelée. Cette dissolution par évaporation, filtration et congélation est répétée trois fois; la dernière fois, le sel est seulement dissous dans de l'huile et filtré, sans être congelé. C'est l'huile d'alcahest et le feu de Glauber, humides ou secs au gré de l'artisan, grâce auxquels Votre Majesté pourrait expérimenter tout ce qui est décrit dans les écrits de Glauber.

Et bien que la distillation décrite ci-dessus paraisse très simple, elle exige néanmoins un artisan très habile, car j'ai commis une douzaine d'erreurs. Il y a un grand mystère dans l'alun de plumes qui retient, fixe et exalte la teinture du sel de nitre, bien que l'alun demeure incombustible et ne communique rien d'étranger ni de sa propre nature au nitre. Mon fils démontrera à Votre Majesté le procédé extrêmement difficile de pulvérisation de l'alun de plumes.

On peut également trouver dans ce solvant diverses et longues circonstances que Glauber a omises dans ses écrits, mais que j'ai vérifiées par ma propre expérience avec des végétaux et des minéraux (pas encore autorisés avec les métaux), qui, si elles plaisent à Votre Majesté, seront envoyées à sa moindre demande.

Quant au sal armoniacus, sans feu, le plus secret de Glauber, auquel il attribue tant d'éloges et qu'il a élaboré alité en raison de sa maladie, il l'acheva de la manière suivante:

Il reçut dix onces de nitre fixé, congelé comme indiqué précédemment, et trois onces d'esprit, extrait de la manière susdite à l'aide d'alun de plumes. Il en fit digérer une once dans le bain pendant 24 heures, puis la distilla légèrement, et seul un flegme fétide passa dans le récipient. Il ajouta trois onces supplémentaires de son esprit et le remit dans le bain pour digestion pendant 24 heures, puis distilla à nouveau le flegme fétide; il continua ainsi à ajouter de l'esprit en digérant et en distillant tant de fois, jusqu'à ce que le sel, du fait de la congélation de son propre esprit, atteigne un poids de 20 à 22 onces et devienne presque volatil. A ce sel, il ajouta 6 onces d'esprit de vin hautement rectifié et le laissa digérer pendant 24 heures.

Il distilla ensuite le flegme fétide, récupéra les 6 onces restantes en digérant et en distillant à nouveau le flegme, et poursuivit ainsi jusqu'à ce que le sel ait augmenté et multiplié par le poids de 40 onces. Il sublima alors ce sel, entièrement volatil et se dissolvant très facilement en huile. Cette huile volatilise tous les métaux et se fixe avec le temps; elle ne fatigue personne longtemps, car c'est un véritable alkahest. Ce sel seul est le remède suprême pour le corps humain et procure les mêmes bienfaits que ceux que van Helmont attribue à son alkahest. Lulle est le véritable esprit du vin des philosophes, et Glauber aussi. Je confie tout cela à Votre Majesté, écrit de sa main.

Il n'a pas divulgué sa méthode de travail dans ses ouvrages; j'espère toutefois que certains manuscrits provenant de sa veuve, que j'ai en ma possession, seront immédiatement transmis à Votre Majesté. Néanmoins, il ressort aisément des écrits des philosophes que cet alkahest est bel et bien utilisé, bien qu'ils demeurent silencieux quant à son mode de préparation et à sa matière première. Votre Majesté pourra constater par elle-même que le nitre dissous dans l'huile — et l'huile dissoute dans le sel de tartre par déliquescence — possèdent un goût, une puissance et une vertu identiques, de sorte que le nitre demeure le même et ne saurait être distingué en aucune façon.

Le sel est d'origine végétale et donc très facile à se procurer; j'en conclus que le nitre est un sel naturel, ou du moins qu'il n'en diffère guère. J'ai humblement adressé à Votre Majesté un livre où elle découvrira, en termes on ne peut plus clairs et sans la moindre énigme, la composition de l'alkahest ou du mercure des philosophes; si elle partage cet avis, Votre Majesté le recevra sous peu et sous une forme splendide. Son regard fera jaillir le soufre des philosophes, enfin libéré de leurs chaînes. Cependant, que Votre Majesté, l'élément divin, prospère et fleurisse le plus longtemps possible. Je me recommende, ainsi que mon fils, très obséquieusement à la protection et à la grâce de Votre Majesté.
De Votre Majesté
le très humble et très fidèle serviteur
Samuel Forberger, m. p.
Stralsund, le 12 février 1689.

Swedish translation (my own):

Durchlauchtigaste och Stormäktigaste Drottning,
Glauberelden som Ers Majestät önskar, genom vilken alla grönsaker, djur och mineraler utvinns, korrigeras och förbättras utan eld, genom vilken även gifter görs hälsosamma, är nitrum som fixeras på följande sätt:

Det välrenade nitrumet blandas med en tredjedel av den fjäderliknande och hornliknande alunen, placeras i en tillräckligt stor skål, som också är väl täckt med lera, och sedan tänds kol (inte ved) i fyra dagar. Den första dagen framkallas spriten med en mycket svag eld; den andra dagen ökas elden med våld från stora kol, så att all sprit passerar in i behållaren. Detta uppvärmningssteg fortsätter i ytterligare två dagar, så att det återstående saltet kalcineras väl; sedan, efter kylning, bryts kärlet och saltet extraheras från det döda huvudet med vatten, filtreras och fryses.

Detta salt läggs i en degel, smälts och blandas med träkolsdamm så att det fixeras väl (det här är inte nödvändigt); sedan, genom att smälta in fukt, löses det upp till olja, som filtreras och fryses. Denna upplösning genom avdunstning, filtrering och frysning upprepas tre gånger; sista gången löses det endast upp till olja och filtreras, men fryses inte. Detta är alkahestens olja och Glauberelden, våt och torr som hantverkaren behagar, med vilken Ers Majestät kunde uppleva allt som uttrycks i Glaubers skrifter.

Och även om den ovan beskrivna destillationen verkar mycket enkel, kräver den ändå en mycket skicklig hantverkare, för jag har gjort ett dussin misstag. Och det finns ett stort mysterium i fjäderalunen som behåller, fixerar och upphöjer tinkturen av nitersalt, även om alunen förblir obrännbar och inte kommunicerar något främmande eller av egen natur till nitrum. Min son skall demonstrera för Ers Majestät den extremt svåra processen att pulverisera fjäderalun.

Olika och långvariga omständigheter kan också hittas i detta lösningsmedel, vilket Glauber utelämnade i sina skrifter, men som jag har verifierat genom min egen erfarenhet med grönsaker och mineraler (ännu inte tillåtna med metaller), vilka, om de behagar Ers Majestät, kommer att skickas på Ers minsta begäran.

Vad gäller Glaubers egen hemligaste sal armoniacus, utan eld, som han tillskriver så stort beröm och som han arbetade med medan han låg i sängen på grund av sin sjukdom, avslutade han den på följande sätt:

Han fick tio uns fixerat nitrum, fryst som nämnts ovan, och tre uns sprit, extraherad på ovannämnda sätt med fjäderalun. Han smälte en i badet i 24 timmar, destillerade den sedan lätt, och ingenting annat än stinkande flegma passerade in i behållaren. Han tillsatte ytterligare tre uns av sin sprit och satte den i badet för smältning i 24 timmar, destillerade sedan den stinkande flegman igen; han fortsatte att tillsätta ny sprit genom att smälta och destillera så många gånger, tills saltet, på grund av frysningen av sin egen sprit, hade vuxit till en vikt av 20 eller 22 uns och hade blivit nästan flyktigt. Till detta salt tillsatte han 6 uns höggradigt rektifierad sprit och tillsatte den till badet för smältning i 24 timmar.

Sedan destillerade han den stinkande flegman, återförde de övriga 6 uns genom att smälta och destillera flegman, och fortsatte detta hela tiden, tills saltet hade ökat och mångdubblats med vikten av 40 uns; sedan sublimerade han detta salt, som är helt flyktigt och mycket lätt upplöses i olja. Den oljan förångar alla metaller och fixeras med tiden; och den tröttar inte heller ut någon länge, för det är en sann alkahest; och detta salt ensamt är den yppersta medicinen för människokroppen och ger samma fördelar som van Helmont tillskriver sin alkahest. Lullus är den sanna spriten i filosofernas vin, och hittills Glauber, allt vilket jag troget anförtror Ers Majestät, skrivet av hans hand.

Han meddelade inte arbetsmetoden i sina böcker, men jag hoppas att några manuskript från hans änka, som jag har i handen, omedelbart kommer att överlämnas till Ers Majestät. Ändå är det lätt uppenbart från filosofernas böcker att denna alkohol används, även om de tiger om tillverkningsmetoden och om materialet. Ers Majestät kommer att erfara att nitrum löst i olja och olja löst i vinstensalt, genom delikvium, åtnjuter samma smak, styrka och kraft, så att nitrumet är densamma och inte kan särskiljas på något sätt.

Salt är vegetabiliskt och därför mycket lätt att få tag på; jag drar slutsatsen att nitrum är ett naturligt salt, eller att det inte skiljer sig särskilt mycket från det. Jag har ödmjukast sänt till Ers Majestät en bok där Ni med de tydligaste ord, utan någon gåta, kommer att se uppenbarad sammansättningen av filosofernas alkahest eller kvicksilver; vilket, om Ni är av samma åsikt, Ers Majestät inom kort tid kommer att motta i en ytterst strålande form. Hans åsyn kommer att frambringa filosofernas svavl befriade från deras bojor. Under tiden, må Ers Majestät, det gudomliga elementet, blomstra så länge som möjligt. Jag anförtror allraunderdånigt mig själv och min son till Ers Majestäts beskydd och nåd.
Ers Majestäts
ödmjukaste och trognaste tjänare
Samuel Forberger, m. p.
Strålsund, den 12 februari 1689.

English translation (my own):

Most August and Most Powerful Queen,
The fire of Glauber which Your Majesty desires, by which all vegetables, animals and minerals are extracted, corrected and improved without fire, by which even poisons are rendered wholesome, is niter which is fixed in the following way:

The niter, well purified, is mixed with a third of the feathery and horn-like alum, placed in a sufficiently large bowl, which is also well covered with mud, and then coals (not wood) are lit for four days. On the first day the spirit is elicited with a very light fire; on the second day the fire is increased by the violence of large coals, so that all the spirit passes into the recipient. This stage of heating is continued for two more days, so that the remaining salt is well calcined; then, after cooling, the vessel is broken and the salt is extracted from the dead head with water, filtered and frozen.

This salt is put into a crucible, melted, mixed with charcoal dust, so that it is well fixed (this is not necessary); then, by melting in moisture, it is dissolved into oil, which is filtered and frozen. This dissolution by evaporation, filtration, and freezing is repeated three times; the last time it is only dissolved into oil and filtered, but not frozen. This is the oil of alkahest and the fire of Glauber, wet and dry as the craftsman pleases, with which Your Majesty could experience everything that is expressed in Glauber's writings.

And although the distillation described above seems very easy, it nevertheless requires a very skilled craftsman, for I have made a dozen mistakes. And there is a great mystery in the feather alum which retains, fixes and exalts the tincture of niter salt, although the alum remains incombustible and communicates nothing foreign or of its own nature to niter. My son will demonstrate to Your Majesty the extremely difficult process of pulverising feather alum.

Various and lengthy circumstances may also be found in this solvent, which Glauber omitted in his writings, but which I have verified by my own experience with vegetables and minerals (not yet permitted with metals), which, if they please Your Majesty, will be sent at your least behest.

As for Glauber's own most secret sal armoniacus, without fire, to which he attributes such great praises and with which he worked while lying in bed because of his illness, he finished it in the following manner:

He received ten ounces of fixed niter, frozen as was said above, and three ounces of spirit, extracted in the above-mentioned manner with feather alum. He digested one in the bath for 24 hours, then distilled it lightly, and nothing but fetid phlegm passed into the recipient. He added another three ounces of his spirit and put it in the bath for digestion for 24 hours, then distilled the fetid phlegm again; he continued to add new spirit by digesting and distilling so many times, until the salt, due to the freezing of its own spirit, had grown to a weight of 20 or 22 ounces and had become almost volatile. To this salt he added 6 ounces of highly rectified spirit of wine and added it to the bath for digestion for 24 hours.

Then he distilled the fetid phlegm, returned the other 6 ounces by digesting and distilling the phlegm, and continued this throughout, until the salt had increased and multiplied by the weight of 40 ounces; then he sublimed this salt, which is entirely volatile and is very easily resolved into oil. That oil volatilises all metals and becomes fixed over time; nor does it tire anyone for a long time, for it is a true alkahest; and this salt alone is the supreme medicine for the human body and provides the same benefits that van Helmont ascribes to his alkahest. Llull is the true spirit of the wine of philosophers, and so far Glauber, all of which I most faithfully commit to Your Majesty, written by his hand.

He did not communicate the method of working in his books, but I hope that some manuscripts from his widow, which I have in hand, will be immediately transmitted to Your Majesty. Nevertheless, it is easily evident from the books of philosophers that this alkahest is used, although they are silent about the method of making it and about the material. Your Majesty will experience that niter dissolved in oil, and oil dissolved in salt of tartar, through deliquium, enjoy the same taste, strength and virtue, so that the niter is the same and cannot be distinguished in any way.

Salt is vegetable and therefore very easy to obtain; I conclude that niter is a salt of nature, or that it does not differ very much from it. I have most humbly sent to Your Majesty a book in which you will see revealed in the clearest words, without any enigma, the composition of the philosophers' alkahest or mercury; which, if you are of the same mind, Your Majesty will receive in a short space of time in a most splendid form. His sight will bring forth the sulphur of philosophers freed from their bonds. In the meantime, may Your Majesty, the divine element, flourish for as long as possible. I most obsequiously commend myself and my son to Your Majesty's protection and grace.
Your Majesty's
most humble and most faithful servant
Samuel Forberger, m. p.
Stralsund, February 12, 1689.


Above: Kristina.

Notes: This letter was found on Kristina's deathbed in 1689 (she passed away on April 19).

Fire of Glauber is also known as fire water, or fixed niter (K2CO3), which is the result of reducing saltpeter (KNO3) with carbon.

Glauber = Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604-1670), a German-Dutch alchemist and chemist. Some historians of science have described him as one of the first chemical engineers. His discovery of sodium sulfate in 1625 led to the compound being named after him, "Glauber's salt".

nitre = salpêtre.

nitrum = salpeter.

niter = potassium nitrate (saltpetre).

alkahest = a universal solvent sought by the alchemists in Renaissance alchemy.

Forberger did not understand the importance of the feather alum in the distillation. The thermolysis of feather alum generates sulphuric acid, which, in combination with the saltpeter (niter), produces nitric acid, as Glauber had written (Furni Philosophici, oder Philosophischer Oefen, 1647, pp. 28-30). The distillation of saltpeter and alum generated white nitric acid and "red, volatile spirit" [nitrogen dioxide]; in combination with water, this produces more nitric acid (Wentrup, 2023/24).

Sal armoniacus = ammonium chloride (also known as sal ammoniac or salmiac). In his Pharmacopœæ Spagyricæ (1668; 1689) Glauber referred to it by many names in addition to sal armoniacum: Eagle's Wings, Griffon-Claws, fiery Salmiak, Lucifer and Prosperina; without, however, describing either its preparation or composition (Wentrup, 2023/24). One of its uses is as an ingredient in salt licorice.

Glauber's sal ammoniac, or sal armoniacum, was only secret, not most secret. As opposed to ordinary ammonium chloride, this "secret" sal armoniacus was the corresponding sulphate (NH4)2SO4, which is obtained by ammonia and sulphuric acid.

Van Helmont = Jan Baptiste van Helmont (1580-1644), a South Dutch (Belgian) chemist, physiologist and physician from Brussels. He worked during the years just after Paracelsus and the rise of iatrochemistry, and is sometimes considered "the founder of pneumatic chemistry". Van Helmont is remembered today large for his 5-year willow tree experiment, his introduction of the word "gas" (from the Greek word "chaos") into the vocabulary of science, and his ideas on spontaneous generation.

Llull = Ramon Llull (born circa 1232, died 1316), a Spanish Catholic philosopher, theologian, poet, missionary, apologist and former knight, born in Palma de Majorca. He invented a philosophical system known as the Art, conceived as a type of universal logic to prove the truth of Christian doctrine to interlocutors of all faiths and nationalities. He mostly wrote his works in Catalan, but he probably also wrote in Arabic, although no texts of his in Arabic survive; and during his lifetime his works were translated into Occitan, French and Castilian. In the early modern era his name became associated with alchemical works, and more recently he has been recognised as a precursor of the modern field of social choice theory, 450 years before Borda and Condorcet's investigations. His ideas also prefigured the development of computation theory. — Llull is venerated as a saintly figure in the Catholic Church, and he was beatified by Pope Pius IX in 1847. He was a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis.

salt of tartar = pearl ash (potassium carbonate; K2CO3).

Friday, November 7, 2025

Kristina's handwritten note, signed by Pietro Antonio Bandiera, dated February 24/March 5 (New Style), 1688

Source:

Riksarkivet, page 8 in K 429 (Nr 36)/Alchimia et Astrologia; Azzolinosamlingen; Kungliga arkiv



The letter:

Roma 5 Marzo 1688
ho dato al Band[i]era Cento cinquanta Scudi per pagarlo dei suoi avanzi estr[a]ordinarij del anno passato et Jl sopra piu a bon Conto delli sette Cento Scudi che si Doueranno pagar se con Jl Contratto stabilito per la mia stilleria[.]

Jl avanzo estr[a]ordinario suo per lanno 1687 importa Otta[n]ta Scudi il sopra piu delli delli [sic] detti 150 scudi Va a bon Conto del lanno presente
Jo Pietro Ant[oni]o Bandiera
[...]

With modernised spelling:

Roma, 5 marzo 1688.
Ho dato al Band[i]era cento cinquanta scudi per pagarlo dei suoi avanzi estr[a]ordinari del anno passato ed il soprappiù a bon conto delli sette cento scudi, che si dovranno pagarse con il contratto stabilito per la mia stilleria.

Il avanzo estr[a]ordinario suo per l'anno 1687 importa otta[n]ta scudi, il soprappiù delli detti 150 scudi va a bon conto dell'anno presente.
Io, Pietro Antonio Bandiera, [...].

French translation (my own):

Rome, le 5 mars 1688.
J'ai donné à Bandiera cent cinquante écus pour régler ses dépenses extraordinaires de l'année écoulée, et le reste à titre d'acompte sur les sept cents écus dus en vertu du contrat établi pour ma distillerie.

Son excédent extraordinaire pour l'année 1687 s'élève à quatre-vingts écus; le reste desdits 150 écus est imputé à l'année présent.
Je, Pierre-Antoine Bandiera, [...].

Swedish translation (my own):

Rom, den 5 mars 1688.
Jag har givit Bandiera etthundrafemtio scudi för att täcka hans extraordinära utgifter från det gångna året, och resten som förskott på de sjuhundra scudi som skall betalas enligt det upprättade kontraktet för mitt destilleri.

Hans extraordinära överskott för år 1687 uppgår till åttio scudi; resten av nämnda 150 scudi krediteras mot innevarande år.
Jag, Pietro Antonio Bandiera, [...].

English translation (my own):

Rome, March 5, 1688.
I have given Bandiera one hundred and fifty scudi to settle his extraordinary expenses from the past year, and the remainder as an advance payment toward the seven hundred scudi due under the established contract for my distillery.

His extraordinary surplus for the year 1687 amounts to eighty scudi; the remainder of the said 150 scudi is credited against the present year.
I, Pietro Antonio Bandiera, [...].


Above: Kristina.

Friday, October 31, 2025

Corrado Ricci on Kristina's life in Italy, part 5

Sources:

Cristina di Svezia in Italia, article written by Corrado Ricci for Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti, volume 41 (125), pages 36 to 38, published by the Direction of Nuova antologia, 1892; original at the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek)


Roma, visioni e figure: con 29 illustrazioni, pages 150 to 153, by Corrado Ricci, 1925; original at Cornell University


The article:

La regina fu ricevuta a Compiègne freddamente, e ciò forse la persuase a non prolungare troppo la sua dimora in Francia.

Tornò infatti a Roma nella prima metà del maggio seguente, senza menomamente preoccuparsi della grandissima e bruttissima impressione prodottavi dalla morte del Monaldeschi. Già a Francesco Santinelli nelle strade dicevano: «Ecco il fratello del boia». E costui e la regina erano omai ritenuti — lo diremo con frase moderna — capaci a delinquere, tantochè, essendo, poco più tardi, morto improvvisamente il musico Alessandro Cecconi, furono incolpati d'averlo avvelenato. Il papa, vivamente colpito dai fatti e dalle ciarle, aveva scritto a Cristina, consigliandola di nuovo ad entrare in un monastero, mentr'ella si trovava ancora a Roma, non ricevuta con la consueta solennità, ma visitata a poco a poco dal Sacro Collegio e dal papa che le mandò per giunta quattrocento fiaschi di vino prelibato.

Intanto, accorgendosi il Santinelli che a corte la sua autorità cresceva sempre, finì per eccitare la regina ad inframmettersi nelle sue brighe per isposare la duchessa di Ceri, la quale, per lui s'era sbarazzata del primo marito, mercè il valido aiuto dell'acqua tofana. Ma la duchessa fu per ordine del papa bellamente arrestata in casa, chiusa in una carrozza e portata al convento di San Silvestro.

Cristina allora si volgeva ad altre occupazioni; teneva accademie; raccoglieva libri e monete, difendeva i violenti soldati di sua guardia contro le proteste e le ire del cardinal Chigi e del governatore di Roma; per far danari vendeva i finimenti de' suoi cavalli; proteggeva il suo Santinelli sino in presenza del papa in una udienza che durò due ore.

Dopo questi avvenimenti, la regina, incalzata anche dalla questione economica, si mostrò un poco temperata. All'incontro, il Santinelli e la duchessa di Ceri non rallentarono la loro congiura amorosa, cosicchè ella fu trasferita in Castel Sant'Angelo, in alcune celle anguste; e, poco dopo, lui fu obbligato in bella maniera ad abbandonar Roma col pretesto d'un'ambascieria all'imperatore. Ma anche per gente di tale natura «amore non conosce lignaggio e vassallaggio». Nove anni dopo la duchessa di Ceri trovò modo di fuggire da Napoli a Castiglione della Pescaia ove sposò l'adorato Santinelli.

Cristina, che per un istante aveva rallentati i suoi intrighi, trovò modo di rifarsi tormentando con mille dispetti l'ambasciatore di Savoia, e cessando solo distratta da maggior cura, per la morte di Carlo Gustavo di Svezia cui succedeva il figliuoletto avuto da Edvige Eleonora d'Holstein. Adolfo Giovanni, fratello dell'estinto, aveva diritti alla reggenza. Fu allora che Cristina decise di fare un viaggio in patria e — spento appena l'incendio delle sue scuderie — dopo aver raccolti danari, con poco seguito, partì il 23 agosto. In patria fu trattata indegnamente; a lei e agli Italiani del suo seguito furono fatte scortesie d'ogni sorta, cosicchè credè bene di tornarsene a Roma. Fu distratta un poco nel suo ritorno da Gian Francesco Borri, alchimista astrologo, fuggito da Amsterdam e che allora viveva ad Amburgo. Anche Cristina doveva dunque essere attratta dalla misteriosa ciurmeria e profondervi migliaia di scudi. Si mise a cercare la pietra filosofale prima col Borri, poi con un tal Bandiera bolognese, sul quale, nei momenti di dispetto, sfogava sonoramente a schiaffi l'ira sua.

Oramai era circondata da tutti tipi comici ed equivoci, e di loro si serviva o per loro si moveva.

Basti dire che, dopo un feroce conflitto tra Francesi e Corsi, non si peritava di mandare ambasciatore in Francia il d'Alibert, specie d'impresario, sempre in angustie, fondatore del teatro a Roma e, come tale, da lei nominato suo... segretario d'ambasciata; basti infine dire che, più tardi, riannodava le relazioni con la Duchessa di Savoia in grazia del musico Giuseppe Bianchi protetto dalla regina. La Duchessa desiderava che costui restasse a Torino, e per questo appunto fra le due sovrane passarono più pratiche e più lettere, che non pel maggiore degli affari diplomatici, e saltò fuori, per una seconda volta, la faccenda dei manoscritti di Pirro Ligorio, il prestito dei quali, da parte della Duchessa, doveva valere il prestito del cantante. Ma poi la corte di Savoia temporeggiò sino a restituire il cantore senza aver prestato i manoscritti.

Nel 1666 Cristina tornando in Isvezia accoglieva al suo servizio Orazio di Borbone, una canaglia di tre cotte, che, come tutti gli avventurieri del tempo, avea solenne aspetto, facile e brillante parola.

Ad Amburgo però le giunse per lettera la notizia della morte d'Alessandro VII, a cui successe (20 giugno 1667) Giulio Rospigliosi di Pistoia col nome di Clemente IX. Il nuovo papa, con viva soddisfazione di Cristina, nominò segretario il cardinale Azzolini, favorito di lei.

English translation (my own):

The Queen was received coldly at Compiègne, and this perhaps persuaded her not to prolong her stay in France too long.

Indeed, she returned to Rome in the first half of the following May, without the slightest concern for the profound and horrific impression made there by Monaldeschi's death. Already, in the streets, people were shouting to Francesco Santinelli: "Here is the executioner's brother". And he and the Queen were now considered — we will use a modern phrase — capable of crime, so much so that, when the musician Alessandro Cecconi died suddenly shortly thereafter, they were accused of having poisoned him. The Pope, deeply shocked by the events and by the gossip, had written to Kristina, again advising her to enter a monastery, while she was still in Rome, not received with the usual solemnity, but gradually visited by the Sacred College and by the Pope, who also sent her four hundred flasks of exquisite wine.

Meanwhile, Santinelli, realising that his authority at court was constantly growing, ended up inciting the Queen to interfere in his plans to marry the Duchess of Ceri, who, for his sake, had rid herself of her first husband, thanks to the powerful aid of Acqua Tofana. But the Duchess was promptly arrested at home by order of the Pope, locked in a carriage, and taken to the convent of San Silvestro.

Kristina then turned to other occupations: she held academies; she collected books and coins; she defended the violent soldiers of her guard against the protests and the ire of Cardinal Chigi and the Governor of Rome; to raise money she sold the trappings of her horses; she protected her Santinelli even in the presence of the Pope in an audience that lasted two hours.

After these events, the Queen, also pressed by economic concerns, showed herself a bit temperate. Upon meeting Santinelli and the Duchess of Ceri, their romantic plot did not slow down, so she was transferred to Castel Sant'Angelo, to cramped cells; and, shortly thereafter, he was politely forced to leave Rome under the pretext of an embassy to the Emperor. But even for people of such nature, "love knows no lineage or vassalage". Nine years later, the Duchess of Ceri managed to escape from Naples to Castiglione della Pescaia, where she married her beloved Santinelli.

Kristina, who had temporarily slowed down her intrigues, found a way to make up for it by tormenting the ambassador of Savoy with a thousand insults, only to cease when distracted by greater cares, the death of Karl Gustav of Sweden, who was succeeded by his little son with Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein. Adolf Johan, the deceased's brother, had rights to the regency. It was then that Kristina decided to make a journey to her fatherland, and — as soon as the fire in her stables was extinguished — after gathering money, she left with a small entourage on August 23. In her fatherland, she was treated unworthily; she and the Italians in her suite were subjected to every kind of discourtesy, so she decided to return to Rome. She was somewhat distracted on her return by Gian Francesco Borri, an alchemist and astrologer who had fled Amsterdam and was then living in Hamburg. Kristina must therefore also have been drawn into the mysterious deception and lavished thousands of scudi on it. She began searching for the philosopher's stone first with Borri, then with a certain Bandiera from Bologna, upon whom, in moments of spite, she would vent her anger by slapping him hard.

By now she was surrounded by all sorts of comical and dubious characters, and she made use of them or acted for them.

Suffice it to say that, after a fierce conflict between the French and the Corsicans, she did not hesitate to send d'Alibert, a sort of impresario, always in dire straits, the founder of the theater in Rome and, as such, appointed by her as her... embassy secretary, to France. Finally, suffice it to say that, later, she renewed relations with the Duchess of Savoy through the musician Giuseppe Bianchi, a protégé of the Queen. The Duchess wished him to remain in Turin, and for this very reason more paperwork and letters passed between the two sovereigns than for any other major diplomatic matter. And, for a second time, the matter of Pirro Ligorio's manuscripts arose, the loan of which, by the Duchess, was supposed to be equivalent to the loan of the singer. But then the court of Savoy procrastinated and finally returned the singer without having lent the manuscripts.

In 1666, Kristina, returning to Sweden, welcomed into her service Orazio de Bourbon, a rascal of the highest rank who, like all adventurers of the time, had a solemn appearance and a quick, brilliant speech.

In Hamburg, in the meantime, she received a letter informing her of the death of Alexander VII, who was succeeded (on June 20, 1667) by Giulio Rospigliosi of Pistoia, who took the name Clement IX. The new Pope, to Kristina's great satisfaction, appointed Cardinal Azzolino, her favourite, as his secretary.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Corrado Ricci, painted by Ettore Tito in 1913.

Note: The Duchess of Ceri = Anna Maria Caterina Aldobrandini (1630-1703).

Thursday, October 23, 2025

Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès's biography of Kristina in "Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits", year 1834, part 10

Sources:

Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits, page 85, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, 1834; original at the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France)


Memoirs of Celebrated Women of All Countries. With Portraits by the Most Eminent Masters, page 246, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, translator anonymous, 1834; original at The British Library


The biography:

Christine avait, sur toute chose, le goût des beaux-arts, ou, pour parler plus juste, le sentiment des arts. Elle fit, en Italie, des collections de médailles, de statues: elle s'occupait de chimie, de physique, de tout ce qui était un élément pour son esprit actif et novateur. ...

English translation (by anonymous translator):

Christina displayed uncommon taste for the fine arts. During her stay in Italy she made various collections of medals and statues. She studied chemistry, natural philosophy, and indeed everything that could feed her active and searching mind. ...


Above: Kristina.


Above: Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès.

Note: chemistry = alchemy.

Friday, August 22, 2025

Faith Compton Mackenzie on the Hamburg incident and on Kristina's attempt to be elected as queen of Poland

Source:

The Sibyl of the North: The Tale of Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 220 to 232, by Faith Compton Mackenzie, 1931; original scan at the Universal Digital Library


The account:

CHAPTER XV
FIREWORKS
ON the night of July 25, 1667, Christina's palace at Hamburg was a blaze of illuminations. The centre-piece represented the Eucharist among clouds, adored by angels, and beneath it was an allegorical figure of the Church treading Heresy underfoot. The Rospigliosi arms crowned all.

Alexander VII was dead[,] and Cardinal Giulio Rospigliosi had been elected Pope. Christina had every reason for jubilation, because there had been a very strong chance of Cardinal Farnese succeeding to the Papacy. This would have been a disaster for her, because Farnese as Governor of Rome had made no secret of his disapproval of the Northern Queen and the conduct of her household. He had had to deal severely with her servants on several occasions for public misdemeanours, and sometimes had them beaten through the street. Then there had been a little unpleasantness on the Lungara — nothing really important, from a political point of view, but not helpful to their relations. The Farnese family owned a pleasure garden next door to the Palazzo Riario in Rome. The Cardinal loved to take his leisure in this retreat, which was known as the Vigna Farnese. He was as passionately interested in his flowers as Christina was in hers, and, because the wells of the Vigna Farnese were not inexhaustible, he bribed the keepers of the fountain of Pope Paul V, which was supposed to be reserved for Christina's exclusive use, to divert some of the water into his own garden.

"Very well", said Christina to her gardeners when she discovered this. "Pull down the palisades that keep his terrace from falling into my garden, and let us see what happens."

The terrace duly fell into her garden, and there it had to remain, because under the circumstances the Cardinal could not with dignity have the mess cleared up and a new wall built. Christina was never very good at reprisals, which always seemed to recoil on herself.

Rospigliosi had been Alexander VII's Secretary of State, and was one of Christina's closest friends. He was a great gentleman, with a cultured taste in all the arts, and a character that made him justly beloved. Christina had every reason to rejoice. But, however natural her delight at the result of the Conclave, her manner of showing it was perversely extravagant.

Hamburg was an exclusively Protestant city where the practice of the Catholic Faith was strictly forbidden by law. Any public demonstration of joy would be out of place, and might be to the detriment of Holy Church. But, deaf to the urgent appeals of the authorities of Hamburg, who prophesied disaster, she persisted in planning a feast which was to last three days, and to be inaugurated by High Mass in one of the rooms of the Palace. Court mourning for the consort of John Casimir of Poland, who had died a few weeks before, was abandoned. The Marquis del Monte, who was always at hand to encourage the Queen in extravagances from which he never failed to make handsome commissions, was the organizer of this ill-conceived affair.

Mass was celebrated, and so that all the world should know it, guns were fired at the elevation. These guns were placed in the square in front of the Palace. A grand banquet followed Mass, and the Prince of Hesse Homburg, who had been one of Christina's strongest dissuaders, was present. An enormous crowd had been outside the Palace for some hours, attracted not only by the prospect of fireworks, but by the two fountains of wine which were playing abundantly in the square. As soon as it was dark[,] the front of the Palace blazed with hundreds of flares. The great set piece revealed itself; the swirling arabesques of fire illumined the inscription:

"CLEMENS IX PONT: MAX: VIVAT"

The Eucharist! The adoring angels! The Papal Diadem and Keys!

The cannon roared. The people shouted for joy, because a shout of joy is the only possible response to fireworks, whether they are in honour of the Pope or the Devil. Christina and her guests appeared in the square and stood among the crowd watching the enchanting spectacle. Though the Azzolino arms did not appear in the illuminations, this display was a secret tribute to the beloved Cardinal, for had not His Holiness himself sent word to her that he had made Azzolino his Secretary of State?

This was a momentous evening, and[,] in spite of the scaremongers[,] it had been successful, she thought. Standing on the steps of her residence, she looked back at the solid mass of human faces illumined by the already dying glow, and was not disquieted by the glint of the thousands of eyes turned upon her, nor by the thunderous clamour which greeted her retirement into the Palace. Detestable Hamburghers! They did not deserve such a glorious spectacle.

But as soon as she was gone the lights began to sputter, the glory began to fade, and, worst of all, the fountains of wine ran dry. The spell was broken. The Papal emblems — the crude symbolism, now blackened with smoke and dripping with foul wax, matched the rapidly changing mood of the intoxicated people. They had been captivated by beauty at first — exhilarated by generous wine. Now the stink of grease filled their nostrils, the darkness that followed brilliance and the aftermath of wine turned the excited crowd into a vengeful, dangerous mob.

The Queen bade her guests good-bye and retired to bed. Her room was in the front of the Palace, and she had not been there long when a shower of stones crashed through her window. The noise outside was now terrifying. The mob was trying to break into the Palace, and was hurling itself against the doors, which were hastily secured as soon as the danger was realized. Fortunately Christina's principal guests had not gone far. The Prince of Hesse and his friends had gone to the cemetery of St. Michael's church to watch the dying fireworks and the crowd, and hastened to the Palace when they saw the changed mood of the people. Hesse went to the Municipality for help, and another guest, the Count of Leiningen, to the Commandant of the town to ask for military assistance. The Commandant replied that he had been advised not to interfere, and by the time Leiningen arrived at the Palace with this news[,] the situation was desperate indeed. It was obvious that Christina and her household were in peril of their lives. The mob was ferociously determined to storm the Palace, and there was only one way of saving it and themselves.

Christina gave the order to fire. The cannon which had saluted the Pope boomed again, musketry cracked, a deadly fire swept the square, and of the Hamburghers some fell dead and many were wounded. At this juncture the Commandant of the town, having changed his mind about coming to the aid of the Papist Queen, arrived with his soldiery and drove off the rest of the now terrified crowd, which was already flying from the scene.

By back streets, and carefully guarded, the Queen was escorted to the house of the Swedish Minister, where she took refuge for the night. But next morning she was round at the Palace, which was continually surrounded by a large crowd of curious people, among whom she walked unconcerned, giving orders for the necessary repairs, and in three days she was installed again, as though nothing had happened. By way of reprisal she gave orders to her governors in Sweden to confiscate all Hamburg ships found in the ports of her island of Öland [sic]. As Hamburg had no trade with Öland, this act of hostility meant nothing at all, but the Regency, to make it clear to her that she had no power in Sweden, and further to humiliate her, forbade Bååt to take any notice of this command. Christina dealt generously with the families of the dead and wounded, and Hamburg seems to have resigned itself to her continued presence, for she remained another year engaged in the bitter task of dealing with financial problems.

Her leisure was spent in the laboratory of the famous physician and alchemist, Borri. She sought, as usual, the philosopher's stone. Borri was sufficiently notorious to have been burnt in effigy in the Campo de' Fiori at Rome after he had fled from a process for heresy. Over the Alps he fled to Germany and Holland, and wherever he went he performed sensational cures and miracles of alchemy. In Hamburg he did not find the philosopher's stone nor the solvent alkahest which, when found, would be, so it was said, even more potent than the stone. But he cured the Marquis del Monte of a serious malady, and, if a letter had not arrived from Azzolino telling Christina that Borri was an excommuniqué and that his presence in her Court was not well seen at the Vatican, he might well have become a permanent institution. He was immediately dismissed, and went to Denmark, where he flourished under the patronage of Frederick III. Years later he died in captivity.

The excellent Adami was still in Sweden endeavouring to secure, once for all, the Queen's revenues. As well attempt to turn base metal into gold! After two years of disheartening effort[,] he was succeeding with the renting of her islands, in spite of the Regency's delicately placed obstacles and the governor Bååt's open hostility. Bååt and Appelmann, who should have served Christina's interests, were creatures of Magnus de la Gardie, and there was no possible chance of easing her financial situation so long as the Chancellor was in power. He would see to that. Adami, though Christina had warned him, never quite gauged the perfidy of the Chancellor. The honest Italian was really working very hard, and did not deserve the constant criticism and haughty tone of Christina's letters to him. He had jealous enemies at Court, among them del Monte and Santini, and they were always ready to meet her moods of exasperation with a note of distrust.

Adami was at last so discouraged by her letters that he asked for his recall. Christina had no sooner given it than she began to dream of returning to Sweden. So Adami must remain. She wrote a polite letter explaining why his recall should be cancelled, but unfortunately the letter before that had openly accused him of dishonesty, a monstrous charge in the face of his loyal disinterested service. He left Stockholm at once, announcing there that the Queen had given him his congé, and arrived in Hamburg at the beginning of the year 1668. Christina was now conscious that she was losing a faithful servant, and attempted to be friendly with him.

"When I am on my way back to Rome, I hope I may see you at Loreto?" she said when he came to take his congé.

She always stopped at the shrine of Our Lady of Loreto (which was near Fermo, the birthplace of Azzolino and Adami)[,] where she had left her diamond crown and sceptre, on her first journey through Italy.

Adami, proud and deeply wounded, merely said coldly: "If I happen to be at Fermo", and went from her presence without compliments. Before he left Hamburg for Italy[,] he told del Monte and Santini and even, it was said, Texiera, what he thought of them. He had lost in the game of courtiers because he was an honest and simple soul. He lacked the graces of Santinelli, and he was not physically attractive to the Queen, which was the principal cause of his undoing.

Christina's renewed desire for Sweden was roused by the news that the postponed Diet would really sit in 1668. The usual wearisome exchange of proposals and negatives heaped up a mass of futile correspondence. While the Regency was quite firmly determined that Christina should never enter Sweden again, she on her side was only half-hearted in her attempt to do so. She knew her threats disquieted the Regency, and it was the only revenge she could take for the discomforts with which they encumbered her path. While she was always longing for Rome and detesting more and more the cold North, she was still a victim of ambition.

When someone remarked that she should console her cousin John Casimir of Poland for the loss of his consort, she said darkly: "I may sit on the throne, but not beside him."

John Casimir had reigned at Warsaw since 1648. He was a feeble degenerate and childless member of the Vasa family, and had been a cardinal before he came to the throne. When his wife died he chose to abdicate and return to the Church. Promises from Louis XIV of substantial benefices if he abdicated before September 20, 1668, hastened his retirement, and on the 16th of that month he formally resigned the crown.

Another empty throne!

There were four candidates for it; the Duke of Neubourg, the Prince of Condé, Prince Charles of Lorraine and the son of the Czar of Russia. There was not much to choose between them. The Poles themselves hated the French, Germans and Russians with good reason, but they favoured Condé because he was supported by the great Sobieski.

Christina determined to be the fifth candidate. Tradition was in her favour, and this was not the first time she had looked towards Poland as a possible solution of her ambiguous situation. Her sex was against her, but, as Azzolino wrote to the nuncio at Warsaw, Monsignore Marescotti, "all the world now looks upon the Queen not only as a man, but as superior to all men".

The Pope approved of the project, though he had already promised his protection to the Duke of Neubourg and the Prince of Lorraine, but that was before Christina announced her resolve. So long as a Catholic ruled in Poland — that was the main thing. He issued a secret brief to the Polish Diet urging the election of Christina, "that heroine remarkable for her piety, her wisdom and her virile courage".

Most enthusiastic of all was Azzolino. Whatever his motive for wishing to see Christina on the Polish throne, he worked without ceasing for that end. She was, he declared to Marescotti, born to command an army, to endure the privations of war. In support of this statement he instanced her long hours in the saddle without food or drink. (Many years ago this. Christina was now forty-two, and her health was uncertain.) Her courage and martial spirit only needed proving, said Azzolino. He did not stop at the praises of Christina. The abdicating King should be flattered; he might be useful. Hearing that he wanted to live in the Papal States, Azzolino offered him his own estate at Fermo. John Casimir found the idea attractive, and negotiations were almost completed when his stipulation that he should be allowed liberté des femmes brought the affair to an abrupt close. Azzolino was not going to have any ecclesiastical scandals in his own country if he could help it. John Casimir ended his days in France.

When the question of marriage came up, Azzolino hastened to assure Marescotti that Christina would marry whom the Polish Diet wished. Christina herself, when approached on this subject, merely agreed that she would not marry anyone to whom the Polish Diet objected. Then came the delicate question of the succession, and it was hinted that the Queen's age was against her providing an heir. At this Azzolino threw reserve to the winds. He declared (in confidence) there was no reason why she should not have a son, because her temperament was still so vigorous that there was every prospect of this possibility for another ten years. Whereas, in her youth, her excessive ardour might have prevented conception. This was from one man of the world to another. As the whole business was a profound secret, such clear evidence of Azzolino's familiarity with Christina's temperament need not go farther than the nuncio. This somewhat bewildered person was doing his best to steer between the various candidates so as not to lose the cardinal's hat which at least two of them were holding out to him. The Pope's strict injunction to secrecy made it possible for him when approached by Christina's emissary, Hacki, to put his finger to his lips intimating that by order of His Holiness the subject must not be discussed; so negotiations went slowly. Christina had also held out a cardinal's hat, but Marescotti had little faith in it, at first. As the months went by, however, and the massive correspondence of Azzolino and Cardinal Rospigliosi (nephew of the Pope) piled up the evidence of His Holiness's desire that Christina might be chosen as his candidate, Marescotti thought it prudent to divulge the secret of the Papal choice to one of the most influential electors, the Bishop of Posnanie.

When Marescotti whispered the name of Christina, the Bishop crossed himself several times and begged his friend not to joke with him. It was later made quite clear that the idea of a woman, however good a man she might be, would not be entertained for a moment by the electors. Azzolino and Rospigliosi were begged to save the Pope from disappointment and cancel the candidature of Christina, because there was no possibility of her being chosen. Fortunately the secret had been well kept and[,] the cancellation could be done without much embarrassment to the Pope or to Christina. When the election took place there was no mention of her, and indeed the other four candidates had no better fortune than she had, for the Poles elected one of their own princes, Michel Korybut Wiesnowiecki, who burst into tears when he knew he was elected, reigned ingloriously for four years, and was succeeded by John Sobieski himself.

During the nine months of the Polish negotiations Christina was at Hamburg, sad and ill, hardly sharing the enthusiasm of Azzolino for the new project. Even the summer was cold and dreary. Fires were necessary in August, and she had constant headaches and sore throats. Azzolino's letters were evidently full of reproaches, and he complained that he could not keep up her household without funds, and hinted that rumours of her extravagance in Hamburg had reached him. This subject always reduced her to a state of despair. His treatment will kill her, and, indeed, she longs to die. If he has so poor an opinion of her, why does he think her worthy to rule over Poland? And then, his cruel treatment will never change the unalterable affection that she will have for him — till death. That is always the sum of it. She will never cease to love him.

A few weeks before Christina left Hamburg for Rome, a very curious Englishman appeared on the scene. He was a Carmelite priest; his name was, according to Christina, "Cornicz". He was on his way to Rome from England, which he had left rather suddenly. Christina, hearing that he was ill and a priest, sent such help as was necessary to him, and when he came to pay his respects she was, she declared to Azzolino, amazed at his appearance. He was clothed in a flame-coloured suit covered with ribbons, his hair was elaborately curled and he wore a point de Paris cravat "handsomer than my own". This bright creature attached himself to her household, and was known as il frate delle fettucie because of the ribbons with which he decked himself. He spent his time drinking and meddling scandalously with Court affairs, and announced to the world that he was one of the Queen's gentlemen, whereas she says that she only spoke to him twice — once at the first audience, when she told him to change his habit, and the second time when she advised him to stop gossiping. It was not until she had to dismiss him for choses indecentes that she mentioned him to Azzolino, and then probably only because he would certainly go gossiping to Rome. He was such a type as Christina might have been amused to study for a while, but a type that is inconvenient in a household.

It is not surprising that Adami should have revenged himself against his enemies as soon as he arrived in Rome. He visited Azzolino and revealed to him the perfidy of del Monte in particular, assuring the Cardinal that he and Santini were always ready to sell the Queen's secrets to the highest bidder, that del Monte was, in fact, a black-guard and a traitor and not fit to be in her service.

The result of this was that del Monte was sent to Rome by Christina, to justify himself or to die. Naturally he justified himself, and no doubt Azzolino was easily persuaded of his innocence. Another execution by Christina should at all costs be avoided. The Marquis returned triumphant to escort Christina from Hamburg, but he was a little late and met her on the road.

"I leave this place with the joy of a soul escaping from Purgatory — and I hope I have done a good part of mine here", she writes to Azzolino on the 20th of October. This is her last letter to Azzolino from Hamburg, written on the day of her departure for Rome. Its optimistic tone is not justified by events. She declares that she issues gloriously from the Purgatory that was Hamburg, and implies that the Swedish affairs are settled to her and, she is sure, to his, ultimate satisfaction.

On the contrary, those two years of struggle, sickness and unhappiness were years utterly wasted. She had better have been in Rome, among her books and pictures and her flowers, breathing in the gold, sunlit air she so much needed, enjoying those precious days which "only endured a moment". Whatever good came out of those two years had been accomplished by Adami in Sweden, for[,] in spite of de la Gardie, his efforts had produced a slight improvement in the delivery, if not in the extent, of her revenue. That was all. Sweden was definitely forbidden her during the King's minority, and the Polish affair was still undecided when she left Hamburg. Her genius, so prodigal and so perverse, had spent itself in perplexing calculations and gargantuan correspondence which led to nothing — nothing — nothing at all.

. . . . . . .

Near Luneburg, on the way South, a cannon, saluting her, burst into a thousand pieces.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pope Alexander VII.


Above: Pope Clement IX.


Above: Cardinal Decio Azzolino.


Above: Lorenzo Adami.


Above: Faith Compton Mackenzie.

Notes: Marie Louise Gonzaga, queen consort of Poland, had passed away on May 10, 1667, at 55 years old.

Posnanie is the French name for the Polish city of Poznań.