Showing posts with label Entry into Rome. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Entry into Rome. Show all posts

Friday, September 5, 2025

Biography of Kristina in "The Town and Country Magazine", year 1774, part 8

Source:

The Town and Country Magazine, Or, Universal Repository of Knowledge, Instruction, and Entertainment, volume 6, page 639 (December, 1774), published by Archibald Hamilton, 1774; original at Harvard University


The biography:

She went afterwards to Rome, and her entry into that capital had all the air of a triumph. The pope was desirous that she should consider, what he called, her victory over error, as a more glorious conquest than had ever been gained over the most warlike nations. Several days were spent in feastings, after which she gave herself up entirely to her taste for the belles-lettres, the sciences, and the arts. One day as she admired a marble statue of the cavalier Bernin, representing Truth, a cardinal, and a lover of the concetti, coming up to her, said, "One may truly say, Madam, that never sovereign loved truth so well as you, in appearance." "Because", replied she, "all truths are not of marble."


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pope Alexander VII.

Saturday, July 26, 2025

Ellen Creathorne Clayton on Kristina and her love of martial and military culture and settings, year 1879

Source:

Female Warriors: Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism, from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era, volume 1, pages 195 to 197, by Ellen Creathorne Clayton, 1879; original at the California Digital Library


The biography:

Christina of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, the great Protestant hero of the Thirty Years' War, inherited her father's native love for battles, soldiers, even the smell of powder — all, in fact, that pertains to a warrior's life. When she was about two years old, her father took her to Calmar. The governor did not know whether to give the customary salute, afraid lest the child might be frightened by the noise of the cannon. But Gustavus, whom he consulted, replied, after a moment's hesitation: —

"Fire! The girl is the daughter of a soldier, and should be accustomed to it early."

The salute was therefore given. Christina clapped her hands in delight.

"More! More!" she cried.

Pleased to see her evident predilection for the taste of gunpowder, Gustavus Adolphus took his daughter, soon after, to see a grand review. She displayed even greater delight than before, and Gustavus said, with a smile: —

"Very well; you shall go, I am resolved, where you shall have enough of this."

However, the early death of Gustavus Adolphus hindered him from ever fulfilling this promise; and Christina, in her memoirs, regrets that she was not permitted to learn the art of war under so illustrious a master.

In 1647 [sic], at the age of twenty-nine [sic], Christina resigned the crown of Sweden. Passing through Denmark and Germany, she proceeded to Belgium; and from Innspruck she went to Rome, which she entered in state, attired in the costume of an Amazon, and mounted on a war-horse.


Above: Kristina as a baby with her parents. Drawing by Willem Hendrik Schmidt.

Wednesday, July 9, 2025

Faith Compton Mackenzie on Kristina's journey to Rome, her public conversion in Innsbruck, and her arrival in Rome

Source:

The Sibyl of the North: The Tale of Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 124 to 136, by Faith Compton Mackenzie, 1931; original scan at the Universal Digital Library


Kristina's letter of October 25/November 4 (New Style), 1655 to Karl Gustav is here:


The account:

CHAPTER VIII
THE ROAD TO ROME
CHARLES GUSTAVUS had not only sent Count Tott to Brussels, but he had given him letters addressed to numerous kings and princes for Christina to present as she passed through their domains. In this he showed that he was not confident of her reception in her altered circumstances. It was a decent but tactless action, and Christina spurned these letters of introduction. Her own glory and fame were passports to the whole world, even, surely she was convinced, to heaven itself when the time came. Montecuculi was sent on ahead with a letter to the Archduke of Innsbrück announcing her intention of staying in that town on her way to Rome.

There was little incident on the journey from Brussels, except a visit from King Charles II of England and the Duke of Gloucester at Königstein. Christina was one of the many ladies Charles had wanted to marry. Whitelock had been shocked to hear herself confirm the rumour of his proposals, but until this moment she had not seen the exiled King. It was observed that when they conversed he uncovered, and remained so throughout the interview, "with great reverence." They talked for two hours.

Through historic Nördlingen she went, and would not stay for banquets offered her, but pressed on, through Frankfurt, Rottenburg, over the Danube to Augsburg. Here she was shown a table at which her father had dined after one of his victories. She shed a few tears for the memory of the great Gustavus Adolphus. But the Alps were in sight, and every day the call of the South became more insistent.

On the 26th of October the ascent of the mountains began, and at Zirla, a little village, she was met in state by the Archduke and Archduchess[,] who conducted her to Innsbrück. Here Monsignor Holstenius had everything prepared for the public reception of Christina into the Church. With him had come Père Malines, who had been one of the disguised visitors to the Court of Stockholm. He was sent to meet the Queen, and explain to her the details of the ceremony as desired by the Pope, and she expressed herself ready to obey the orders of His Holiness with great humility.

On the 3rd of November Innsbrück was en fête for one of the most remarkable ceremonies it had ever seen. Christina, clad in a severe black silk gown with no ornament save a wonderful cross composed of five large diamonds, walked through the carpeted streets to the Cathedral, where she renounced the faith of her fathers. She read her long profession in a clear, deep, emotional voice, kneeling, with the Archduke and Pimentelli beside her, and at the end a Jesuit preached a sermon on the text: "Hearken, O daughter, and incline thine ear; forget also thine own people and thy father's house."

Great rejoicings followed this ceremony, and in the evening an Italian musical comedy was played before the Queen. This was considered inappropriate to the solemn occasion, and a sort of apology was offered to Christina for the want of taste of the organizer of the entertainment. Christina, who had thoroughly enjoyed it, replied:

"Gentlemen, it is most appropriate that you should entertain me with a comedy after the farce I played for you this morning."

This remark, so typical of Christina, was seized upon by her enemies and indignantly repudiated by her admirers. No doubt the atmosphere, in spite of the Italian comedy, was hanging rather heavily about her, and it was her pleasure to lighten it. She enjoyed a pageant while it lasted and her profession was sincere, but now that it was over[,] her spirits began to bubble over again. She could not be serious for long, and her reactions were swift, her temperament resilient.

Next day she wrote this letter to Charles Gustavus:

"SIR AND BROTHER, — I have arrived here safely, and I have received the permission and orders of His Holiness to declare myself what I have long been. It is a great happiness to me to obey him; and I prefer the glory of obeying him to ruling over the dominions which are now yours. You should be pleased with this resolution of mine, even though you disapprove of it, because it is so much to your advantage. I assure you that it does not alter my affection for you, nor the love I have for Sweden, which will never change.
Your affectionate sister and friend,
CHRISTINA.
November, 1655."

While the four replicas of her profession were being made, the days were spent in "virtuous recreations", according to her historian Gualdo. The documents were signed by Christina; one she kept herself, one was sent to the Pope, and the other two were placed in the archives of Innsbrück and the Vatican.

And now at last — Italy!

Perhaps the journey from Innsbrück to Rome was the happiest and least troubled period of Christina's life. There was all the joy of anticipation; there was the glorious satisfaction of being the most discussed figure in Europe — a crescendo of gossip was almost audible even as she crossed the Alps. What would the errant Queen do next? Anything was possible. The world was watching for new developments. And a soothing fact was the momentary absence of financial cares. A handsome present from Charles Gustavus towards the expenses of her journey and a huge loan effected in Antwerp solved all present problems. On the 8th of November the company set out, escorted for a few miles by the Archduke and all the nobles of Innsbrück. Over the Brenner pass to Stenzing [sic]; over the clear Adige river to Trent, where the Prince of Trent entertained her with great pomp. The Venetian Republic, having no wish to waste money on useless entertainments, and being engaged on its fifth war against the infidel Turk, had forbidden her and her company to enter the State of Venice, on the pretext of plague in the country they had passed through. They contented themselves with a present of fish, plenty of compliments and good wishes for her journey.

Then across the river Po to Rovere, where the Duke and Duchess of Mantua came to greet her; and here, it is sad to relate, she was also greeted by rain, which fell with tropical violence for two days. In spite of the mud, the usual ceremoney [sic] of descending from their coaches for a formal greeting was observed, the Duke standing bare-headed, and both parties entreating one another to get in out of the rain and mud.

A gorgeous banquet was held in Christina's honour at the Ducal Palace, from which Pimentelli was absent on account of ill-health, and then in pouring rain she set out across the fens for Ferrara. Half-way there she was met by the four nuncios sent from Rome with a Papal brief for her, and a special carriage and travelling-bed to bring her to Rome. Though she had renounced for the moment travelling en cavalier and went in her coach and six English black horses, she was dressed on this occasion in a black velvet cape of masculine cut, with wide collar and grey trimmings.

But what pleased her more than the Papal brief or the travelling-bed was the sight of the Marchese Girolamo Rossetti's wonderful bridge over the Po at Ponte del Largo. It was wide enough for four carriages to pass abreast, rested on forty-six great barcone, and was one of the most beautiful constructions in Europe. A luxurious barge decorated with the arms of the Pope and Christina had been prepared to take her across the river at this point, but she insisted upon going by the bridge, which was immediately lined with soldiery not only to salute the royal party, but to demonstrate the solidity of the structure.

Two days festa for Ferrara! Christina was now in the Papal State, and she sent Montecuculi to Rome with letters of humble thanks to the Pope for his graciousness. Don Luigi Pio di Savoia, brother of one of the nuncios, gave a great banquet for her at Ferrara. Music and painting were discussed. Music, she said, was the ornament of princes, and her favourite artists were Bernini and Pietro di Cortona. On the subject of architecture she declared that St. Peter's in Rome, the Duomo in Milan, and St. Paul's in London were surely the greatest cathedrals, but the latter had, alas, become a stable.

Another glass of wine!

Never had she drunk so much wine as since she came into Italy, but then, never had it tasted so good.

At this there was some respectful drollery. Cardinal Vescovo ventured that in his opinion she drank nothing but water. Two glasses of wine were nothing but due sorsi.

A really amusing banquet, and her first intimate encounter with members of the Sacred College.

Everywhere the same ceremonies greeted Christina. Salvos, fanfares, triumphal arches and fireworks — banquets and special Masses in all the churches. In deference to the great learning of the royal traveller, academies were organized for her amusement, long panegyrics were read by the leading local intellectual lights, and many ladies, no doubt radiant stars in their own ambient, were moved to recite poems in her honour. At Bologna there was a magnificent tournament by the principle nobles and gentlemen of the city in which more than a hundred and fifty lances were broken. This kind of entertainment Christina preferred to second-rate academies. At Faenza specially elaborate preparations had been made for a display of local talent. No fewer than thirty compositions, ecclesiastical and secular, in several languages, were to be recited as spiritual food for Her Majesty after the usual banquet. But no sooner was the banquet finished than Christina rose hurriedly, announcing that she was obliged to continue the journey immediately, though it was late in the evening and no preparations had been made. She had most decidedly not come to Italy to be bored. Whatever her taste may have been in human beings, in intellectual matters she was fastidious.

At Forli she had to endure an academy, but was consoled by the present of a wonderful white horse which she had admired. She set off in full panoply again, astride her horse, and was met by the Governor of Rimini, and it was twilight when the cavalcade entered the Piazza, which was gaily illuminated, and at the doors of the Palazzo Pubblico nobly dressed pages held torches as she passed. On the stairs she found a large company of ladies quaintly attired, who performed solemn and well-rehearsed dances for her before the inevitable academy began.

The next important place was Pesaro, and to Christina it was more important than she guessed. A great company came out to meet her, including the very eminent Cardinal Homodei, Legate of Urbino, with fifty of his Swiss Guards. But more notable even than Cardinal Homodei were two young gentlemen of what Gualdo calls nobiltà conspicua, the Counts Francesco and Ludovico Santinelli, sons of Count Alfonso Santinelli, the first knight of Pesaro.

This fascinating pair of brothers, if not conspicuous for their nobility, were conspicuous in the entertainments arranged for Christina. They first attracted her attention at the festa held in her apartments on the night of her arrival. They opened with a gagliarda, and because they were dancing with capes and swords, Christina begged them to remove both, so that she could see them better. They then danced another gagliarda, which so delighted Christina that she called for a canario. They executed this with delightful grace. Francesco Maria counted among his many accomplishments the making of a verse, and Christina had already been presented with a finely bound volume of his poems, consisting chiefly of praise of herself. After the dancing[,] she supped privately to the music of a violin and lute.

Next day, after hearing Mass in the monastery of St. Catherine, and spending some time with the nuns who were famous for their singing, she lunched publicly with the Cardinal. Here Francesco Santinelli had the honour of serving her. After lunch the Queen was again enchanted by the Santinelli dancing. This time it was a Spanish Cachuca and Ludovico[,] the agile performer. The academy which followed was naturally more sophisticated and amusing than those of the less important cities, the more so as the talents of the Santinellis were again in evidence; for Francesco was responsible for the whole programme, which Christina later declared to be the most diverting entertainment of all her travels. She cannot be blamed for falling a little bit in love with the Santinellis.

At the next point in her journey, Sinigaglia, a ridiculous comedietta[,] was performed by the brothers, which had been written by Francesco in a single night for her amusement.

And this was not the end of the table of their accomplishments. After the comedietta she was curious to see how these two young men sat a horse. There followed a splendid exhibition of horsemanship and swordsmanship before which all her defences fell, and they were, with very few formalities, attached to her suite as gentlemen of the chamber, which is no doubt what they had been playing for.

At Loreto, as soon as Christina saw the cupola of the sanctuary in the distance, she descended from her horse and knelt reverently. Later, she laid at the feet of Our Lady of Loreto a beautiful sceptre and crown set with diamonds and pearls, on one of which the face of the Virgin was clearly visible. This was obviously a symbolical act of homage, but next day when she was asked if she would like to see where the precious objects had been put, she said:

"No, such bagatelles aren't worth looking at."

The gesture was done and finished with.

The rest of the journey was a crescendo of fireworks, rejoicings, rain, mud, and sometimes snow. At Storta, a few miles out of Rome, two cardinals of royal blood headed a great procession that came out to greet her in the name of the Pope. One of the cardinals was Frederick of Hesse, whom Christina had tried to dissuade from joining the Church a few years ago. Though her entrance into Rome was strictly incognito, she was accompanied by an imposing company of cardinals, noblemen, coaches and cavaliers and Pope's Guard. She rode in a state coach and wore her usual grey dress, black cape and no jewellery[,] but a single ring. Rome was reached late in the evening. In spite of the hour[,] a huge crowd waited in the Vatican gardens, and had no compunction in following her into the Vatican itself.

"Is this how one enters Rome incognito?" she asked, laughing.

But the Pope was waiting for her, and soon she was walking between two cardinals through the vast torch-lit galleries of the Vatican, eager to see the only being on earth whom she considered worthy of her homage.

With her hands crossed on her breast[,] she knelt at his feet. For the first time in her life[,] she humbled herself — a new sensation, and for that not to be despised. The Pope, as enthusiastic as she at the meeting and all it implied, raised her and set her beside him under his canopy, a place of honour conceded to few. Thus they conversed for half an hour. This interview, and all subsequent private audiences, were conducted with open doors; Alexander was not going to risk a repetition of the scandal regarding the sainted Gregory VII and Mathilda of Tuscany.

Courtesy seemed to demand that Christina should be invited to spend at least her first night at the Vatican, as her arrival was so untimely and the weather so unpleasant. Fortunately there were the apartments built by Innocent VIII, so far away from His Holiness's own quarters that there was no fear of the slightest embarrassment. Alexander himself had supervised the preparation of the Queen's retreat, which looked upon the magnificent Belvedere gardens. With exquisite sensibility he ordered an inscription under the figure of Tramontano (North wind) to be erased from the Torre de' Venti, for fear she or her people should take it amiss. It was "Omne malum ab aquilone" ["All evil comes from the north."].

Christina was guest at the Vatican for a few days, and the first morning she was up at an early hour — she must have had no more than her usual allowance of three hours' sleep in spite of the physical and mental strain of yesterday. She wandered in the Belvedere gardens with Montecuculi and Monsignore Acarigi, Cup-bearer to His Holiness, conversing in French, and no doubt admiring with interest the incomparable statuary therein. The Rhodian Laocoon had pride of place in those gardens, and in niches to protect them from the weather were many of the glorious statues which are now to be seen only in museums. Fountains were playing[,] and perhaps the sun was shining while Christina walked in the Belvedere gardens with her companions. The "bel vedere" was of Rome, and her short-sighted eyes gazed out with wonder at the city of her desire.

The silver coach, litter and sedan chair designed for her state entry into Rome by Cavaliere Bernini — where could they be seen?

Her curiosity was immediately satisfied. Bernini was sent for. He was probably only just round the corner superintending the great work of his life, St. Peter's Colonnade. He was at any rate at hand, and took Christina to see the Pope's gifts, which were wonderfully designed with elaborate figures and many inventions of the great sculptor. Sky blue velvet and silver galloon were used for the hangings and upholstery, and for the six pure white Neapolitan horses that were to draw the coach there were draperies of the same and silver harness. Christina examined every detail with enthusiasm.

"Whatever is bad about it is my work", said Bernini with affected modesty.

"Then none of it can be yours", she declared.

Now she must see the white saddle-horse the Pope was also giving her. The beautiful animal was led out, and Christina mounted it at once. She proceeded to give a remarkable display of horsemanship, performing some feats bareback[,] to the amazement of the onlookers. A yearly tribute from Naples to the Pope was a chinea — a pure white horse, probably a small breed with an Arab strain, and it was one of these that Christina was finding so responsive, so quick to turn, so lively and mettlesome.

Silver coaches were all very well — anyone could ride in them....

The Vatican library was then explored, and Holstenius, who was librarian, must have shown her treasures she envied, most of all two parchment Virgils of a thousand years ago. Holstenius himself had a collection of rareties, one of the finest in Europe. So Christina's first day in Rome was after her own heart. Her public entry into the city was supposed to take place three days after her arrival, but the preparations were so vast that it had to be postponed. Instead, His Holiness visited Christina in her apartments, and they walked up and down conversing (with curtains and doors wide) in her private room. When he left her, it was observed that she accompanied him to his chair and shut the door of it with her own hands, with many other pretty acts of reverence.

The day of the State entry was a Roman holiday. Bombs and guns resounded from daybreak. But again the weather threatened to spoil everything. In a deluge Christina set out from the courtyard of the Belvedere in the Pope's carriage with her huge following, through the Porta Angelica and outside the gates to the villa built by Giulio III, and there for several hours the vast company waited for the rain to stop. Just when it had been decided to abandon the procession[,] the clouds broke, the sun burst through, everybody cheered up[,] and the great cavalcade started. At the Porta Flaminia, now the Porta del Popolo, the immense procession was met by the College of Cardinals on horseback, and here Cardinal Barberini welcomed her in the name of the community. The gate had been completed by Bernini in her honour after Michael Angelo's original design, to which had been added an inscription commemorating the "happy and joyous entry of Queen Christina" (Felici faustoque ingressi Christina Suecorum Reginæ) A. D. 1655. Over the gate the Papal arms, six hills surmounted by a star, were united with the Vasa sheaf of corn, which was not unlike the fascia of modern Italy.

Bernini's silver coach and litter were notable features of the procession, but they were empty. At the last moment Christina had decided to enter Rome on her white chinea. Bernini's own sentiments on the occasion are not recorded, but Rome was amazed to see the regal convert astride her steed, booted and spurred, as though for the chase instead of her solemn reception into the Catholic fold.

Alexander had impressed upon his cardinals and those about the Vatican that this Queen from the North was not likely to understand Latin ways. Decorum must be strictly observed. No chattering or spitting. Let them beware; the honour of the Church depended greatly upon their behaviour. The steps of St. Peter were lined with cardinals when Christina dismounted in the Piazza and strode up the steps to be received by them. She wore a mantle of black over her grey and gold just-au-corps, grey and gold breeches (some say white) and a huge cavalier's hat[,] heavily plumed.

Whatever the cardinals may have thought about decorum, whatever they may have expected to see, they did not flinch, not even the ancient Gian Carlo and Sforza, who[,] by reason of their years and position[,] were detailed to lead her to the Pope who stood at the High Altar. Here she was received, and the Piazza of St. Peter resounded with the deafening explosions of bombs great and small, while she kissed the toe of His Holiness, and he declared that her conversion was so precious that heaven itself must be en fête.

Two days later, on Christmas Day, she was confirmed, taking the name of Maria Alexander [sic], the latter in deference to the Pope and because Alexander the Great was one of her heroes. Her last day at the Vatican was signalized by an invitation to dine with His Holiness. As the rule forbade his eating at the same board as a woman, they had separate tables, the Pope's being a few inches higher than hers. Likewise[,] his chair of red velvet was slightly more exalted. But she had a royal seat specially made for her, surmounted by a canopy. Don Antonio de la Cueva, her Grand Equerry, and Francesco Santinelli were in attendance on her. Conversation was not necessary, because a sermon was preached by the Jesuit Father Oliva throughout the lengthy repast, during which Christina interpolated a few observations which everyone found brilliant and to the point, but which were not recorded. After dinner they were again in private conversation, and the evening concluded in Christina's apartments with a musical and dramatic entertainment.

Next day, with many regrets expressed on both sides, Christina exchanged the hospitality of the Vatican for Palazzo Farnese.

Life in Rome had begun at last.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.


Above: Pope Alexander VII.

Sunday, June 29, 2025

Biography of Kristina, by Edgar Sanderson et al., year 1900, part 3

Source:

Six Thousand Years of History, volume 5 (Famous Women), pages 234 to 236, by Edgar Sanderson et al., 1900; original at Pennsylvania State University


The biography:

June 24 [sic], 1654, the last direct scion of the race of Vasa stood before her Senate. The aged Count Brahé refused to take the crown from her head which he had placed there a few years before. He considered the bond between Prince and subject to be indissoluble, and held the proceedings before him to be unlawful. It was in opposition to the will of God, to the common right of nations, and to the oath by which she was bound to the realm of Sweden and to her subjects — he was no honest man who had given her Majesty such counsel (Schlözer's Swedische Biographie, article Peter Brahé.). The Queen was on this account compelled to lift the crown from her own head, as this was the only way the aged statesman would receive it. With crown and scepter laid aside, in a plain white dress, Christina then received the last homage of her estates, or houses. The speaker of the House of Peasants knelt before her, shook her hand and kissed it repeatedly, burst into tears, and thus departed from the daughter of his adored Gustavus Adolphus. This was the very moving sentimental side of the scene, but the machinations of the Jesuits were known to at least a few, and the operations of Christina were carefully watched, so that she feared her plans might yet miscarry. A fleet awaited her, but while she intrusted her property to the ships, she did not intend to so intrust her person. She was by this time almost a foe of her country, and the Swedes did well to be careful. The blunt warriors of the Northland had made a jest of Christina's dead languages; her disputes about vortices, innate ideas, etc.; her taste for medals, statues, pictures; her payments to the makers of books, like Salmasius. In this way she had come to despise her fellow-countrymen as barbarians. She took everything curious or valuable out of the royal palace, put it on the ship, and then, giving everybody the slip, set out by carriage for Hamburg. When she came to a little brook that then separated Sweden from Denmark, she got out of her carriage, and, leaping to the other side, cried out: "At last I am free, and out of Sweden, whither, I hope, I shall never return." She dismissed her women and assumed the dress of a man, not an unusual thing to do when traveling in those times. "I would become a man", she said, "yet I do not love men because they are men, but because they are not women." She prepared to publicly embrace the ancient faith at Brussels, and solemnly renounced Lutheranism at Innspruck. Her act was the reigning sensation in France. At Brussels she met the great Condé, who made that city his asylum. "Cousin", said she, "who would have thought, ten years ago, that we should have met at this distance from our countries?" "How great is the magnanimity of a Princess", said he, "who could so easily give up that for which the rest of mankind are continually destroying each other, and pursue throughout their whole lives without attaining?" The venerable Pope Innocent, suspecting that a public reception at Rome would be expensive, saved his money and reserved the honor for his successor, Alexander VII, by suggesting delay. When Alexander invited her, promising his benediction, she hastened towards Rome, and offered her crown and scepter to the Virgin at Loretto. All the cities of the Roman states gave her a public reception, and the new Pope, whose ambition was gratified by this Catholic triumph over Protestantism, exhausted the apostolic treasury to celebrate with due solemnity the conversion of the learned daughter of the great heretic. It was at Rome, that, in honor of the Pope, she adopted the second name of Alexandra, which she afterward bore. She rode on horseback in Amazon costume[,] and the vast crowds that Rome turns out were astir with exultation. Triumphal arches, illuminations, feasts, flags, and processions celebrated her act of homage to the Pope.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pope Alexander VII.

Wednesday, April 30, 2025

Anna Brownell Jameson's biography of Kristina, part 12

Source:

Memoirs of celebrated female sovereigns, volume 1, pages 69 to 71, by Anna Brownell Jameson, 1831; original at the University of Toronto


Kristina's letter from Rome of January 6/16 (Old Style), 1656 to Ebba Sparre is here:


Her letter from Brussels in 1655 to Ebba Sparre is here:


The biography:

At Inspruck, she repeated more publicly her abjuration of the Protestant faith, and was solemnly received into the bosom of the Roman Catholic faith. Several of the archdukes and others of the German nobility, had assembled at Inspruck on this occasion. Here, as at Brussels, her conversion was solemnised by banquets, balls, illuminations, and comedies; and such was the pomp and magnificence with which she was surrounded, that Christina, a queen and a philosopheress, was dazzled and turned giddy. She was heard to repeat with evident and childish pleasure, "O, che bella! bella!" Meantime her own deportment was not more decorous than formerly. On the evening of the same day on which she had made a solemn profession of faith in the cathedral at Inspruck, she was taken to a comedy presented for her amusement: "'Tis but fair", said she to those around her, "that you should treat me to comedy, after I have treated you to a farce."

After a stay of eight days at Inspruck, she continued her journey, being everywhere received with the honours due to rank, and gazed on with wonder and curiosity. On the 19th of December [sic] 1655, she made her public entry into Rome, mounted on a white horse, à la cavalière, and surrounded by all the principal nobility and clergy: she was conducted amidst incessant discharges of artillery, and with every mark of honour and of triumph, to St. Peter's, where she was received and confirmed by the Pope, and had the honour of kissing his slipper. We are told that the Roman ladies were extremely astonished at the masculine attitude and dress of Christina, who entered Rome not as a convert and a penitent, but rather as a victorious empress, triumphing as the conquerors of old; but on being told that she had made war on the King of Denmark, they thought her Amazonian appearance perfectly natural. When the festivities with which her first arrival was celebrated left her at leisure, Christina took up her residence in the Palazzo Farnese, and spent some months in visiting the curiosities and antiquities of Rome, and in receiving the compliments of the learned men and the various academies.

It appears, that after the first sensations of excitement and interest were over, the Romans began to view their new visitor and proselyte with more wonder than approbation. Her extreme levity — not exactly of conduct, but of language and of manner — scandalized the people; and the haughty indifference, and even contempt, with which she treated the nobles and the women of the highest rank, gave great offence. Her tranquillity and her independence were daily troubled by the dissensions of her household, and the want of money. Her revenue from Sweden was not punctually paid; and instead of the learned leisure, the pleasures, and amusements in which she had expected to indulge, she found herself beset by vexation and difficulties, such as she had never anticipated, and which her proud, careless spirit was ill calculated to endure. She wrote from Rome to Ebba Sparre, and although she would not confess her mortification and disappointment, the melancholy tone of her letter forms a striking contrast with that which she had written from Brussels but a few months before. Soon afterwards, she was seized with a dangerous disorder, from which she recovered with difficulty.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Ebba Sparre.


Above: Anna Brownell Jameson.

Saturday, February 8, 2025

Ada Harrison's biography of Kristina, part 12

Source:

Christina of Sweden, pages 45 to 49, by Ada Harrison, 1929


The biography:

She had already become a Roman Catholic in practice, but had desisted, perhaps for Sweden's sake, from making a public profession of faith. She appealed to the Pope, Alexander VII, to be allowed to continue as she was, but he, naturally wishing to have his prize declared to the world, refused to allow her in Papal territory until she should have made her profession public. The ceremony was fixed to take place at Innsbruck, and, having been a year at Brussels, she set off south.

Her travelling arrangements were characteristic. Her fortune, for a royal personage, was not great, she was a bad manager, and the shoe was already beginning to pinch. Yet for the journey she attached to herself and conveyed with her no less than two hundred persons, a retinue of many nationalities and innumerable varieties, all pushing southward in the amiable occupation of sponging on the queen. The number of women in the train was five.

The profession was made on October 26th, 1655, in the Cathedral at Innsbruck, before a brilliant company. From A Letter concerning the manner of the Queen of Sweden renouncing her religion and embracing the Popish: written by an eye-witness at Innsbruck in Tiroll, we learn that 'the Archduke of Tiroll resolved to give her an extraordinary entertainment. He sent letters to all the gentry and nobility in this country and to his friends in parts adjacent to wait upon him in their bravery at the court'. After the ceremony, 'there were trumpets and drums and loud musick very fine', and in the evening a comedy was played before the royal convert.

The comedy tempted one historian, Chevreau, to father a false witticism on to Christina. 'It is but reasonable', he reports her to have said, 'that they should entertain me with a comedy to-night when I have so highly entertained them with a farce this morning'. But this is slander. It would be a poor creature who could fail to be moved on the day of her conversion, and Christina, though worldly, was perfectly sincere in her adoption of the Roman Catholic faith. Nor was she fool enough to risk giving such dangerous offence. Her eyes at this moment were fixed upon Alexander and upon Rome, and the Pope, having won his point about her public avowal of faith, was acting irreproachably towards her. Lucas Holstenius, the legate sent to receive her into the church, was a converted Lutheran like herself, who should perfectly understand her feelings. The chief nuncio who met her at the boundary of the Papal states was likewise a convert; more, an accountant of the Apostolic Treasury was sent to 'supply money unsparingly and to settle all accounts'. The trumpets and loud music continued fortissimo all the way to Roma. From Ferrara and Bologna to Spoleto, Terni and Bracciano, every city on the queen's zig-zag route vied with its neighbours in offering masses, entertainments, triumphal arches and complimentary verses. The queen visited Assisi, vowed her crown and sceptre to the Virgin at Loreto, everywhere witnessed plays and spectacles, and at Rimini made a notable addition to her train in the persons of the brothers Santinelli. These two poor provincial gentlemen had been adopted on account of their dancing, not in itself a bad recommendation, but hardly one to fit them for the high positions to which the infatuated Christina later promoted them.

Four days before Christmas the queen was in the environs of Rome. From Innsbruck she had written to the Pope fully resolved to do her part. Out of compliment for him[,] she added the name Alessandra to her own; she was full of 'the glory of obeying your Holiness'. She was in tempestuous love with humility, and 'stripped of all greatness, together with her blood and life'[,] she offered to the Pope 'the blind obedience that is his due'. In this mood she hurried travel-stained and incognito to the Vatican, to fling herself at the Pope's feet.

Alexander met her more than half way. He received her with the utmost graciousness, raised her up immediately and had her sit at his right hand under the baldacchino on a velvet chair decorated with silver doves, designed by Bernini for this purpose. Finally, as the greatest concession in his power, he had her conducted after the interview to apartments in the Vatican itself, especially refurnished for the occasion. It was against all precedent, but the Belvedere, being just separate from the main Vatican, allowed of this exceptional courtesy being offered to the queen. For her regular use the Farnese Palace had been prepared and decorated with crimson and purple velvet, with green and scarlet damask and with new carpets and tapestries. To his compliments Alexander added the solid blessing of a pension of twelve thousand crowns.

The next day Christina made her formal entry into Rome. She came by the Ponte Molle, down the Via Flaminia, through the Flaminian gate redecorated with a Latin message of welcome from the Pope's pen, down the Corso and so across the river to St Peter's. The weather was terrible, but the occasion brilliant. The day had been declared a solemn festival, and the finest decorations were ordered out. Rome, adorned not with festoons of paper strips, but with brocade and damask and every brilliant stuff floating from the windows, was magnificent for the guest. The procession itself glowed with cardinals and princes, with uniforms and liveries, with coaches of silver and bridles of gold. It paused just outside the city at the Villa Giulia for the queen to receive the Pope's presents, a carriage with six horses, a litter with porters and a white horse superbly harnessed. She mounted the horse and rode on under the Porta Flaminia, a little figure in sober colours, wearing a grey skirt and bodice embroidered in gold, a black cloak, and a wide black hat with a gold cord. The flashing Roman ladies were presented to her. Their dresses did honour to the occasion, for we are told that one outfit cost 700,000 écus. They were, however, to learn at the outset how much Christina appreciated this kind of effort. She received them with a curt word, and drove immediately through the city to St Peter's, which was gorgeous in draperies from floor to ceiling and so thronged that there was hardly standing-room on the vast floor. Here she worshipped publicly, and the city was given over to festival. The whole occasion, when for the instant poetry, circumstance and principle were blended, was one of the pinnacles of her career. The next day Christina had a headache, but while she nursed it in the magnificent apartments of the Farnese Palace, she could reflect with satisfaction how a sovereign uncrowned was far more glorious than a sovereign enthroned. This was the end of the year 1655.


Above: Kristina.

Monday, January 13, 2025

Guglielmo Bilancioni on Kristina's virilism, part 4

Sources:

Una viragine regina: il virilismo di Cristina di Svezia, article written by Guglielmo Bilancioni for Rassegni di studi sessuali e di eugenica: anno IV, pages 318 to 324, published by Aldo Mieli, 1924


A plaine and easie introduction to practicall musicke, page 1, by Thomas Morley, 1597


Aldo Mieli at WikiPink - L'Enciclopedia LGBT+ italiana


Rassegni di studi sessuali at WikiPink - L'Enciclopedia LGBT+ italiana


The article:

Partita dalla sua patria, dopo avere spedito a Roma le sue collezioni di quadri, di libri, di monete, di pietre preziose, di manoscritti, di libri rari, or con veste di donna, or con veste di uomo, or con un misto dell'una e dell'altra — mutava talora assise nella stessa carrozza da viaggio — mise a rumore molte città italiane, ove ebbe entusiastiche accoglienze.

L'8 aprile 1655 diveniva papa — Alessandro VII — il senese Fabio Chigi, fautore dell'arte e della scienza. Con quale avvenimento più fausto della regale conversione poteva iniziare il suo regno? Si preparò ad accogliere Cristina figlia del re che a Lützen, al momento dell'attacco, aveva tatto intuonare dal suo esercito il salmo di Lutero «Dio ci è asilo, rifugio, forza...», con lo splendore degno di un neofita che abbandonava patria, trono, religione avita. Ma neppure durante le prime feste la svedese seppe nascondere l'indole sua. Spesso le piaceva lanciare qualche esclamazione audace in momenti solenni, o una facezia piccante, o scoppiava a ridere al cospetto di un alto personaggio.

Un contemporanio osservava:

«Elle a des gouts fort dissipés, et passe son temps dans la société des hommes. Elle n'a aucun souci de la bienséance ni des moeurs. Les tableaux, les spectacles, les bouffonneriers sont ses uniques plaisirs; tout ce qui touche à la religion, elle le fuit et l'evite avec soin».

Cristina stessa confermava, certo amando di esagerare: «Mes occupations sont de bien manger et de bien dormir, étudier un peu, causer, rire et voir les comédies... et passer le temps agréablement».

La repubblica veneta, allegando le condizioni sanitarie pessime, la fece deviare e le rese omaggio a Dolo. La riceverà Bologna con tale magnificenza, da ricordare l'incontro, in quella città, di Clemente VII con Carlo V imperatore. Nell'Archivio petroniano si conservano delle miniature che illustrano i cortei di quei giorni: spari di artiglierie, fuochi d'artificio, funzioni a San Petronio, una visita al Santuario della Madonna di San Luca e al museo di storia naturale di Ulisse Aldovrandi, un pranzo con dame in maschera, una giostra. Al ballo Cristina portava la parrucca blonda, spalmata di manteca e cosparsa di cipria, un fazzoletto al collo di punto genovese con nastro aranciato, come il giubbetto guernito d'oro e d'argento. Uguale richezza di guarnizione copriva la sottana grigia.

Poi il viaggio in Romagna e nelle Marche: Rimini, Cattolica, Fano, Ancona; appena scorge il santuario di Loreto discende dalla carrozza e s'inginocchia. Lo stesso pontefice presiedeva ai preparativi in Roma: la berlina era adorna di pitture e di statue dorate.

L'avvenimento era oggetto della facondia di tutta la poesia seicentesca: il padre Giuseppe Silos ha un epigramma Christina Alexandra Suetiae Regina Romanam Religionem complectitur, et Romam petit e una iscrizione Pro Adventu Romam Sueciae Reginae. Il Filicaja canterà poi l'
«Alta Reina, i cui gran fatti egregi
Tacer fia colpa, e raccontar periglio.»

Cristina entrò la sera del 20 dicembre, seguita da una fiaccolata. La porta interna di Piazza del Popolo, le cui decorazioni furono condotte da Lorenzo Bernini per ordine di Alessandro VII (1655) ha sull'attico, come ricordo dell'avvenimento, la scritta Felici faustoque ingressui, A. D. MDCLVII.

Si presentò al papa, al quale, dopo tre inchini, baciò il piede e le mani. Egli la sollevò con garbo e la fece sedere. Tuttavia il suo contegno non fu troppo devoto, per lei specialmente che aveva scritto «La vita dedicata a Dio». Durante la messa chiacchierava con i cardinali i rideva rumorosamente, mentre poi sali ginocchioni la Scala Santa.

L'ingresso trionfale avvenne il 26. Secondo Claretta «portava una sottana e un giustacuore di colore bigio ricamato d'oro. Un mantelletto nero le copriva gli omeri, forse per celare il difetto di una spalla. Aveva in testa un cappello a larghe falde attorniato da un cordone d'oro». Per Arckenholtz era vestita da amazzone, con piume diffuse al cappello e montava un cavallo bianco al modo degli uomini. Ciò confermano molti cronisti e Lilliecorna [sic] in un rapporto a Carlo Gustavo, aggiunge che le dame romane «étoient surprises de voir la reine assise à cheval comme un cavalier, portant des culottes chamarées».

In molte cose metteva tratti virili; avendo avuto qualche disputa con il cardinale De Medici, se ne vendicò facendo appostare un cannone detto lo spinosa contro il suo palazzo e lanciò ella stessa qualche proiettile contro il portone, senza neppure ammiccare; e al tempo stesso era capace di ascoltare, piena di sereno contegno, un discorso d'omaggio al Collegio Romano.

Alberto Bally, che la vide a Parigi, scrive: «Elle est fort petite, un peu boiteuse, mal faite de corps, et de visage fort brun... Elle marche à grands pas, s'arrête peu et a la voix fort grosse».

Aveva infatti tutti i segni esteriori e psicologici di un virilismo morboso: la carnagione bruna e fosca, coperta da une fitta lanugine, il profilo risoluto e aspro, le sopracciglia arcuate, il naso lungo, la bocca larga e il mento sottile, la voce grave baritonale e certe angolosità e durezze di gesto. Quando le dame francesi le furono intorno per baciarla, esclamò freddamente e con mal celata ripugnanza: «Quelle fureur ont ces dames à me baiser? Est-ce à cause que je ressemble à un homme?».

E correva l'epigramma:

«À sa jupe courte et legère,
À son pourpoint, à son collet,
Au chapeau chargè [sic] d'un plumet,
Au ruban ponceau, qui pendoit
Et par devant et par derrière
À sa maine galante et fière
D'Amazone et aventurière:
À ce nez de Consul Romain,
A cette fierté d'héroine,
A ce grand oeil tendre et hautain;
Sudain je reconnus Christine.»

Il papa aveva fatto provvedere a che nulla mancasse nel suo palazzo e che le dispense fossero ben fornite. Ma con lei entrò il disordine; i servi rubarono persino le gronde di rame del letto, oltre mobili e arazzi!

Sebbene volesse darsi un contegno, la sua natura fantastica prevaleva e poneva in serio imbarazzo il protocollo della corte pontificia con il partecipare in modo sguaiato — fu detto il carnevale della regina per antonomasia — ai divertimenti e ai balli carnevaleschi.

Era un misto di degenerazione e di una certa genialità.

Così volle istituire una Accademia Reale, che divenne poi l'Arcadia, nel palazzo de' Riari (Corsini). Riunirsi ogni tanto a declamare e a improvvisare versi e prose e sdilinquire sulla cadenza di una strofa trillata da due labbra più rosse del necessario, tra personaggi austeri in volto e pettegoli nello sguardo, in mezzo a una collana di scollature rinomate e aristocratiche! Parrucche, guardinfanti, ciprie, frusciar di gonne rigonfie e brillar di sorrisi dietro i ventagli, graziosi ripari alla malizia: dolci versi e amori idilliaci, gorgogliar di ruscelli e piogge di petali, belati d'agnellette timorose e innamorate tra i cespugli fioriti e baciamani pieni di sussiego, di rispetto e di salace riservatezza. Canti, musiche, ritornelli carezzevoli!

Il gusto artistico era in Cristina dote ereditaria, essendo stato il padre buon poeta e oratore. Scrisse persino dei versi in italiano e nell'Endemione di Alessandro Guidi ve ne sono dei suoi, oltre la traccia del poema. Ella attrasse alla sua corte Descartes, H. Grotius, Salmasius, Bochart, Huet, Naudaeus, Vossius, Meibom, G. A. Borelli, Schoeffer, Freinsheim, Isaac, Loccenius, e tenne corrispondenza con un gran numero di scienziati e di artisti, mostrando — come cantò il Filicaia — che sapeva comprendere
«... tutte l'arti, e tutti
Gli studi e l'opre di natura, e quanto
Il ciel', la terra e i flutti
Chiudono in sè...»

S'era persino data a studiare il canto, come un baritono qualunque, con disappunto grande del pontefice; ma si deve riflettere che allora saper cantare a prima vista o sonar violino e liuto era condizione di perfetta coltura. Elisabetta d'Inghilterra, che leggeva più latino in un giorno che non un prelato in un mese, non si vantava di saper suonare il clavicembalo al punto che all'ambasciatore scozzese Melvil [sic], inviato da Maria Stuarda chiese, dopo essersi fatta sentire, se la rivale la superasse in quest'arte? E se dobbiamo credere a quanto il Morley narra, nell'introduzione alla «Musica», la corte e la nobiltà di Inghilterra erano, in quel tempo simile al nostro rinascimento, così smaniosi di musica, che «trovandosi un tale in casa di signori e sparecchiato e recati libri di musica secondo il costume, la padrona gli presentò una parte pregandolo di cantare». Avendo il malcapitato confessato candidamente la sua ignoranza, ognuno fece le più alte meraviglie, come mai «un tale zotico» si fosse insinuato in loro compagnia. Aneddoto che ricorda come Temistocle, invitato fra la gioia di un convito a suonare la lira, avendo opposto un rifiuto, fu tacciato da uomo rozzo e incolto.

A Cristina l'amore dell'arte del canto e della commedia fece commettere delle sconvenienze. Il pubblico, una sera, al teatro Barberini, dopo averla attesa a lungo, perchè la rappresentazione potesse cominciare, l'accolse poi con urla e fischi. Essa s'inchinò ringraziando con atto di sprezzante confidenza. Altra volta, a un simile dispetto del pubblico, per un nuovo indugio, rispose fischiando. La plebe cessò di rispettarla; al Corso le rivolse motti salaci, a cui ella rispose con risa scurrili.

E occorre pensare che, dato il divieto misogino e la presenza dei musici evirati sulla scena, il teatro non riusciva certo una scuola di moralità; il Gorani narra molti fatti, che mostrano quanta corrutela allignasse sulla scena e fra il pubblico. I lazzi sconci dovevano essere di comune reportorio; quando si pensi che i cantori castrati avevano raggiunta una tal perfezione nella imitazione delle donne — come nota l'Archenholtz — «che uno spettatore inesperto, trovandosi a una certa distanza, non può indovinare il loro sesso, e, poichè con la voce è vinta la maggiore difficoltà, essi si sforzano nel portamento, nei gesti, nelle movenze e nel tratto d'imitare le donne.....»

Cristina aveva scelto come confessore il cardinale Decio Azzolini di Fermo, ingegno vivace, parlatore brillante, bell'uomo favorito da molte dame. Egli presso il pontefice fu spesso il patrocinatore dalle benevoli attentuanti delle mancanze di tatto della sovrana.

«Mais Azolin dans Rome
Sceut charmer ses ennemis;
Elle eût sans ce grand homme
Passé des tristes nuits»
scriveva il Coulanges con sottile malizia.

Questo fu uno della lunga serie degli amici della regina. Godevano poi di sue relazioni intime tal Francesco Maria Santinelli, suo cameriere maggiore, ed il marchese Rinaldo Monaldeschi, grande scudiero; quest'ultimo fu da lei fatto uccidere durante il soggiorno al castello di Fontaineble[a]u, come già Caterina Sforza Riario aveva segnato la sentenza di morte di Jacopo Feo.

English translation (my own):

Having left her homeland, after having sent her collections of paintings, books, coins, precious stones, manuscripts, rare books to Rome, now in a woman's dress, now in a man's dress, now in a mixture of both — she sometimes changed seats in the same traveling carriage — caused a stir in many Italian cities, where she received enthusiastic welcomes.

On 8 April 1655, Fabio Chigi of Siena, a supporter of art and science, became Pope — Alexander VII. With what more auspicious event than the royal conversion could his reign begin? He prepared to welcome Kristina, daughter of the king who in Lützen, at the moment of the attack, had heard Luther's psalm "God is our shelter, refuge, strength..." from his army, with the splendour worthy of a neophyte who had abandoned her homeland, her throne and her ancestral religion. But not even during the first parties did the Swede manage to hide her nature. She often liked to utter some bold exclamation during solemn moments, or a piquant joke, or she burst out laughing in the presence of a high personage.

A contemporary observed:

"She has very dissipated tastes and spends her time in the society of men. She has no concern for decorum or morals. Paintings, spectacles and buffoonery are her only pleasures; everything that touches religion, she shuns and takes pains to avoid."

Kristina herself confirmed, certainly loving to exaggerate: "My occupations are to eat well and sleep well, study a little, chat, laugh and see comedies... and pass the time agreeably."

The Venetian Republic, alleging the terrible health conditions, diverted her and paid homage to her in Dolo. Bologna received her with such magnificence, to remember the meeting in that city of Clement VII with the Emperor Charles V. In the Petronian Archives there are miniatures that illustrate the processions of those days: artillery shots, fireworks, functions at San Petronio, a visit to the Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca and to the natural history museum of Ulisse Aldovrandi, a lunch with ladies in masks, a carousel. At the ball Kristina wore a blond wig, smeared with rouge and dusted with powder, a handkerchief around her neck in Genoese stitch with an orange ribbon, like the jacket trimmed with gold and silver. The same richness of trimmings covered her grey skirt.

Then the journey to Romagna and Marche: Rimini, Cattolica, Fano, Ancona; as soon as she sees the sanctuary of Loreto, she gets out of the carriage and kneels. The Pontiff himself presided over the preparations in Rome: the berlin was adorned with paintings and gilded statues.

The event was the subject of the eloquence of all seventeenth century poetry: Father Giuseppe Silos has an epigram, Christina Alexandra, Sueciæ regina romanam religionem complectitur, et Romam petit and an inscription, Pro adventu Romam Sueciæ reginæ. Filicaia will then sing of the
"High Queen, whose great deeds are egregious
Keeping silent will be a sin, and telling will be dangerous."

Kristina entered on the evening of December 20, followed by a torchlight procession. The internal gate of Piazza del Popolo, whose decorations were carried out by Lorenzo Bernini by order of Alexander VII (1655), has on the attic, as a reminder of the event, the inscription Felici faustoque ingressui, A. D. MDCLVII.

She presented herself to the Pope, whose foot and hands she kissed after bowing three times. He lifted her up gently and made her sit down. However, her behaviour was not very devout, especially for her who had written "A life dedicated to God". During the Mass, she chatted with the cardinals and laughed loudly, while then she climbed the Holy Stairs on her knees.

The triumphal entry took place on the 26th. According to Claretta, "she wore a skirt and a grey doublet embroidered with gold. A black cloak covered her shoulders, perhaps to hide the defect of one shoulder. She had on her head a wide-brimmed hat surrounded by a gold cord". According to Arckenholtz, she was dressed as an Amazon, with feathers scattered around her hat, and was riding a white horse in the manner of men. This is confirmed by many chroniclers, and Lilliecrona, in a report to Karl Gustav, adds that the Roman ladies "were surprised to see the Queen sitting on horseback like a cavalier, wearing colourful breeches."

In many things she displayed virile traits; having had some dispute with Cardinal de' Medici, she took revenge by placing a cannon called the spinosa against his palazzo, and she herself launched some projectiles against the door, without even blinking; and at the same time she was capable of listening, full of serene demeanour, to a speech of homage to the Roman College.

Albert Bally, who saw her in Paris, writes: "She is very small, a little lame, badly formed in her body, and has a very brown face... She walks with great strides, stops rarely and has a very deep voice".

She had, in fact, all the external and psychological signs of a morbid virilism: the dark and swarthy complexion, covered with a thick down, the resolute and harsh profile, the arched eyebrows, the long nose, the wide mouth and the thin chin, the deep baritone voice and certain angularities and hardnesses of gesture. When the French ladies gathered around her to kiss her, she exclaimed coldly and with ill-concealed repugnance: "What a fury these ladies have to kiss me! Is it because I look like a man?".

And the epigram ran:

"By her short and light skirt,
By her justaucorps, by her collar,
By her hat loaded with a plume,
By her ponceau ribbon, which hung
Both in front and behind
By her gallant and proud hand
Of an Amazon and adventuress:
By this nose of a Roman Consul,
By this pride of a heroine,
By this big tender and haughty eye;
Suddenly I recognised Kristina."

The Pope had made sure that nothing was missing in her palazzo and that the pantries were well-stocked. But with her came disorder. The servants even stole the copper eaves of the bed, as well as furniture and tapestries!

Although she wanted to put on a show, her fantastic nature prevailed, and she seriously embarrassed the protocol of the papal court by participating in a vulgar way — it was called the Queen's Carnevale par excellence — in the Carnevale amusements and balls.

It was a mixture of degeneration and a certain geniality.

So she wanted to establish a Royal Academy, which later became the Arcadia, in the Palazzo Riario (Corsini). To gather every now and then to declaim and improvise verses and prose and to ramble on to the cadence of a stanza trilled by two lips redder than necessary, among characters with austere faces and gossipy eyes, in the midst of a necklace of renowned and aristocratic necklines! Wigs, farthingales, face powders, the rustling of billowing skirts and the shining of smiles behind fans, graceful shelters from malice: sweet verses and idyllic loves, the gurgling of streams and showers of petals, the bleating of fearful and enamoured lambs among the flowering bushes and hand-kisses full of haughtiness, respect and salacious reserve. Songs, music, caressing refrains!

Artistic taste was a hereditary gift in Kristina, her father having been a good poet and orator. She even wrote verses in Italian, and in Alessandro Guidi's Endymion there are some of her own, in addition to the outline of the poem. She attracted to her court Descartes, H. Grotius, Saumaise, Bochart, Huet, Naudé, Vossius, Meibomius, G. A. Borelli, Schoeffer, Freinsheim, Isaac, Loccenius, and corresponded with a large number of scientists and artists, showing — as Filicaia sang — that she knew how to understand
"... all the arts, and all
The studies and works of nature, and how
The sky, the earth and the waves
Enclose in themselves..."

She had even taken up the study of singing, like any baritone, to the great annoyance of the Pope; but one must consider that at that time, being able to sing at first sight or play the violin and lute was a condition of perfect culture. Elizabeth of England, who read more Latin in a day than a prelate in a month, did not boast of being able to play the harpsichord to the point that she asked the Scottish ambassador Melville, sent by Mary Stuart, after having made herself heard, if her rival surpassed her in this art?

And if we are to believe what Morley narrates in the introduction to his "Music", the court and the nobility of England were, in that time similar to our Renaissance, so eager for music that, "a certain man being in the house of some gentlemen and having cleared the table and brought in music books according to the custom, the mistress presented him with a part, earnestly requesting him to sing". The unfortunate man having candidly confessed his ignorance, everyone was amazed at how "such a boor" had insinuated himself into their company.

An anecdote recalls how Themistocles, invited amid the joy of a banquet to play the lyre, having refused, was branded a rude and uncultured man.

Kristina's love of the art of singing and comedy caused her to commit some indecencies. One evening, at the Barberini theater, the audience, after having waited a long time for the performance to begin, greeted her with shouts and whistles. She bowed in thanks with an act of contemptuous confidence. Another time, to a similar annoyance from the audience, for a new delay, she responded by whistling. The plebs ceased to respect her; on the Corso they addressed vulgar jokes to her, to which she responded with scurrilous laughter.

And one must consider that, given the misogynistic prohibition and the presence of evirated musicians on stage, the theater was certainly not a school of morality; Gorani narrates many facts, which show how much corruption was taking root on stage and among the audience. The obscene jokes must have been commonplace; when one considers that the castrati singers had reached such perfection in the imitation of women — as Arckenholtz notes — "that an inexperienced spectator, finding himself at a certain distance, cannot guess their sex, and, because the greatest difficulty is overcome with the voice, they strive in their bearing, gestures, movements and manner to imitate women....."

Kristina had chosen as her confessor Cardinal Decio Azzolino of Fermo, a lively genius, a brilliant talker, a handsome man favoured by many ladies. He was often the advocate to the Pope, with benevolent excuses for the sovereign's lack of tact.

«But Azzolino in Rome
Knew how to charm her enemies;
Without this great man she would have
Passed sad nights»,
wrote Coulanges with subtle malice.

This was one of the long series of the Queen's friends. Others who enjoyed her intimate relations were Francesco Maria Santinelli, her grand chamberlain, and the Marquis Rinaldo Monaldeschi, her grand equerry; the latter was killed by her during her stay at the castle of Fontainebleau, just like Caterina Sforza Riario had already signed the death sentence of Jacopo [Giacomo] Feo.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Cardinal Decio Azzolino.

Note: The addition of the study of the evil "science" of eugenics to the title of this magazine is suggested to be a result of the gradual and direct interference with it of the newly-arisen fascism in Italy at the time. From 1924 to 1926 "Rassegni di studi sessuali" (founded in 1921) actually gave many forward-thinking and modern contributions to the topic of homosexuality, but the aforementioned interference froze its founder Aldo Mieli's attempts to use the scientific method to address the topic of sexuality. From 1924 the magazine's contributions on homosexuality began to decrease and disappeared completely by 1928, the same year that Mieli, who was Jewish and himself gay, quit the magazine, left Italy and headed to France for his own safety.

Monday, November 25, 2024

Arvède Barine on Kristina's life and character, part 6

Source:

Christine de Suède, article written by Arvède Barine for Revue des deux mondes, pages 805 to 809, 1888


The account:

Elle débarqua en Danemark, prit un faux nom, monta à cheval à la manière des hommes et piqua sur Hambourg, accompagnée de quatre gentilshommes et de quelques valets faisant l'office de femmes de chambre. «Elle alla comme une vagabonde», dit encore Monglat, «de province en province, voyant toutes les cours de l'Europe.» On croirait assister à la tournée d'un cirque ambulant. Christine donnait çà et là une représentation. Elle improvisait pour ces occasions une suite royale, ramassée on ne sait où, revêtait un costume de gala et faisait une entrée solennelle dans une ville, recevant les honneurs dus à son rang avec une fierté qui charmait la foule. La population accourait, car elle était une des curiosités de la chrétienté. Elle répondait aux harangues officielles avec aisance et à-propos, à chacun dans sa langue, présidait en grande souveraine les fêtes qu'on lui offrait et entretenait les savans en confrère. «Elle parle de toutes les choses humaines», écrivait un auditeur [Whitelocke], «non en princesse, mais en philosophe e Porticu

Elle coupait la pièce noble d'intermèdes comiques de sa façon. Tantôt elle se mettait à faire «diverses grimaces à la multitude qui la suivait pour la voir.» Tantôt elle changeait de costume dans le carrosse même, avec l'adresse d'un clown, ou bien elle changeait la place, afin de troubler les badauds, qui ne s'y reconnaissaient plus. Tantôt elle lâchait quelque juron au moment le plus solennel, ou quelque plaisanterie graveleuse, digne d'une jeune personne qui savait Partial [sic] par cœur à vingt-trois ans. Tantôt elle prenait soudain une posture de cabaret et éclatait de rire au nez du grand personnage qui lui parlait. A Bruxelles, où elle s'attarda plusieurs mois, elle mena un tel carnaval, que la «puissante main» qui la retirait, à l'en croire, de tous les précipices, eut fort à faire. On n'ôta jamais de la tête de beaucoup de contemporains qu'à Bruxelles au moins Dieu, occupé ailleurs, l'avait quelquefois laissée rouler au fond de l'abîme. Quoi qu'il en soit, la sottise faite, elle reprenait ses grands airs de reine. Le parterre riait; les loges commençaient à siffler.

La pièce jouée et la toile baissée, le costume de gala rentrait dans son coffre, la suit de rencontre s'évanouissait, et il restait un jeune cavalier assez râpé, qui semait les joyaux de la couronne de Suède chez tous les usurieurs du chemin, courait les hôtelleries en tapageur et se divertissait à dépister les curieux. On l'attendait à droite, il tournait à gauche. On croyait le tenir, il se dérobait pendant la nuit. Il paraissait, disparaissait, reparaissait, jusqu'au jour où il lui prenait fantaisie de remettre des jupes, de redevenir la reine de Suède et de donner une autre représentation.

Elle en donna à Hambourg, à Anvers, à Bruxelles, à Inspruck, où elle renouvela brillamment l'affiche en abjurant le protestantisme. Elle l'avait déjà abjuré secrètement à Bruxelles, dans la nuit de Noël 1654. C'est à Insprück, le 3 novembre 1655, qu'elle fit profession publique de catholicisme.

On a discuté à perte de vue, et non sans aigreur, sur les motifs de sa conversion. L'événement était d'une extrême importance pour l'église romaine. De tous les néophytes que l'église pouvait convoiter, il n'en était pas alors de plus enviable que la propre fille de Gustave-Adolphe. Il est naturel que Rome ait poursuivi la conversion de Christine avec un zèle particulier et toute l'habileté dont elle était capable. Il l'est également qu'ayant réussi, elle ait attribué son triomphe à la puissance de la vérité et présenté l'abjuration d'Inspruck comme un effet de la grâce divine, qui avait révélé la vraie foi à une hérétique. Il est encore naturel qu'après une victoire dont le bruit avait retenti dans toute l'Europe, remplissant d'allégresse le cœur des fidèles, le saint-siège ait jeté le manteau de Noé sur les faiblesses de sa néophyte et feint de croire à la sincérité de ses convictions. Il se fiait aux années, à l'habitude, à mille circonstances qu'il se chargeait de faire naître, pour achever l'œuvre ébauchée, et il obtint en effet, avec le temps, un langage auquel on ne pourrait reprocher que d'être hyperbolique dans ses glorifications de l'église et de la foi catholique. Ce que Christine pensait au fond était chose secondaire, et il semble bien que le pape l'ait compris ainsi.

On conçoit également que les protestans irrités aient accusé Christine d'hypocrisie, plutôt que d'admettre la sincérité de sa conversion. Ils publièrent partout que, loin d'avoir été attirée dès sa première jeunesse par la religion romaine, ainsi que le prétendaient les catholiques, et d'avoir déposé la couronne pour être libre d'aller où la grâce l'appelait, Christine ne croyait à rien et n'avait abjuré que par calcul. A les entendre, la pompe d'Inspruck n'avait d'autre but que d'intéresser le pape et les rois catholiques à la reine de Suède, afin d'en tirer de l'argent aux heures de gêne.

A présent qu'on en juge sans passion, il faut convenir que les apparences donnent raison aux protestans. Christine changea de religion de l'air dont elle changeait d'habit, pour ébahir la foule. Après l'abjuration secrète de Bruxelles, elle écrivit en Suède, où l'on avait depuis longtemps des soupçons: «Mes occupations sont de bien manger et de bien dormir, étudier un peu, causer, rire et voir les Comédies française, italienne et espagnole, et passer le temps agréablement. Enfin, je n'écoute plus des sermons...» Elle déclare ailleurs qu'elle s'est convertie pour ne plus entendre les pasteurs, qui l'ennuyaient trop. Les sermons étaient sa grosse objection théologique à la religion réformée. A Inspruck, on remarqua son indifférence pendant la cérémonie de l'abjuration. Le même jour, dans l'après-midi, on lui offrit la comédie. On prétend qu'elle s'écria: «— Messieurs, il est bien juste que vous me donniez la comédie, après vous avoir donné la farce.» Le pape fut, sans aucun doute, très bien renseigné sur le prix de sa conquête au point de vue spirituel, mais il ne s'occupait pour l'instant que du point de vue terrestre. Au sortir d'Inspruck, Christine se dirigea vers Rome, où on lui préparait une entrée triomphale.

On voulait marquer par une réception éclatante que sa conversion était un grand événement politique et religieux. La Congrégation des rites régla jusqu'aux derniers détails de la fête. Elle arrêta que les carrosses des cardinaux, prélats, ambassadeurs, nobles romains, iraient au-devant de la reine de Suède, attelés de six chevaux et accompagnés de suites nombreuses, en riches livrées; que le carrosse du gouverneur de Rome serait doublé d'or et d'argent, pour une valeur de 3,000 écus, et entouré de quarante personnes magnifiquement habillées; que chaque dame romaine aurait une suite de trente-six personnes, dont les costumes coûteraient de 500 à 600 écus chaque, et que l'habit de la dame voudrait de 500,000 à 600,000 écus. Notons, en passant, que les dames romaines surpassèrent les vœux de la Congrégation des rites; l'une d'elles portait un habit de 700,000 écus. La part de dépense du saint-père se monta à 1,300,000 écus. A l'arrivée de la reine de Suède, les tailleurs de Rome travaillaient depuis six mois à habiller le cortège.

Le 21 décembre 1655, Christine fut affermie à jamais dans la pensée qu'elle était le premier personnage de la chrétienté et la femme unique entre tous les femmes. Le canon tonnait, les trompettes sonnaient, les troupes faisaient la haie, les boutiques étaient fermées, Rome en fête, l'air rempli d'acclamations. Un cortège d'une richesse inouïe se déroulait de la porte *del Popolo* à Saint-Pierre, et en tête de ce cortège, le point de mire de tous les regards, l'objet de tous les empressemens, une petite demi-bossue en «culotte chamarrée», montée à califourchon sur un cheval blanc et piaffant entre deux cardinaux. Elle remercia le saint-père. «Il répondit que sa conversion était d'un si grand prix, que dans le ciel il se célébrait là-dessus de plus grandes fêtes qu'elle n'en voyait sur la terre.» Le compliment était galant; il y avait de quoi tourner la tête de la plus humble, et Christine n'était pas humble.

Rome devint dès lors son séjour de prédilection. Elle y réunit ses collections, l'habita de plus en plus, et sur la fin n'en bougea plus, protégée des papes, qui étaient résolus à ne pas s'en dédire et à se parer jusqu'au bout de la fille de Gustave-Adolphe. Elle exerça leur patience. Sa tenue était décidément déplorable. Le pape avait cru bien faire d'ordonner aux cardinaux de l'accompagner. Les cardinaux ne la retenaient pas, et elle entraînait les cardinaux. Il ne se faisait pas de bruit dans Rome, il n'y avait pas un scandale, à la messe ou à la comédie, dans la rue ou sur la promenade, qu'on ne fût sûr d'apercevoir la reine Christine et son escadron de robes rouges. Les frasques se succédaient, et les jeunes favoris. En même temps, elle était insolente avec la noblesse romaine, insatiable d'honneurs, toujours brouillée avec quelqu'un et oubliant alors qu'elle ne régnait plus. Un jour que le cardinal de Médicis lui avait déplu, elle braqua des canons sur la porte de son palais et tira elle-même à boulet. Les traces des boulets se voyaient encore au siècle dernier. «La patience», disait-elle, «est une vertu de ceux qui manquent de courage et de force.» Elle se faisait un point d'honneur d'être sans patience.

Le saint-siège n'avait pas plus de satisfaction du côté de la religion. Elle criait sur les toits son aversion pour les entretiens pieux et les livres de dévotion. Le premier qui lui avait parlé de macérations avait été reçu de façon à n'oser jamais y revenir. Elle allait peu aux offices, et y passait le temps à rire aux éclats avec ses cardinaux, en la présence même du pape. C'était intolérable. A l'issue d'une scène de ce genre, le pape lui remit un chapelet, en manière de doux reproche, et l'exhorta à s'en servir dans ses prières. Le dos à peine tourné, elle s'écria: «— Je ne veux pas être une cafarde!» Le saint-père se rabattit à solliciter de légères démonstrations de piété, pour la foule. On alla dire de sa part à Christine: «— Un Ave Maria en public est plus méritoire qu'un chapelet dans le particulier.» Il ne la réduisit que lorsqu'elle n'eut plus le sol.

Les finances de Christine était encore un autre souci pour la cour de Rome. La Suède, outrée de l'abjuration, engagée d'ailleurs dans les guerres ou des difficultés intérieures, payait mal, et Christine dépensait sans compter, sous prétexte «qu'il y a une manière de profusion qui est économie.» Elle avait un train royal. Elle rétablissait ses collections, fort entamées au départ de Suède par ses savans étrangers. La bibliothèque avait été honteusement pillée; sur plus de 8,000 manuscrits, il n'en arriva que le quart à Rome. Nous possédons une lettre où Vossius mande à Heinsius, avec une désinvolture admirable, qu'il est en train de s'approprier «non paucos libellos rariores» de la bibliothèque de la serenissimæ reginæ. Il fallait de grosses sommes pour réparer ces pertes. Il en fallait d'infinies pour fournir à un désordre dont rien ne peut donner l'idée. Six mois après son entrée à Rome, Christine était harcelée par ses créanciers. Elle s'adressa au pape, qui paya et crut l'heure venue de la mâter. Il lui offrit 2,000 écus par mois, à condition d'être sage. C'était trop tôt. Christine s'emporta, tempêta, envoya le reste de ses pierreries chez un prêteur sur gages, qui en donna 10,000 ducats, et s'embarqua pour Marseille. Elle se savait attendue avec impatience en France. Chacun était curieux de voir cette personne singulière, surnommée jadis la Sibylle du Septentrion et la Dixième Muse, et qu'on appelait à présent, tout uniment, la «reine ambulante.» Le voyage de France fut le dernier grand succès de Christine.

Swedish translation (my own):

Hon gick i land i Danmark, tog ett falskt namn, satte sig på en häst på mäns vis och begav sig till Hamburg, åtföljd av fyra herrar och några kammartjänare som kammarpigor.

»Hon gick som en vagabonde«, säger Montglat, »från provins till provins och såg alla Europas hov.«

Man skulle kunna tro att man var med på en rundtur på en kringresande cirkus. Kristina gjorde en föreställning här och där. Hon improviserade för dessa tillfällen ett kungligt följe, samlade ingen som vet var, tog på sig en galadräkt och gjorde ett högtidligt intåg i en stad och tog emot utmärkelserna för sin rang med en stolthet som charmerade publiken. Befolkningen kom springande, för hon var en av kristenhetens kuriosa. Hon svarade på officiella haranger med lätthet och relevans, för var och en på sitt eget språk, presiderade som en stor suverän över de högtider som erbjöds henne och underhöll de lärda männen som en kollega.

»Hon talar om alla mänskliga ting«, skrev en lyssnare [Whitelocke], »inte som en prinsessa, utan som en filosof e porticu

Hon avbröt den ädla pjäsen med komiska mellanspel på sitt sätt. Ibland började hon göra »olika grimaser mot den skara som följde henne för att se henne.« Ibland bytte hon kostym i själva vagnen, med en clowns skicklighet, eller så bytte hon plats, för att störa åskådarna, som inte längre kände igen sig. Ibland lät hon ut något förbannelseord i det högtidligaste ögonblicket, eller något fräckt skämt, värdigt en unge som kunde Martial utantill vid tjugotre års ålder. Ibland intog hon plötsligt en kabaréhållning och brast ut i skratt inför den stora personage som talade till henne.

I Bryssel, där hon dröjde sig kvar i flera månader, ledde hon en sådan karneval att den »kraftiga handen« som enligt henne drog henne tillbaka från alla stup hade mycket att göra. Det glömdes aldrig av många av hennes samtida att åtminstone i Bryssel hade Gud, upptagen någon annanstans, ibland låtit henne rulla till botten av avgrunden. Hur det än må vara, när dårskapen väl var över, återupptog hon sin storslagna drottning. Parterren skrattade; logerna började bua.

När pjäsen hade spelats och ridån sänkts, gick galadräkten tillbaka i sin bål, dräkten de rencontre försvann, och det återstod en ganska nedsuttad ung kavaljer som sådde Sveriges Kronas juveler bland alla ockrare på vägen, sprang stökigt från värdshus till värdshus och roade sig med att spåra nyfikna. De väntade på honom till höger, han svängde till vänster. De trodde att de hade honom, han smet undan under natten. Han dök upp, försvann, dök upp igen, tills den dag då fantasin tog honom att sätta på sig kjolar igen, att bli Sveriges drottning igen och ge en ny föreställning.

Hon gav dem i Hamburg, Antwerpen, Bryssel och Innsbruck, där hon på ett briljant sätt förnyade affischen genom att avvärja protestantismen. Hon hade redan avvärjat den i hemlighet i Bryssel, på julafton 1654. Det var i Innsbruck, den 3 november 1655, som hon gjorde en offentlig bekännelse av katolicism.

Motiven till hennes omvändelse har diskuterats i oändlighet, och inte utan bitterhet. Händelsen var av yttersta vikt för den romerska Kyrkan. Av alla neofyterna som Kyrkan kunde eftertrakta fanns det ingen mer avundsvärd än Gustav Adolfs egen dotter. Det är naturligt att Rom med särskild iver och all den skicklighet den kunde ha fullföljt Kristinas omvändelse. Det är också naturligt att den, efter att ha lyckats, skulle ha tillskrivit sanningens makt sin triumf och framställt abjurationen i Innsbruck som en effekt av gudomlig nåd, som hade uppenbarat den sanna tron för en kättare. Det är också naturligt att Heliga Stolen, efter en seger vars brus hade genljudat i hela Europa och fyllt de troendes hjärtan med glädje, skulle ha kastat Noas mantel över svagheterna hos sin neofyt och låtsades tro på hennes trosbekännelsers uppriktighet. Den litade under åren, i vana, under tusen omständigheter som den tog på sig att skapa, för att slutföra det arbete den hade påbörjat, och den fick verkligen med tiden ett språk som bara kunde kritiseras för att vara hyperboliskt i dess förhärligande av Kyrkan och den katolska tron. Vad Kristina innerst inne tänkte var en sekundär sak, och det verkar som att påven förstod det så.

Det är också förståeligt att de irriterade protestanterna anklagade Kristina för hyckleri snarare än att erkänna uppriktigheten i hennes omvändelse. De publicerade överallt att Kristina, långt ifrån att ha lockats sedan sin tidiga ungdom av den romerska religionen, som katolikerna hävdade, och från att ha lagt ner kronan för att vara fri att gå dit gracen kallade henne, trodde inte på någonting som helst och hade bara avsvurit av beräkning. Enligt dem hade pompa och ståt i Innsbruck inget annat syfte än att intressera påven och de katolska konungarna för Sveriges drottning, för att tjäna pengar på henne i svåra tider.

Nu när man dömer det passionerat måste man erkänna att skenet visar att protestanterna har rätt. Kristina bytte religion med airen som hon bytte kläder med: för att förvåna folkmassan. Efter den hemliga avvärjningen i Bryssel skrev hon till Sverige, där misstankar länge hade väckts: »Mina sysselsättningar är att äta gott och sova gott, studera lite, prata, skratta och se de franska, italienska och spanska komedierna och tillbringa tiden bra. Äntligen, jag lyssnar inte längre på predikningar...«

Hon förklarar på annat håll att hon konverterade för att inte längre lyssna på pastorerna, som tråkade ut henne för mycket. Predikningarna var hennes stora teologiska invändning mot den reformerta religionen. I Innsbruck noterades hennes likgiltighet under avvärjningsceremonin. Samma dag, på eftermiddagen, erbjöds hon komedin. Det sägs att hon ropade: »Mina herrar, det är helt rätt att ni ger mig komedin, efter att jag har gett er farsen.«

Påven var utan tvekan mycket väl informerad om priset för hans erövring ur andlig synvinkel, men han var för tillfället bara upptagen av den jordiska synvinkeln. När Kristina lämnade Innsbruck, begav sig Kristina till Rom, där ett triumftinträde förbereddes för henne.

Det var tänkt att markera genom ett bländande mottagande att hennes omvändelse var en stor politisk och religiös händelse. Kongregation för riterna reglerade in i de sista detaljerna av firandet. Den förordnade att kardinalernas, prelaternas, ambassadörernas och romerska adelsmännens vagnar skulle gå Sveriges drottning till mötes, dragna av sex hästar och åtföljda av talrika följe, i rikt liv; att Roms guvernörs vagn skulle fodras med guld och silver, till ett värde av 3,000 scudi, och omges av fyrtio praktfullt klädda personer; att varje romersk dam skulle ha ett följe på trettiosex personer, vars kostymer skulle kosta från 500 till 600 scudi vardera, och att damens dräkt skulle kosta från 500,000 till 600,000 scudi. Låt oss i förbigående notera att de romerska damerna överträffade Kongregations för riterna; en av dem bar en klänning värd 700 000 scudi. Den Helige Faderns andel av kostnaden uppgick till 1,300,000 scudi. När Sveriges drottning kom hade Roms skräddare arbetat i ett halvår med att klä kortegen.

Den 21 december 1655 blev Kristina för alltid bekräftad i tanken att hon var kristenhetens första person och den unika kvinnan bland alla kvinnor. Kanonen dånade, trumpeterna ljöd, trupperna stod längs linjen, affärerna stängdes, Rom firade, luften var fylld av jubel. En kortege av oerhörd rikedom ägde rum från Porta del Popolo till Peterskyrkan, och i spetsen för denna kortege, fokuspunkten för alla ögon, föremålet för all iver, en liten halvpuckelrygg i »trimmad ridbyxor«, klättrade på en vit häst och piafferade mellan två kardinaler. Hon tackade den Helige Fadern. »Han svarade att hennes omvändelse var av så stort pris att i himlen firades större högtider över den än hon hade sett på jorden.« Komplimangen var galant; det räckte med att vända huvudet på den ödmjukaste, och Kristina var inte ödmjuk.

Rom blev sedan hennes favoritställe att bo på. Hon samlade sina samlingar där, bodde där mer och mer och flyttade till sist aldrig, skyddad av påvarna, som var fast beslutna att inte gå tillbaka på sitt ord och att smycka sig in i det sista med Gustav Adolfs dotter. Hon prövade deras tålamod. Hennes uppförande var avgjort bedrövligt. Påven hade ansett att det var rätt att beordra kardinalerna att följa med henne. Kardinalerna kvarhöll henne inte, och hon ledde kardinalerna med. Det var inget oväsen i Rom, det var ingen skandal, i mässan eller vid komedin, på gatan eller på promenaden, där man inte var säker på att se drottning Kristina och hennes skvadron av röda dräkter. Eskapaderna följde på varandra, och de unga gunstlingarna.

Samtidigt var hon fräck mot den romerska adeln, omättlig för heder, grälade alltid med någon och glömde att hon inte längre regerade. En dag när kardinal de Medici hade missnöjt henne riktade hon kanoner mot porten till hans palats och sköt själv kanonkulorna. Märken från kanonkulorna kunde fortfarande ses under förra seklet. »Tålamodet«, sade hon, »är en dygd för dem som saknar mod och styrka.« Hon gjorde det till en ära att vara utan tålamod.

Heliga Stolen var inte längre nöjd med hennes religion. Hon ropade från hustaken sin motvilja mot fromma samtal och andaktsböcker. Den första som hade pratat med henne om macerationer hade tagits emot på ett sådant sätt att han aldrig skulle våga återvända till dem. Hon besökte sällan gudstjänster och tillbringade tiden med att skratta högt med sina kardinaler, även i påvens närvaro. Detta var outhärdligt. I slutet av en scen av detta slag gav påven henne ett radband som en mild förebråelse och uppmanade henne att använda den i sina böner. Med ryggen knappt vänd ropade hon: »Jag vill inte vara en hycklare!«

Den Helige Fadern föll tillbaka på att begära små demonstrationer av fromhet för publiken. En gick för att säga till Kristina å hans vägnar: »En Ave Maria offentligt är mer förtjänstfull än en rosenkransbön privat.«

Han reducerade henne bara när hon inte längre hade marken.

Kristinas ekonomi var ännu ett bekymmer för hovet i Rom. Sverige, upprört över avvärjande, engagerade på annat håll i krig eller interna svårigheter, betalade dåligt, och Kristina spenderade utan att räkna, under förevändning »att det finns ett slags överflöd som är ekonomi.« Hon hade ett kungligt träng. Hon restaurerade sina samlingar, mycket skadad när hon lämnade Sverige av sina utländska forskare. Biblioteket hade skamligt plundrats; av mer än 8,000 manuskript kom bara en fjärdedel till Rom. Vi besitter ett brev där Vossius med beundransvärd nonchalans informerar Heinsius om att han håller på att tillägna sig »non paucos libellos rariores« från serenissimæ reginæ bibliotek. Det behövdes stora summor för att reparera dessa förluster. Oändliga summor behövdes för att tillhandahålla en störning som ingenting kan ge en uppfattning om.

Sex månader efter hennes intåg i Rom blev Kristina trakasserad av sina kreditorer. Hon vände sig till påven, som betalade och trodde att det var dags att underkuva henne. Han erbjöd henne 2,000 scudi i månaden, under förutsättning att hon skulle veta hut. Det var för tidigt. Kristina rasade till, stormade, skickade resten av sina juveler till en pantbank som gav 10,000 dukater för dem och gick ombord till Marseille. Hon visste att hon var efterlängtad i Frankrike. Alla var nyfikna på att se denna enastående person, som tidigare kallades Nordens Sibylla och den tionde Musen, och som nu helt enkelt kallades »den ambulerande drottningen«. Resan till Frankrike var Kristinas sista stora framgång.

English translation (my own):

She landed in Denmark, took a false name, mounted a horse in the manner of men, and headed for Hamburg, accompanied by four gentlemen and a few valets acting as chambermaids.

"She went like a vagabonde", says Montglat, "from province to province, seeing all the courts of Europe."

One would think one was attending the tour of a traveling circus. Kristina gave a performance here and there. She improvised for these occasions a royal retinue, gathered no one knows where, put on a gala costume and made a solemn entry into a city, receiving the honours due to her rank with a pride that charmed the crowd. The population came running, for she was one of the curiosities of Christendom. She responded to official harangues with ease and relevance, to each in its own language, presided as a great sovereign over the festivals that were offered to her and entertained the learned men as a colleague.

"She speaks of all human things", wrote one listener [Whitelocke], "not as a princess, but as a philosopher e porticu."

She interrupted the noble play with comic interludes in her own way. Sometimes she would start making "various grimaces at the multitude who followed her to see her." Sometimes she would change her costume in the carriage itself, with the skill of a clown, or else she would change her place, in order to disturb the onlookers, who no longer recognised themselves. Sometimes she would let out some curse word at the most solemn moment, or some crude joke, worthy of a young person who knew Martial by heart at the age of twenty-three. Sometimes she would suddenly assume a cabaret posture and burst out laughing in the face of the great personage who was speaking to her.

In Brussels, where she lingered for several months, she led such a carnival that the "powerful hand" which, according to her, pulled her back from all precipices, had a lot to do. It was never forgotten by many of her contemporaries that at least in in Brussels, God, busy elsewhere, had sometimes let her roll to the bottom of the abyss. However that may be, once the foolishness was done, she resumed her grand airs of a queen. The parterre laughed; the boxes began to boo.

When the play had been performed and the curtain lowered, the gala costume went back into its trunk, the suit de rencontre vanished, and there remained a rather threadbare young cavalier who sowed the jewels of the Crown of Sweden among all the usurers along the way, ran rowdily from inn to inn and amused himself by tracking down the curious. They waited for him on the right, he turned left. They thought they had him, he slipped away during the night. He appeared, disappeared, reappeared, until the day when the fancy took him to put on skirts again, to become the Queen of Sweden again and to give another performance.

She gave them in Hamburg, Antwerp, Brussels and Innsbruck, where she brilliantly renewed the poster by abjuring Protestantism. She had already abjured it secretly in Brussels, on Christmas Eve 1654. It was in Innsbruck, on November 3, 1655, that she made a public profession of Catholicism.

The motives of her conversion have been discussed endlessly, and not without bitterness. The event was of extreme importance to the Roman Church. Of all the neophytes that the Church could covet, there was none more enviable than Gustav Adolf's own daughter. It is natural that Rome should have pursued Kristina's conversion with particular zeal and all the skill of which it was capable. It is also natural that, having succeeded, it should have attributed its triumph to the power of truth and presented the abjuration at Innsbruck as an effect of divine grace, which had revealed the true faith to a heretic. It is also natural that after a victory whose noise had resounded throughout all Europe, filling the hearts of the faithful with joy, the Holy See should have thrown the mantle of Noah over the weaknesses of its neophyte and pretended to believe in the sincerity of her convictions. It trusted in the years, in habit, in a thousand circumstances that it took it upon itself to create, to complete the work it had begun, and it did indeed obtain, with time, a language that could only be criticised for being hyperbolic in its glorifications of the Church and the Catholic faith. What Kristina thought deep down was a secondary matter, and it seems that the Pope understood it that way.

It is also understandable that the irritated Protestants accused Kristina of hypocrisy, rather than admitting the sincerity of her conversion. They published everywhere that, far from having been attracted since her early youth by the Roman religion, as the Catholics claimed, and from having laid down the crown to be free to go where grace called her, Kristina believed in nothing and had only abjured out of calculation. According to them, the pomp at Innsbruck had no other aim than to interest the Pope and the Catholic kings in the Queen of Sweden, in order to make money off of her in times of difficulty.

Now that one judges it dispassionately, one must admit that appearances prove the Protestants right. Kristina changed her religion with the air with which she changed her clothes: to astonish the crowd. After the secret abjuration in Brussels, she wrote to Sweden, where suspicions had long been raised: "My occupations are to eat well and sleep well, study a little, talk, laugh and see the French, Italian and Spanish Comedies, and pass the time pleasantly. Finally, I no longer listen to sermons..."

She declares elsewhere that she converted so as to no longer listen to the pastors, who bored her too much. The sermons were her great theological objection to the Reformed religion. In Innsbruck, her indifference during the abjuration ceremony was noted. The same day, in the afternoon, she was offered the comedy. It is said that she cried out: "Gentlemen, it is quite right that you should give me the comedy, after having given you the farce."

The Pope was, without doubt, very well informed about the price of his conquest from the spiritual point of view, but he was for the moment only concerned with the earthly point of view. On leaving Innsbruck, Kristina headed for Rome, where a triumphal entry was being prepared for her.

It was intended to mark by a dazzling reception that her conversion was a great political and religious event. The Congregation of Rites regulated down to the last details of the celebration. It decreed that the carriages of the cardinals, prelates, ambassadors, and Roman nobles should go to meet the Queen of Sweden, drawn by six horses and accompanied by numerous retinues, in rich livery; that the carriage of the governor of Rome should be lined with gold and silver, to a value of 3,000 scudi, and surrounded by forty magnificently dressed persons; that each Roman lady should have a retinue of thirty-six persons, whose costumes should cost from 500 to 600 scudi each, and that the lady's outfit should cost from 500,000 to 600,000 scudi. Let us note, in passing, that the Roman ladies surpassed the wishes of the Congregation of Rites; one of them wore a dress worth 700,000 scudi. The Holy Father's share of the expense came to 1,300,000 scudi. When the Queen of Sweden arrived, the tailors of Rome had been working for six months to dress the cortège.

On December 21, 1655, Kristina was forever confirmed in the thought that she was the first personage of Christendom and the unique woman among all women. The cannon thundered, the trumpets sounded, the troops lined the line, the shops were closed, Rome was celebrating, the air was filled with cheers. A cortège of unheard-of richness took place from the Porta del Popolo to St. Peter's, and at the head of this cortège, the focal point of all eyes, the object of all eagerness, a little half-hunchback in "trimmed breeches", mounted astride a white horse and piaffing between two cardinals. She thanked the Holy Father. "He replied that her conversion was of such great price that in Heaven greater feasts were celebrated over it than she had seen on Earth." The compliment was gallant; it was enough to turn the head of the humblest person, and Kristina was not humble.

Rome then became her favourite place to stay. She gathered her collections there, lived there more and more, and in the end never moved, protected by the popes, who were determined not to go back on their word and to adorn themselves to the end with the daughter of Gustav Adolf. She tested their patience. Her manners were decidedly deplorable. The Pope had thought it right to order the cardinals to accompany her. The cardinals did not detain her, and she led the cardinals along. There was no noise in Rome, there was not a scandal, at Mass or at the comedy, in the street or on the promenade, where one was not sure to see Queen Kristina and her squadron of red robes. The escapades followed one another, and the young favourites.

At the same time, she was insolent with the Roman nobility, insatiable for honours, always quarrelling with someone and forgetting that she no longer reigned. One day when Cardinal de Medici had displeased her, she aimed cannons at the gate of his palazzo and fired the cannonballs herself. The marks of the cannonballs could still be seen in the last century. "Patience", she said, "is a virtue of those who lack courage and strength." She made it a point of honour to be without patience.

The Holy See was no more satisfied with her religion. She shouted from the rooftops her aversion to pious conversations and devotional books. The first person who had spoken to her about macerations had been received in such a way that he would never dare to return to them. She rarely attended services and spent the time laughing out loud with her cardinals, even in the presence of the Pope. This was intolerable. At the end of one scene of this kind, the Pope gave her a rosary, as a gentle reproach, and exhorted her to use it in her prayers. With her back barely turned, she cried out: "I don't want to be a hypocrite!"

The Holy Father fell back on soliciting slight demonstrations of piety for the crowd. One went to tell Kristina on his behalf: "One Ave Maria in public is more meritorious than one rosary in private."

He only reduced her when she no longer had the ground.

Kristina's finances were yet another worry for the court of Rome. Sweden, outraged by the abjuration, engaged elsewhere in wars or internal difficulties, paid poorly, and Kristina spent without counting, under the pretext "that there is a kind of profusion which is economy." She had a royal train. She restored her collections, much damaged on leaving Sweden by her foreign scholars. The library had been shamefully pillaged; out of more than 8,000 manuscripts, only a quarter arrived in Rome. We possess a letter in which Vossius informs Heinsius, with admirable nonchalance, that he is in the process of appropriating "non paucos libellos rariores" from the library of the serenissimæ reginæ. Large sums were needed to repair these losses. Infinite sums were needed to supply a disorder of which nothing can give an idea.

Six months after her entry into Rome, Kristina was harassed by her creditors. She addressed herself to the Pope, who paid and believed the time had come to subdue her. He offered her 2,000 scudi a month, on condition that she behaved herself. It was too soon. Kristina lost her temper, stormed, sent the rest of her jewels to a pawnbroker who gave 10,000 ducats for them, and embarked for Marseilles. She knew that she was eagerly awaited in France. Everyone was curious to see this singular person, formerly nicknamed the Sibyl of the North and the Tenth Muse, and who was now called, quite simply, the "itinerant queen." The journey to France was Kristina's last great success.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Arvède Barine.