Showing posts with label Karl Gustav. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Karl Gustav. Show all posts

Sunday, December 7, 2025

Francis William Bain on Kristina's visit to Münster and stay in Antwerp

Sources:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 248 to 251, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


Pierre Hector Chanut's letter of November 3/13 (New Style), 1654 to Kristina is here:


Kristina's reply letter to him, written November 24/December 4 (New Style), 1654, is here:


His reply letter to her, written December 25, 1654/January 4, 1655 (New Style), is here:


The account:

... On August 6, she came to Munster, and went next day to visit the Jesuits' college there. A letter written by one of the Reverend Fathers gives an account of it. She was shown over the church, library, and precincts, jesting with the Father on the morals of the Order, in that they were all things to all men. Just before going, being offered a cup of wine, she accepted it, and poured it away on the ground, saying, "I am no great wine-bibber", and departed, much pleased with her entertainment: next morning she sent them 100 ducats. One of the Jesuits, who had her portrait, discovered her, in spite of the big hat, large boots, black wig, and sword on thigh, which announced the young man, but said nothing at the time. Thence passing through Holland incognita, in spite of the wish of the States to receive her magnificently, she arrived at Antwerp on August 12, and assumed her own dress.

Among those who came to see her here was the Archduke Leopold; "the Queen received him at the foot of the stairs, conducted him to her lodgings, made him sit down over against her, in such another chair, gave him always the title of Highness, and accompanied him to the bottom of the same stairs, with reciprocal satisfaction, still speaking in Italian." But her hero Condé sending to demand the same ceremony as that shown to the Archduke, she was annoyed and refused it; whereupon he would not come at all. It is said that he did come incognito in the crowd one day, and on Christina's recognising him, withdrew, remarking only, when she would have detained him, "All or nothing!" Meeting him one day as if by accident, Christina exclaimed, "Cousin, who would have believed, ten years ago, that we were destined to meet like this?" From the Hague came secretly the Queen of Bohemia, Elizabeth, the friend of Descartes [sic], with her daughter, "only to see her, as they did, at a comedy", as well as other notables; she passed her time in receiving visits, frequenting the theatres, and making tours to neighbouring colleges and libraries. To the admonition of the Senate she wrote back, refusing politely to be guided by their well-meant advice.

While she was at Antwerp, circumstances not fully known to us brought about an awkward misunderstanding between her and her old friend Chanut. She had wished to see him; accordingly, he came from the Hague, where he was ambassador, and was well received. After he returned, the report spread that his visit had not been one of mere courtesy, but that its object was to invite Christina to try and make peace between Spain and France. Chanut wrote to her, to ask her to deny this rumour publicly. Whether it was that there really had been some such talk, (Chanut, for instance, wrote to a friend, to say that the Queen was by no means such a Spaniard as was given out,) or whether she suspected the rumours were designed to injure her with Spain; or finally, wished to conciliate the Spaniards, she refused; telling him "that for all answer to his letter, which he was trying to give weight to by publishing copies, she would say only that all it contained was baseless; ... the French were well known to be hindering the peace; the Spaniards were waiting patiently, even though they might have to wait till the French grew more modest; and neither the cunning, nor the boasting of France would terrify them; the King of France would one day find that peace was his truest policy." Chanut wrote back a letter of surprise and remonstrant apology for his country; and laid the correspondences before the Court of Sweden, to which France had complained. King Charles contented himself with announcing he had taken no part in the business, and did not understand it, as, indeed, neither can we.


Above: Kristina.

Notes: The quarrel between Kristina and the Prince de Condé happened after Kristina arrived at Brussels, not Antwerp.

The Queen of Bohemia was Elizabeth Stuart (1596-1662), the oldest and only surviving daughter of King James VI and I (1566-1625) and Anne of Denmark (1574-1619), and the widowed wife of Friedrich V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia (1596-1632). Her daughter and Descartes' friend was Elisabeth of Bohemia and the Palatinate (1618-1680).

Francis William Bain on Kristina's first stay in Hamburg (1654)

Source:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 247 to 248, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


The account:

We need not dwell on her journey through Denmark. On July 10, she arrived at Hamburgh, and resumed her own sex and personality. She stayed at the house of a Jew, named Texeira; this scandalized the Lutheran ministers, who inveighed against her in the pulpit for it. From subsequent letters it appears that she had bought or engaged this house from Texeira, who acted as her agent in various money matters. A story is told of her here, which may or may not be true. Being at a church of St. Peter's with the Landgrave of Hesse, the Rector pronounced a panegyric upon her, on the text of the Queen of Sheba, and was rewarded by the present of a gold chain, "though possibly she had not heard much of it"; for after she left the church, a book richly bound was found in her pew, which turned out to be a Virgil; it was taken to Christina, who received it with a smile.

She wrote to Charles X., reminding him to look after her revenues; and there was no harm in having a friend at Court, for a rumour that she was meditating a change of religion had got about, and the Swedish clergy were talking of cutting down her revenues. The Senate determined to send a remonstrance, adjuring her to remain steadfast in the faith of her fathers, as being the best.

Meanwhile, she was visited by numerous German princes, among others, the already mentioned Landgrave of Hesse, who gave her "a stately feast without the city", on July 30. After supper she returned home, resumed male attire, because the roads were dangerous by reason of the dispute with the city of Bremen, and accompanied only by Steinberg and four others, departed at midnight, bidding the rest of her retinue meet her by a certain date at Amsterdam. ...


Above: Kristina.

Note: The Jewish man Kristina stayed with during this first stay in Hamburg was not Diego Texeira (Abraham Senior; 1581-1666), but Jacob Curiel (Dom Duarte Nunes da Costa; 1587-1664), a Sephardi Jewish merchant, diplomat and nobleman. He and his family had been living in Hamburg since 1627, and the house was located at Krameramtsstuben in the city's Neustadt district.

Francis William Bain on Kristina's departure from Sweden

Sources:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 244 to 247, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


6. Christina's illness soon slowed down the travelling party, but not in Brokind, at Research; I. Faults and fabrications; VIA CHRISTINA — Het boek/The book, by Frans Godfroy at historischeroutes.nl


Kristina's letter to the Prince de Condé is here:


Her letter to the Académie Française, dated June 10/20 (New Style), 1654, is here:


Her letter of June 17/27 (New Style), 1654, to Pierre Gassendi is here:


The account:

Her first anxiety after becoming a private person was to get out of Sweden as fast as she could; she would not even stay the night at Upsala, though it was raining hard. To Count Brahé, who begged her not to be in such a hurry, she replied, "How do you suppose I can stay in a place over which I was but now sovereign, to see another wielding my power?" There were, besides, good reasons for making haste. The peasants were openly talking of compelling her to stay in the country and spend her revenues in Sweden; and what was worse, rumours were beginning to spread of her design to become a Catholic. Delay might have fatal effects: accordingly, she remained only five days at Stockholm. To lull suspicion[,] she gave out that she was going to drink the waters at Spa, and would soon return. She had before this packed up and sent to Gothenburg the bulk of her furniture, statues, pictures, medals, and personal possessions. Charles Gustavus presented her with 50,000 crowns for her journey and a fine diamond and pearl pin as a souvenir. Before starting she wrote to her hero, Condé, assuring him of her continued admiration, and declaring that her resignation of the crown should never be lowered by any vain regrets. She also, as if to initiate her new career, wrote to the French Academy, thanking them for the praise with which they had received her portrait, which they had asked for, and telling them of her intention to devote herself to the belles lettres. Partly, too, to assure herself of what she was not wholly convinced, she had medals struck; one showing Pegasus on a high rock with the inscription, "sedes hæc solio potior"; another, displaying a crown, with the motto, "et sine te"; a third showed a labyrinth, with the words "fata viam invenient". The world was, indeed, all before her; it required courage to take the fatal step.

She set out from Stockholm at nightfall, escorted by many of the principal persons in the kingdom, and observed by a large crowd, amidst the salutes of cannon from the fort and the men-of-war. Travelling all night and the whole of the next day, she arrived in the evening at Nyköping, where she bade farewell to Maria Eleanora, and continued her journey without resting till she came to Norköping. She remained there a day, not having slept since she left Stockholm. A little farther on she was seized with pleurisy, and had to stop for a week at a private house. Here, although twelve ships of the line had been ordered to Calmar to escort her, she wrote to Charles X. to say she would not go by sea, but by land to Denmark. Passing through Halmstadt she wrote to Gassendi, fixing on him an annual salary, together with a present of a chain of gold. She now disguised herself as a man, giving herself out to be the son of Count Dohna, for the sake of security on her travels. At the last moment, before crossing the frontier, Baron Linde once more made her the offer of Charles' hand; she answered calmly, that if she had been inclined to marry, she would have done so with better grace while she was still on the throne, adding that the king was prudent enough not to need counsel of her.


Above: Kristina.

Note: The research of Dutch historian Frans Godfroy (2022) has found that it is true that Kristina stopped a few days into the departure journey after coming down with a lung infection. Her contemporary biographer, chronicler and friend, Count Galleazzo Gualdo Priorato, wrote in his 1656 account of her long journey from Stockholm to Rome that she stayed for eight days at the home of the nobleman Natt och Dag, "eight Swedish miles south of Jönköping" (in Småland), but with no further specifications.

Godfroy, wanting to know what member of the family this was and the location of his house, found that the Natt och Dag family actually lived at Brokind in Östergötland, which is thirteen miles (or 140 kilometers) northeast of Jönköping rather than eight Swedish miles (about 85 km) south. He also notes that Swedish historians have been unable to find any houses owned by the family in Småland in around 1654, but other authors have been able to solve the issue.

Garstein (1992) and Lanoye (2001) both do not mention Kristina's illness, with the former writing that she travelled "at great speed" in a southwesterly direction across Sweden towards Halmstad, close to the Danish border; while Lanoye writes that Kristina "hastily" crossed the south of Sweden and entered the province of Halland. Although she and her suite covered "considerable distances" with every day of their travel, it usually went rather slowly because of the delay her illness caused. Godfroy believes that in reality, instead of Priorato's eight days, the delay lasted four or five days.

The father and son Weibull (1894 and 1966 respectively) both mention the said delay, but they believe that Kristina spent her convalescence at the Natt och Dag family residence in Brokind, but that location does not match with anywhere in her itinerary or with the route Priorato describes. "One might imagine she took a detour for granted because she became ill during the journey and needed a bed", Godfroy says. But he immediately afterwards adds that it is not very plausible since she had just had a rest day at the royal castle at Linköping, which was two and a half miles to the north and that she might have been better off staying or returning there.

Further research by Godfroy et al. focusing on any members of the Natt och Dag family living in Småland and about eight miles south of Jönköping was able to successfully discover one, namely Carl Persson Natt och Dag (1628-1694/1695). He was a member of the Riksdag, and as of 1654 he was living in the manor house Toftaholm, which belonged to his mother [Christina Sofia Stenbock (1603-1661)]. There is no direct evidence that Kristina stayed there, "but Toftaholm was at least the indicated location". However, this discovery was slightly complicated by the fact that at this time Carl was in Uppsala for the Riksdag and was obviously therefore unable to receive Kristina in person, but it is possible that his wife [Benedikta Posse (died 1678)] had "observed the honours".

Henry Woodhead on the Battle of Prague and the Sack of Prague

Source:

Memoirs of Christina, Queen of Sweden, volume 1, pages 241 to 242, by Henry Woodhead, 1863; original at the University of Michigan


The account:

By a curious coincidence, the first battle and the last operation of the Thirty Years' War took place at the same spot, — at Prague.

On the 15th of July, 1648, the Swedish general, Königsmark, took by surprise, and with the loss of only one man, the part which was called the Lesser Town of Prague, and which contained the royal palace, as well as the mansions of the principal nobility. The booty was immense, for many of the great Austrian families had taken refuge there. Thirty great chests of books were sent to Christina, besides a number of medals, pictures, and manuscripts. Few of the Swedes could appreciate these objects; and there is no doubt that a number of the enemy's guns and standards would have been more valued at Stockholm, and would have been more suitable trophies. The productions of thought have a kind of life of their own, which perishes or remains dormant when they are forcibly transplanted to a ruder people.

The total value of the spoil was estimated at 50 millions of French livres, and Königsmark did not omit to take care of himself. He left the books alone, but it was said that he appropriated five waggon-loads of gold and silver. The old town of Prague, situated on the opposite side of the river, continued to hold out, but Charles Gustavus, the new Generalissimo, arrived in September with four thousand fresh troops, and the place was then invested on all sides. The people, however, defended themselves so well, that peace was proclaimed, and the old town of Prague remained unconquered. The brave defence of the citizens furnished a contrast to the pusillanimous way in which the Protestants surrendered without a struggle after the battle of Prague, in 1620.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.

Friday, December 5, 2025

Ida Ashworth Taylor on "Christina mediates in France; the Prince de Condé; condition of Sweden and popular discontent; project of abdication first takes shape; Christina consents to abandon it; letters on religion" (1649-51)

Sources:

Christina of Sweden, pages 53 to 63, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, 1909; original at the University of Toronto


Drottning Kristina: bemyndigade öfversättning af H. Flygare, pages 54 to 64, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, translated by Hanny Flygare, 1912; original at the University of Minnesota


Kristina's letter to the Prince de Condé (written in 1646) is here:


His reply letter to her is here:


Her letter of March 2/12 (New Style), 1651 to him is here:


Kristina's letter of October 18/28 (New Style), 1651 to Antoine Godeau, Bishop of Grasse, is here:


Kristina's letter of March 10/20 (Old Style), 1652 to her cousin the Landgrave Friedrich of Hesse-Darmstadt is here:


The account:

IF the affairs of Sweden were for the present in a condition of tranquillity, her old ally, France, was torn by internal dissension; and Christina, whose interests were never bounded by limits of geography and nationality, was following the course of events with eagerness, and attempting, with the rash optimism of youth, to bring about the re-establishment of peaceful relations between the young King Louis and his rebellious subjects. That the leader of those rebellious subjects had been already singled out by her for admiration was an additional incentive to exertion. To her at this time the unseen Condé — the rather, judging by the future, because unseen — was the hero of the age. When dispatching de la Gardie to Paris she had entrusted him with a letter to be delivered on the way to the man who, as Duc d'Enghien, had just avenged, in the second battle of Nordlingen, the Swedish defeat on that same battle-field. Young, and in the first brilliancy of his military career, he was a champion well calculated to appeal to Christina's imagination, and, adopting him as her hero, she sent him an autograph letter of congratulation.

"I assure you", she wrote, "that my own successes have never touched me more deeply than your victories. If you had done no more than avenge with so much valour the manes of my soldiers at Nordlingen, it would necessarily give rise in me to special appreciation of your glory. I shall hope, Monsieur, that your great exploits in Germany may continue; and my interests cause me to desire that you may cross the Rhine once more, thereby to complete the disheartening of our enemies."

Enghien was not to be outdone in courtesy, and in his reply he paid a just tribute to the great soldier who had preceded him. Christina's generosity, he said, turned commonplace actions into famous victories[,] and the price attached to them by her alone gave them their value. The conquests of her father had made him hope for more famous successes. But Gustavus having been born to be matchless, it was not astonishing that what he had achieved could not be repeated. "I am content to have avenged at Nordlingen an insult offered by fortune after his death to his arms which she would not have ventured to offer him living. I confess, Madame, that in repairing it, I fought in the interests of his glory and of yours, so that your enemies, so often vanquished by him, should not be able to boast of a conquest over you."

Times were now changed; the hero was discredited at home; and though Louis, representing sovereignty outraged and defied, might appeal to the Queen, the sympathies of the woman were enlisted on the side of the man whom she regarded in some sort as her personal champion.

Nor had Condé been backward in claiming her support. From his prison at Vincennes he wrote to beg her to expostulate with the Queen Regent and Mazarin on the misuse of their authority. The appeal chimed in well with Christina's inclinations. To intervene as mediatrix in the affairs of one of the great Powers of Europe was a duty commending itself strongly to her love of importance and to the estimate of her personal power and influence indicated by her words at a later date, when she wrote that "since her majority she had rendered herself the absolute arbiter not only of her own kingdom, but of all Europe, whose destinies appeared to depend upon her will alone." Wearying, in her corner of the world, of the routine of kingship; perhaps secretly conscious, in spite of the place her father had won for Sweden among the nations, of a certain provincialism in her surroundings, she longed to make her influence felt in a wider sphere, and lost no time in responding to Condé's appeal. The number of letters addressed by her, at different stages of the struggle, to its various participants, testify to her zeal and activity. The Queen-mother, the young King Philip of Spain, the Parlement of Paris, Cardinal de Retz, the duc d'Orléans, the duc de Longueville, Mademoiselle de Montpensier and Condé himself, were all in turn recipients of missives urging the duty of composing their differences and restoring peace to their distracted country.

No doubt France would have been the gainer had they acted upon her counsels. But Christina could not have expected that a foreign sovereign would be permitted to play the part she was so anxious to perform; nor were her admonitions such as to be viewed with approval by the authorities. To Orléans she explicitly expressed her sympathy with that desire of effecting the removal of Mazarin which had been a chief motive of the quarrel; adding — for once conscious of a merit in Protestantism — that if her religion had no other advantage than securing exemption from the ambition and unruliness of churchmen, it was a consolation to see nations left in tranquillity without cardinals or bishops. To Condé — in her eyes the central figure of the drama, a hero in disgrace, rewarded by ingratitude for his splendid services — she wrote in terms displaying her skill in the use of flattery. "I will hope", she said, congratulating him upon his release, "with all my heart that your virtue, triumphing over itself in the midst of misfortune, may achieve what remains to be accomplished for the tranquillity of France, and that that virtue may henceforth be more than ever the terror of foes and the support of a State of which you are the glory and the delight" — with more of the same sort, addressed to "the most illustrious prince in the world."

Condé was not likely to be silent concerning the impassioned partisanship of the northern Queen, and since it was not as an element of peace and tranquillity that he was regarded at the moment in France, her attitude may have served to accentuate the irritation already caused by her interference. The authorities lost no time in making their sentiments on the subject plain; and, inspired by Mazarin, the Council of State, whilst thanking the Queen of Sweden for her good-will, added that she could not be allowed to take cognisance of differences between King Louis and his subjects.

In administering the rebuff, Cardinal and Council were doing no more than enunciating an axiom of international relations. They might, had they been so minded, have gone further and retorted by recommending Christina to turn her attention to domestic affairs. For[,] though the condition of Sweden contrasted favourably with that of France, its sovereign might have found amply sufficient to occupy her at home.

The great question of the succession was settled. Sweden was no longer without an acknowledged heir, and Christina's cousin was to be King whenever Providence — or, as she may secretly have added, herself — should see fit to remove her elsewhere. Awaiting events, Prince Charles was showing his wisdom by a consistent policy of self-effacement, carefully abstaining from interference in state affairs, living quietly at his country place, displaying no preferences, making no enemies, and rousing no jealousy by claims based upon his new position. There was, indeed, little to invite a man whose power was contingent on the Queen's caprice to attempt the piloting of the national vessel. Dissension between the several Orders in the State was rife, and to take part with one would be to create enemies in another. Under these circumstances Prince Charles consulted his interests best by remaining at a distance.

The questions at issue were mainly concerned with a large amount of property which had been alienated from the Crown and granted to nobles. The Orders antagonistic to the nobility demanded its restitution, whilst those in possession were firm in the defence of their rights. So far defeated but sullen, the assailants were awaiting an opportunity of renewing the attack; the clergy adding another element of discord by claiming an undue weight in public affairs. The impoverished condition of the public finances, consequent upon the Queen's lavish gift of lands from which the revenue of the State was drawn, was also giving rise to just and wide-spread disapproval, and occasioning a difficulty in meeting necessary expenditure.

Such being the state of the country at large, discontent was also rife at Court. Christina's open disregard of quarterings and genealogies was tending to rob ancient blood and race of their monopolies and to interfere with vested interests. Titles were still easier than lands to bestow, and the more prized because they had hitherto been few. The Senate was flooded with new names, even the Queen's tailor being ennobled. And, besides all this, Magnus de la Gardie, as Grand Master of the Palace, reigned supreme in the Queen's good graces.

Neither Court nor country were therefore in a satisfactory condition, and notwithstanding Christina's love of power and high conception of the rights and privileges of sovereignty, her position at the head of a Government constantly confronted with money troubles might well, the novelty of rule over, begin to pall upon a woman whose interests were far from being limited to the administration of a kingdom. She had begun to attract to her Court the philosophers and men of letters whose society she prized; and, in contrast to the hours spent with them, the daily drudgery of uncongenial toil was thrown into yet more vivid relief. These considerations should be borne in mind in connection with her future conduct. The time was fast approaching when she was to make publicly known the comparative values she set upon the various goods life has to bestow, and to vindicate her liberty of choice. Whilst she sat at the feet of a new teacher or embarked on a fresh study, possibilities were taking shape before her eyes; and she was pondering a means of escape from the irksome duties of a mode of life leaving scanty leisure to devote to the objects alone rendering existence, in her opinion, desirable. Such meditations are scarcely carried on wholly in secret. Before long[,] rumours of an abdication had crept abroad, and had presently been so far authenticated that the French envoy was using his influence to discourage any step of the kind.

That Christina, at twenty-five, and with life before her, should have entertained the idea of resigning her sceptre must, when new, have been a fact startling and strange to all concerned. To her subjects, in whose eyes she was pre-eminently the daughter and representative of the great King they had lost, the thought of her voluntary abandonment of the post he had bequeathed to her, with its duties and responsibilities, was bitter. To strangers and foreigners looking on, it meant a curious and interesting situation. To Charles Gustavus it opened out the chance of enjoyment in youth of an inheritance he can only have anticipated in the dim, uncertain future.

Christina's design was not destined to find its accomplishment until three years later. But in 1651 it appeared imminent. Nor is there any doubt that the Queen was then sincere in her wish to lay down at once the burden of government. Many motives combined to influence her. The period during which she had ruled, nominally or in fact, had been marked by success; and past success gives rise, in some natures, to fear lest subsequent failure should dim its lustre. Moreover, she was well aware of the condition of the public Treasury — a condition partly consequent on her own reckless expenditure — and was too shrewd not to foresee a coming crisis. And, besides all this, the tedium of a daily routine of business was intolerable to her impatient and restless spirit. She longed for leisure for study, thought, and the play of imagination, crowded out by official cares. She wished to visit new countries, to enjoy the liberties denied to a Queen chained to the vessel of State.

"I think I see the devil when I see these men", she told Prince Charles, as her secretaries, bringing documents for signature, interrupted an interview with her cousin. To Chanut she wrote in the same strain: "I seem to see the devil with his horns when these torments of secretaries, always at my heels, approach." She meant, she told the Prince, to resign the government to him who would have force, capacity, and wisdom to administer it.

To whatever motives it was due, the Queen's design, from a mere startling rumour, became certainty in October 1651, when she imparted to the Senate, in an interview lasting over five hours and a half, her wish to transfer the crown to the head of the man who was now hereditary Prince of Sweden. The announcement had been already made to Charles, who, carrying out his former line of conduct, strongly deprecated the contemplated change, reiterating his professions of loyalty and of an obedience to last so long as Christina lived.

He could, perhaps, scarcely have done less. Abdication on his cousin's part was a measure unpopular in the extreme, and, had he benefited by it without opposition, he would have shared in its unpopularity. The Senate, together with the Notables of the Estates, then at Stockholm, brought all their powers of persuasion to bear to induce the Queen to relinquish her plan. With Oxenstiern, her father's old friend and servant, as their spokesman, they waited upon her in a body, and, partly by admonition and remonstrance, partly by appeal, strove to shake her resolution. In language sounding strangely in modern ears the Chancellor — no blind flatterer or courtier — warned her of the consequences to Sweden should she carry her intention into effect, and in the name of the chief officers of the State declared that, convinced that ruin would follow upon her withdrawal, should she relinquish the helm, they, for their part, would abandon the vessel; and that, unwilling that posterity should reproach them with having consented to a step so dangerous to the country, each and all would resign their offices.

More was said; money was promised from private sources for the maintenance of her house. Let Christina remain and all would be well. The Assembly was thrilled with emotion; tears were shed; and finally the Queen, not insensible to the loyalty and affection of which proof had been given, consented to relinquish her project; but on one condition. That condition was that the subject of marriage should never again be broached. The pledge was given, and the Senate was victorious.

Universal rejoicing hailed Christina's consent to retain her place upon the throne, and Charles, adding his congratulations to the rest, prayed God she might survive him, and repeated his determination not to accept the crown during her life-time. Those who were intimately acquainted with Christina must have suspected that the end was not yet.

Amid the general jubilation of a people who appear to have strangely felt that, deprived of their Queen, they would be unshepherded sheep, a discordant note was struck in the shape of a seditious appeal to the Prince to seize the reins of government and to put to death, with her chief councillors, a Queen who was bringing the country to ruin by means of her extravagance and amusements, and whose ear was possessed by the Constable de la Gardie, the Chancellor, and Count Magnus.

Prince Charles sent the document to the Queen (She afterwards denied the nature of its contents.); the author [sic] was discovered and executed, and the affair was at an end. It had given voice to the growing discontent of a faction hitherto only audible in murmurs.

Before quitting the subject of this first attempt on Christina's part to disembarrass herself of the reins of government, it should be observed that in later years it was her custom to explain her ultimate abdication on the grounds of religion. But it must be noted that at the time when her project first took shape, as well as at a somewhat later date, she appears to have had no leanings towards the faith she subsequently embraced. "I cannot consent", she wrote to Bishop Godeau in 1651, when, in sending her some of his compositions, he had added a hope that she might become a convert to Catholicism, "that you should desire and expect a thing that cannot come to pass. My mind has been chiefly applied to the search after truth, nor could I make a change without putting a greater distance between myself and the goal I have always set before me. I have long been persuaded that the things I believe are the things that should be believed. It would rather be for me to wish that, among the many fair lights by which your spirit is illumined, you possessed on this subject those that are mine."

Not less plainly was her attitude defined when, in 1652, a rumour reached Sweden that Prince Charles's brother-in-law, the Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege [sic], was intending to follow the example set by the Landgrave Ernest of Hesse-Rheinfels, and to embrace the Catholic religion. To the anxious Charles Gustavus she sent condolences and sympathy; to the possible backslider she addressed admonition and warning. "The subject of your grief is just", she wrote to the first, "that I am in a difficulty in seeking for reasons which may comfort you." On the Landgrave she urged the motives which should make him pause. Leaving the disputes of theology to doctors and divines, she pressed upon him a point of honour. "Can you be unaware of the hatred incurred by him who changes from those whom he separates; and do you not know, by many famous examples, that he is despised by those he joins? Consider, if you please, the importance to the reputation of a Prince that he should be esteemed constant, and be sure you will inflict great damage on your own, should you commit a like fault." And at much length she continued to point out to him the evil consequences of a repudiation of Protestantism, including, amongst them, an eternal remorse.

In the face of these documents[,] the theory which would explain by Christina's abdication her desire for a change of religion alone may be dismissed; although it will be seen that it had much to do with her final determination to carry the matter through three years after she had yielded to the instances of friends and councillors and had consented to retain her position at the head of the State.

Swedish translation (by Flygare):

Om förhållandena i Sverige för det närvarande voro ganska lugna, sönderslets däremot dess gamla bundsförvant Frankrike af inre split, och Kristina, hvars intressen aldrig begränsades af geografiska och nationella skiljemurar, följde med ifver händelsernas gång och sökte med ungdomens lättvindiga optimism åvägabringa återupprättandet af ett fredligt förhållande mellan den unge kung Ludvig och hans upproriska undersåter. Att ledaren af dessa upproriska undersåter redan gjorts till föremål för hennes beundran sporrade ytterligare hennes bemödanden. För henne var vid denna tid den aldrig sedde Condé — kanske, att döma af framtiden, så mycket mer som han var osedd — tidehvarfvets hjälte. Då hon skickade de la Gardie till Paris, hade hon åt honom anförtrott ett bref, som han på vägen skulle lämna till den man, hvilken som hertig af Enghien nyss i det andra slaget vid Nördlingen hämnats svenskarnes nederlag på samma slagfält. Ung och i första glansen af sin militära bana var han en kämpe väl ägnad att slå an på Kristinas fantasi, och efter att ha korat honom till sin hjälte skickade hon honom ett egenhändigt lyckönskningsbref.

»Jag försäkrar er«, skref hon, »att mina egna framgångar aldrig rört mig närmare än edra segrar. Om ni icke gjort mer än att med så mycken tapperhet hämna mina soldaters maner vid Nördlingen, skulle det otvifvelaktigt hos mig framkallat en synnerlig uppskattning af er ära. Jag hoppas, monsieur, att edra stordåd i Tyskland måtte fortsättas, och mina intressen föranleda mig att önska, att ni en gång måtte gå öfver Rhen och dymedelst fullborda nedsättandet af edra fienders mod.»

Enghien var icke den som lät sig öfverträffas i artighet och i sitt svar hembar han en rättvis hyllningsgärd åt den store fältherre som företrädt honom. »Kristinas ädelmod», så sade han, »förvandlade alldagliga handlingar till storartade segrar och det var endast det pris hon satte på dem, som gaf dem deras värde. Hennes fars eröfringar hade kommit honom att hoppas på mera betydande framgångar. Men som Gustaf Adolf från sin födelse varit utan like, var det icke att undra på att hvad han utfört icke af andra kunde upprepas. Jag nöjer mig med att vid Nördlingen ha hämnats en förolämpning, som Fortuna tillfogat honom efter hans död, men som hon icke vågat komma med, om han lefvat. Jag erkänner, madame, att då jag godtgjorde den, kämpade jag för hans ära och eder, på det att edra fiender, så ofta besegrade af honom, icke skulle kunna berömma sig af att en gång ha öfvervunnit er.»

Tiderna voro nu förändrade; hjälten hade råkat i onåd i hemlandet, och ehuru Ludvig, som representerade den kränkta och trotsade konungamakten, vädjade till Kristina, ställde sig hennes kvinnliga sympatier på den mans sida, som hon på sätt och vis ansåg som sin personlige förkämpe.

Condé hade minsann icke heller varit sen att göra anspråk på hennes stöd. Från sitt fängelse i Vincennes skref han till Kristina och bad henne göra drottningenregenten och Mazarin föreställningar för att de missbrukat sin makt. Denna vädjan var i full samklang med Kristinas böjelse. Att träda fram som medlerska i en af de europeiska stormakternas angelägenheter var en plikt, som mycket tilltalade hennes benägenhet att göra sig gällande och stod i samklang med den uppskattning af personlig makt och inflytande som hon uttalade längre fram, då hon skref att hon »sedan hon blifvit myndig gjort sig till absolut härskarinna ej endast i sitt eget land utan i hela Europa, hvars öden tycktes bero af hennes vilja allena». Utledsen på regeringsrutinen i sin vrå af världen och kanske, trots den plats hennes far tillvunnit Sverige bland folken, medveten om en viss landsortsmässighet i sin omgifning, längtade hon att få göra sitt inflytande gällande i en större sfär och dröjde icke att besvara Condés hemställan. De många bref hon på stridens olika stadier ställde till de olika deltagarna däri vittna om hennes nit och verksamhetsifver. Konungens mor, den unge kung Filip af Spanien, parlamentet i Paris, kardinal de Retz, hertigen af Orléans, hertigen af Longueville, mademoiselle de Montpensier och Condé själf mottogo i tur och ordning skrifvelser, hvari Kristina föreställde dem plikten att bilägga sina stridigheter och återskänka fred åt det upprörda landet.

Frankrike skulle utan tvifvel vunnit på att man följt hennes råd. Men Kristina hade väl icke kunnat vänta, att man skulle tillåta en utländsk suverän att spela den roll hon var så angelägen att utföra, ej heller voro hennes förebråelser af den art, att de med gillande kunde betraktas af de makthafvande. För hertigen af Orléans uttalade hon tydligt sin sympati för denna önskan att utverka Mazarins fördrifvande, som varit den förnämsta anledningen till tvisten och hon tillade — för en gång medveten om att protestantismen hade någon förtjänst — och om hennes religion ej hade någon annan fördel än att bilda skyddsvärn mot prelaternas ärelystnad och oregerlighet, var det åtminstone en tröst att se nationer som lämnades i fred för kardinaler och biskopar. Till Condé — i hennes ögon dramats centralfigur, en hjälte som fallit i onåd och som lönades med otack för de glänsande tjänster han gjort landet — skref hon i ordalag som bevisade hennes talang att använda smicker. »Jag hoppas», sade hon efter att ha lyckönskat honom till hans frigifvande, »af hela mitt hjärta att er dygd, som framgått segrande midt under olyckan, må åstadkomma hvad som ännu är ofullbordadt för Frankrikes lugn och att denna dygd hädanefter måtte mer än någonsin blifva en skräck för fienden och ett stöd för den stat, hvars ära och fröjd ni är», m. m. i samma stil ställdt till »den illustraste prins i världen».

Det var icke troligt att Condé skulle förtiga det passionerade medhåll hon fick röna af den nordiska drottningen, och som han vid den tiden icke i Frankrike ansågs som ett element af fridsamhet och lugn, så är det ganska troligt, att hennes ställning till saken ökade den förtret som redan framkallats af hennes ingripande. Myndigheterna dröjde icke att klargöra sina känslor i ämnet, och statsrådet, inspireradt af Mazarin, tackade drottningen af Sverige för hennes välvilja på samma gång som det förklarade, att hon icke kunde tillåtas att befatta sig med meningsskiljaktigheterna mellan kung Ludvig och hans undersåtar.

Då kardinalen och statsrådet uttalade denna tillrättavisning, gåfvo de endast uttryck åt ett axiom rörande mellanfolkliga förbindelser. De hade, om de så velat, kunnat gå ändå längre och råda Kristina att vända sin uppmärksamhet åt sitt eget rikes inre angelägenheter. Ty ehuru tillståndet i Sverige gynnsamt kontrasterade mot tillståndet i Frankrike, hade suveränen kunnat finna fullt tillräcklig sysselsättning inom det egna landet.

Den stora successionsfrågan var afgjord. Sverige var icke längre i saknad af en erkänd arftagare till kronan och Kristinas kusin skulle bli kung närhelst försynen — eller, som hon kanske i tysthet tänkte, hon själf — funne för godt att förflytta henne på annat håll. Karl Gustaf såg tiden an och visade klokheten i sin politik genom att hålla sig undan, aktade sig noga för all inblandning i statens angelägenheter, lefde i landtlig tillbakadragenhet, tycktes hvarken föredraga den ena eller andra, skaffade sig icke några fiender och väckte ingen afund genom att framkomma med anspråk, grundade på hans nya ställning. Det fanns i sanning föga som kunde fresta en man, hvars ställning var beroende af drottningens nyck, att söka lotsa fram det nationella fartyget. Tvedräkt rådde mellan de olika stånden inom staten och att taga parti för ett hade varit att skaffa sig fiender i ett annat. Under sådana förhållanden tjänade Karl Gustaf bäst sina intressen genom att hålla sig på afstånd.

Tvistefrågorna rörde sig förnämligast kring en massa jordegendom som frånhändts kronan och förlänats åt adeln. De öfriga stånden reste sig mot adeln och fordrade att godsen skulle återbördas, under det att de som voro i besittning af dem med fasthet försvarade sin rätt. Hittills öfvermannade men förgrymmade öfver nederlaget afvaktade angriparna ett tillfälle att förnya anfallet och prästerskapet förvärrade misshälligheterna genom att vilja tillvälla sig en otillbörlig betydelse i statens angelägenheter. Finansernas bedröfliga skick — en följd af drottningens slösaktiga gåfvor af jord, från hvilken staten hämtat sina inkomster — gaf också upphof till rättvist och allmänt ogillande samt föranledde svårigheter när det gällde bestridandet af nödvändiga utgifter.

Sådant var tillståndet i det stora hela landet rundt, och äfven vid hofvet rådde missnöje. Kristinas öppet visade ringaktning för anor och genealogier hotade att beröfva de gamla förnäma släkterna deras monopol och att komma i strid med häfdvunna intressen. Titlar voro fortfarande lättare att tilldela än gods och högt skattade, emedan de hittills varit få. Nu öfversvämmades riddarhuset af nya namn, och till och med drottningens skräddare blef adlad. Härtill kom att Magnus de la Gardie, som blifvit utnämnd till hofmarskalk, intog främsta platsen i drottningens gunst.

Hvarken hofvets eller landets tillstånd kunde följaktligen anses tillfredsställande och ehuru Kristina älskade makten och hade en hög föreställning om suveränens rättigheter och privilegier, var det helt naturligt, att hennes ställning i spetsen för en regering, som ständigt hade penningebekymmer, skulle, sedan styrelseuppgiften förlorat nyhetens behag, börja plåga en kvinna, hvars intressen visst icke inskränkte sig till regerandet af ett konungarike. Hon hade börjat att till sitt hof draga filosofer och vetenskapsmän, hvilkas sällskap hon värderade, och i motsats till de timmar hon tillbragte med dem, framstod det dagliga släpet med motbjudande sysselsättningar i en än starkare relief. Man bör fasthålla dessa omständigheter i sammanhang med hennes uppförande längre fram. Den tid närmade sig hastigt, då hon skulle göra allmänt kändt, hur hon värderade de skilda fördelar lifvet har att bjuda, och häfda sin frihet att välja. Under det att hon satt vid en ny lärares fötter eller gaf sig in på ett nytt studium, började vissa möjligheter taga form för hennes ögon och hon sökte ifrigt efter någon utväg att undkomma de besvärliga plikterna i ett lefnadssätt, som lämnade föga tid öfrig att ägna de föremål, hvilka i hennes tanke voro de enda som gjorde tillvaron önskvärd. Dylika meditationer förblifva sällan hemliga. Det dröjde icke länge innan det började hviskas om en förestående tronafsägelse och snart hade dessa rykten visat sig så pass autentiska, att det franska sändebudet begagnade sitt inflytande för att afråda alla steg i den riktningen.

Att Kristina vid tjugufem års ålder och med lifvet framför sig haft i tankarna att nedlägga sin spira måste att börja med ha varit ett öfverraskande faktum som förefallit alla besynnerligt. För hennes undersåtar, i hvilkas ögon hon först och främst var dottern till och representanten för den store konung de förlorat, var tanken på hennes frivilliga öfvergifvande af den post han med dess plikter och ansvar gifvit henne i testamente mycket bitter. För främlingar och utlänningar, som blott voro åskådare, företedde det hela en egendomlig och intressant situation. För Karl Gustaf öppnade det möjligheten till att redan som ung öfvertaga en arfvedel, hvars besittning han motsett först i en dunkel och oviss framtid.

Kristinas afsikt skulle dock icke nå sin fullbordan förrän tre år senare. År 1651 föreföll det dock som om det skulle ske förr och det röner intet tvifvel, att drottningen då uppriktigt önskade att genast befria sig från regeringsbördan. Många skäl förenade sig om att påverka henne. Den period hvarunder hon regerat, till namnet eller i verkligheten, hade utmärkts af framgång och hos somliga naturer ger framgången under en förfluten tid upphof till farhåga för att kommande tiders nederlag skall fördunkla dess glans. Dessutom hade hon väl reda på hur det stod till med de offentliga finanserna — delvis till följd af hennes ohejdade slöseri — och hon var alldeles för skarpsinnig att icke förutse en stundande kris. Och därtill kom att enformigheten i göromålens dagliga rutin var alldeles odräglig för hennes otåliga och rastlösa ande. Hon längtade efter tid till studier, tankearbete och fantasispel, som nu undanträngdes af officiella omsorger. Hon önskade besöka främmande länder och njuta af en frihet, som förvägrades en vid Sveriges statsskepp fastkedjad drottning.

»Jag tycker mig se den onde själf då jag ser dessa män», sade hon till Karl Gustaf, då hennes sekreterare kommo in med dokument, som hon skulle underteckna och afbröto hennes samtal med kusinen. Till Chanut skref hon i samma stil: »Det är som såge jag djäfvulen själf med sina horn då dessa plågoandar till sekreterare, som alltid förfölja mig, stiga in.» Hon ämnade, detta sade hon kusinen, afsäga sig regeringen till fördel för honom, som ägde kraft, förmåga och klokhet att handhafva den.

Anledningen må hafva varit hvilken som helst, så öfvergick drottningens afsikt från att blott ha varit ett sensationellt rykte till att bli verklighet i oktober 1651, då hon meddelade rådet, vid ett sammanträde som räckte i fem och en half timma, sin önskan att öfverflytta kronan på den mans hufvud, som nu var Sveriges arffurste. Saken hade redan delgifvits Karl Gustaf, som, fullföljande den riktlinje han inslagit, afvisade den föreslagna förändringen och upprepade sina försäkringar om en trohet och lydnad, som skulle räcka så länge Kristina lefde.

Han hade kanske icke kunnat handla annorlunda. Tronafsägelse å hans kusins sida var ett i allra högsta grad impopulärt steg och om han utan invändning dragit fördel däraf hade äfven han blifvit impopulär. Rådet såväl som en då i Stockholm församlad utskottsriksdag använde hela sin öfvertalningsförmåga för att få drottningen att frångå sin plan. Med Oxenstierna, hennes fars gamle vän och tjänare, som ordförande, uppvaktade de en corps drottningen och sökte dels genom föreställningar och invändningar, dels genom böner rubba hennes beslut. I ett språk, som i nutidens öron ljuder sällsamt, varnade henne rikskansleren, som icke var någon blind smickrare eller hofman, för följderna för Sverige, om hon satte sin afsikt i verket, och han förklarade i statens förnämsta ämbetsmäns namn, att de, öfvertygade om att ruin skulle följa på hennes nedläggande af riksrodret, ämnade, i händelse hon vidhöll sin föresats, öfvergifva skeppet. För att undgå att af eftervärlden bli beskyllda för att ha samtyckt till ett för landet så farligt steg, ämnade de samt och synnerligen nedlägga sina ämbete.

Och det sades mera; penningar från enskilda källor lofvades för underhållet af hennes hof. Om blott Kristina stannade kvar, skulle allt gå väl. De församlade darrade af rörelse, tårar fälldes, och till sist lofvade drottningen, som icke var känslolös för den trohet och tillgifvenhet, hvarpå hon fått bevis, att afstå från sitt förslag — men på ett villkor. Och villkoret var, att giftermålsfrågan aldrig mer skulle komma på tal. Man lofvade detta och rådet hade segrat.

Med allmänt jubel hälsades Kristinas samtycke att bibehålla sin plats på tronen och Karl Gustaf, som lade sina lyckönskningar till de andras, bad Gud att hon måtte öfverlefva honom och upprepade sitt beslut att icke mottaga kronan under hennes lifstid. De som voro närmare bekanta med Kristina misstänkte nog, att saken ännu icke var afgjord.

Genom jubelropen från ett folk som måtte ha haft en egendomlig känsla af att det, beröfvadt sin drottning, skulle vara som får utan herde, trängde en skärande dissonans under formen af ett bref till Karl Gustaf, hvari denne uppmanades att fatta regeringstömmarna och att mörda jämte drottningens förnämsta rådgifvare äfven drottningen själf (Några maningar till mord torde ej ha förekommit i brefvet. Öfvers. anm.), som genom sitt slöseri och sina nöjen bragt ruin öfver landet och hvars öra endast lånades åt riksmarsken de la Gardie, rikskansleren och grefve Magnus.

Karl Gustaf skickade brefvet till drottningen, dess författare blef upptäckt och afrättad och hela den affären var slut. Det hade gifvit målföre åt det växande missnöjet hos ett parti, som förut endast gifvit sig tillkänna genom mummel.

Innan vi upphöra att sysselsätta oss med detta Kristinas första försök att befria sig från regeringstömmarna, bör det anmärkas, att hon under senare år hade för sed att förklara sin slutliga tronafsägelse på religiösa grunder. Man måste dock komma ihåg, att hon vid den tid då förslaget först tog form så väl som en tid därefter icke tycktes hafva någon lutning åt den bekännelse hon sedan omfattade. »Jag gillar icke», skref hon till biskop Godeau, då denne sändt henne några af sina tal och bifogat en förhoppning att hon med tiden skulle öfvergå till katolicismen, »att ni önskar och väntar någonting som icke kan ske. Mitt sinne har alltid varit riktadt på sökandet efter sanningen och jag kunde icke göra en förändring utan att förlänga afståndet mellan mig själf och det mål jag alltid föresatt mig. Jag har länge varit öfvertygad om att de ting jag tror äro de som böra tros. Det tillkommer snarare mig att önska, att ni, bland de många vackra ljus som upplyser eder själ, i detta afseende ägde dem som äro mina.»

Hennes ställning till frågan uttalades lika tydligt då 1652 ett rykte nådde Sverige att Karl Gustafs svåger, landtgrefven af Hessen-Eschwege [sic], ämnade följa det af landtgrefven Ernst af Hessen-Rheinfels gifna exemplet och öfvergå till katolicismen. Hon betygade genom bref den orolige Karl Gustaf sin sorg och sin deltagande, och till den förmodade öfverlöparen ställde hon förmaningar och varningar. »Anledningen till er sorg är så berättigad», skref hon, »att jag med svårighet söker efter tröstegrunder.» Hon förelade landtgrefven de skäl, som borde hålla honom tillbaka. Öfverlämnande de teologiska tvistefrågorna åt präster och lärda doktorer, behandlade hon saken ur hederns synpunkt. »Är det möjligt, att ni icke besinnar den hat, som den, hvilken öfvergår från en religion till en annan, ådrar sig från dem han sviker, och vet ni icke af många ryktbara exempel, att han blir föraktad af dem han ansluter sig till? Var god och betänk hur viktigt det är för en furste att han anses trofast och var säker på att ni genom att begå ett dylikt fel mycket skulle skada edra närmaste.» Och långt och vidlyftigt fortfor hon att för honom påpeka de sorgliga följderna af att afsäga sig den protestantiska läran, bland dem särskildt nämnande eviga samvetskval.

Med dessa dokument för ögonen måste man affärda den teori som söker skälet till Kristinas tronafsägelse uteslutande i hennes önskan att ändra religion, ehuru det kommer att visa sig, att den hade mycket att skaffa med hennes beslut att genomdrifva saken tre år efter det hon gifvit vika för sina vänners och rådgifvares trägna böner och samtyckt att bibehålla sin ställning som statens öfverhufvud.


Above: Kristina.


Above: The Prince de Condé.

Ida Ashworth Taylor on "Chanut's description of Christina; projects of marriage; Prince Charles Gustavus; Christina proposes him as her successor; scene in the Senate; her success" (1647-51)

Sources:

Christina of Sweden, pages 41 to 52, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, 1909; original at the University of Toronto


Drottning Kristina: bemyndigade öfversättning af H. Flygare, pages 42 to 53, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, translated by Hanny Flygare, 1912; original at the University of Minnesota


The account:

IT was inevitable that Christina's youth should be productive of complications, and that so long as she remained unwedded the future should wear an uncertain aspect. The question of her marriage was of the first importance, not to Sweden alone[,] but to Europe at large. A king consort who, connected with any of the powerful reigning houses, brought a large accession of strength to his wife's country would have been a menace to his neighbours; the influence of a husband pledged to any particular policy or party, domestic or foreign, would be a factor to be taken into account; whilst in Sweden, and more especially at Court, the unwise favour shown to Magnus de la Gardie may have served as an object-lesson as to the danger of undivided authority residing in the hands of a Queen of twenty-one, and have quickened the desire of her subjects to see her safe-guarded by marriage from some at least of the perils of her position. So far, however, it was impossible to form more than a conjecture as to the man upon whom her choice was likely to fall.

If her head had been turned[,] it was no wonder. Disposed by nature, as well as by training, to entertain an inordinate conception of her position and person, she could not be ignorant that she was playing not only to the select audience represented by her Court or country, but to Europe at large; and the consciousness can scarcely have failed to affect the performance. A detailed description sent home by Chanut supplies a picture of her at the age of twenty-one. Requested by Anne of Austria and the young King Louis to obtain for them a portrait of the Queen, the envoy supplemented it by an account of her habits and customs, her manners and way of life, which presents a picture drawn by a close and careful observer who enjoyed frequent opportunities of noting what he described. It is true that the attitude in which he paints her may have been a pose; but even so, it was probably, like many such, unconsciously artificial, and Christina, in acting a part, may have mistaken it for reality. At this distance of time it is difficult to determine the question. It must also be remembered that a pose has an increasing tendency to become second nature; so that a return to simplicity might, by a paradox, almost assume the character of a pose. In Christina's case, having formed an ideal of what the Queen of Sweden ought to be, she may honestly have believed herself to have attained it; and if there were deception[,] she may have been included in the fraud.

However that may be, the description of the French envoy renders it impossible to catch a glimpse of the girl as she appeared to her motley Court, made up of nobles of ancient houses, senators, and statesmen; men she had raised from obscurity; foreign adventurers, scientists, and philosophers. It was the Court of a woman, it must be added, who was never fortunate in her choice of servants.

With regard to her outward appearance, the writer confessed to a difficulty in portraying a countenance liable to sudden changes, according to the movements of her mind, ordinarily pensive, but clouding dangerously when she felt disapproval of what was said. In conversation she would treat at times, in the language of the Stoics, of virtue and its pre-eminence; whilst in familiar talk she spoke of the true value of things, trampling her crown under foot and acknowledging virtue to be the sole good. Yet it was not for long together that she forgot she was a Queen; and she would presently take up her crown once more, recognising its weight, and admitting that a good practice of her own profession of royalty was the initial step in the path of virtue. Nature, in Chanut's opinion, had equipped her well for her part. Her facility in the comprehension of public affairs was remarkable; her memory so good that she was tempted to abuse it. She spoke Latin, French, German, Flemish, and Swedish, and was learning Greek. In her hours of leisure she loved to talk with those acquainted with the curious facts of science; and her mind, eager in the pursuit of knowledge, sought information on every subject; though, far from making a parade of her learning, she sought rather to avoid the appearance of it. She took especial pleasure in hearing problems discussed by persons of differing opinions, reserving her judgment upon them until the last, when she would briefly express it, as a quasi determination of the question at issue.

The envoy further noted, with astonishment, the power she wielded, notwithstanding her youth, at the Council board, and the grace, kindness, and persuasive power she displayed. There were some who attributed the submissiveness of her senators to the deference paid to her womanhood. This was not Chanut's opinion; a king, he thought, with her qualities, would have wielded a like authority. But he confessed that it would have been less surprising than to see a girl sway the minds of councillors, old and wise, at her pleasure.

She rarely conversed with the ladies of her Court, business, together with the outdoor pursuits she loved, leaving little leisure for such intercourse; and even on formal occasions it was observed that she showed a preference for the conversation of men. The time she could spare from business was chiefly devoted to study. A quarter of an hour was the most she spent on her toilet, and, save on functions of State, a comb and a ribbon sufficed to dress her hair.

Christina, as here described, was not a woman to bestow her hand blindly or at the bidding of politicians. That she was still unmarried was not from lack of suitors. Gustavus Adolphus was scarcely dead before the Princes of Denmark had been put forward as aspirants to the hand of his daughter, the Queen-mother being supposed to favour the pretensions of the younger brother. Her views were not shared by Oxenstiern, who wrote from Germany to beg the Senate to guard the child's mind from the infusion of any such ideas. Eleonore, he added, had little or nothing to do with the disposal of the Queen. The interests of the kingdom were centred in Christina's person, whilst that of her mother was of the smallest account. The Senate and the Estates would never consent to a Danish marriage.

The Danish Princes disposed of, other suitors followed in due course. Christina's cousin, the Elector of Brandenburg, was of the number, and the possibility of a match with the Kings of Spain, Portugal, Hungary, and the Romans was at least discussed. There was, in fact, scarcely a marriageable prince in Europe who was not suggested as eligible. Each and all had a serious rival in Christina's cousin, Charles Gustavus. Stealing a march upon competitors at a distance, he had grown up with the Queen, he and his sisters having been the playmates and companions of her childhood; and the sequel was to prove that the Elector Palatine had acted wisely when, in spite of the rebuff administered by the Senate, he had decided upon giving his children a Swedish education. His eldest son was a young man of few personal attractions, but at seventeen even a Queen is not disposed to be over-critical of a lover, and at that age it seemed not unlikely that she would marry her cousin. The period that had since elapsed had worked a change in her sentiments; she was unwedded and increasingly uncertain of her wishes on the subject. The only lover she could have favoured, she wrote to Chanut in an undated letter, would have been Charles Gustavus, since he was brave and generous. But she had contracted an antipathy to marriage: "I was a child when I promised my cousin to wed him. Now I am grande fille, and I will sign no engagement of the heart. I should break it too soon. I would rather give him my crown than marry him."

The alternative must have been understood, if not used, as a mere figure of speech at the time the letter was written, nor had abdication yet taken shape as a serious possibility. In the meantime, three years after her entanglement — if it could be called so — with Charles Gustavus, had followed the interlude dominated by young de la Gardie. His father had indeed been credited with cherishing a hope that his son might obtain the Queen's hand; and though the suspicion that Christina intended Count Magnus to share her throne was effectually dispelled by his union with the daughter of the Prince Palatine, her liking for him showed no sign of diminution and may have disinclined her for the time to entertain the idea of marriage with any other man.

Those around her could not hope to escape, so long as she was young and unwedded, the imputation of nourishing ambitious aspirations; and Oxenstiern himself, like his rival, was charged in some quarters with a desire to marry her to his son. The Queen, the Chancellor wrote to the young man, had broached the subject to him in the course of conversation, observing that the best way to put an end to the report would be for young Oxenstiern to marry, a view in which his father concurred. Fantasies of the kind, he said, deserved nothing but ridicule; but malice had made use of the pretext to blacken the family reputation, and the choice of a good wife would put an end to the gossip.

Charles Gustavus was in truth the only serious candidate in the field, and a conversation drawn from his memoirs throws some light upon the relations of the cousins when, in 1647, the Prince was leaving Sweden to take command of the forces in Germany.

Into the period that had elapsed since Christina had imagined herself in love with her playmate, much experience had been crowded, and her views of life and marriage had undergone sensible modification. She had also become acquainted with possibilities represented by Count Magnus de la Gardie. When, therefore, in the presence of the latter, as well as of her tutor Matthiæ — surely the opportunity was ill-chosen — her cousin pressed for a definite understanding, Christina plainly refused to regard herself as in any way bound by what she had said as a child, annulling any engagement then entered into as formed by one not of an age to be pledged by any promise whatever. Having thus cleared the way by the assertion of her freedom, she explained that her mind was not yet made up, but that her decision would be taken at her coronation, when she would have reached the age of twenty-five. She further added the important and rash declaration that if she did not then wed Charles Gustavus[,] she would take no other husband, and would do what in her lay to cause him to be pronounced her successor. She kept her word.

Upon this imprudent compromise followed what the reader may be pardoned for regarding as a display of dramatic talent. In the manner of a stage hero, the Prince protested grandiloquently that, should his cousin refuse him as a husband, he, for his part, would not accept her other offers and would leave Sweden for ever.

"Christina", adds her biographer, "reproached him with indulging romantic fancies; and as the Prince continued to make the same affirmations, she attempted to close his lips by words little less romantic than his own, telling him that, should he happen to die before the date she had appointed, it would ever redound greatly to his honour that he had been esteemed worthy to wed a Queen such as herself, and that many men would have considered themselves very happy if only they had been adjudged worthy of that honour."

Whatever might have been the case with other men, the Prince showed no disposition to content himself with so barren a distinction; nor did Christina regard the question as closed, since her cousin was permitted to correspond on the subject with Matthiæ as well as with his father, his letters displaying the same spirit of chivalrous self-abnegation as at his parting interview and expressly urging that the Queen should be reminded of him. Unless she should decide in his favour he could not, he said, return with honour to Sweden, and begged that, so soon as peace was made, he might be given employment abroad. Should she not arrive at a definite determination[,] it would be best, he observed later on, that he should pass his days on the coast of the Baltic, and live there in tranquillity and[,] as it were[,] in retreat.

Whilst Charles Gustavus was making professions of disinterested devotion, the Estates of the Realm were urging marriage upon the Queen. The answers she returned were evasive. Thanking them for their affection, she stated that, though feeling no present inclination to take a husband, she might nevertheless consent to accede to their wishes for the good of the kingdom and the pleasuring of her subjects, and further inquired whether, in choosing her cousin, she would meet with their approval. She was quickly reassured on this point; but any hopes Prince Charles might have built upon the chances of her yielding to the instances of the representatives of the people were doomed to disappointment; and she continued to maintain her attitude, free from any pledge.

It appears clear that, from whatever cause, her distaste for matrimony was growing. In part due to a preference for untrammelled liberty, it is not unlikely that, as some averred, it was also the result of a prejudice instilled into her mind by Magnus de la Gardie; since, in after-days, and when the latter had fallen from the pinnacle on which she had placed him, she warned her cousin that his brother-in-law was unworthy of his affection and pity, by reason of the ill services he had rendered him. If she had not wedded the Prince, de la Gardie was the cause, having not only dissuaded her from the match, but inspired her with an aversion to Charles. The hopes of the nation were at all events doomed to disappointment. Christina's antipathy to marriage, far from diminishing, only deepened with time; and in the year when her final decision was to be taken[,] she is quoted by Chanut as declaring that she would choose death rather than a husband.

In the meantime the Peace of Westphalia, concluded in October 1648, had ended the Thirty Years' War, leaving the Powers who had taken part in it at liberty to turn their attention to domestic concerns. To Sweden the net result of the peace was five million crowns, the cession of the secularised Archbishopric of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden, and the possession of Upper Pomerania, Stettin, the island of Rügen and the city of Wismar, to be held as fiefs of the Empire. The successes of Christina's reign were crowned.

A few months later, in February 1649, she had taken the definite step of communicating to the Senate her repugnance to marriage; and, in consideration of the importance of a speedy settlement in the event of her dying childless, had pressed them to declare her cousin, Prince Charles, her successor.

The proposal was unexpected, and, taken by surprise, her hearers at first remained mute. The silence was presently broken by voices raised in protest, expostulation, and negation. The Senate was not disposed to do the Queen's bidding. Christina, however, unused to opposition, turned fiercely upon the dissentients. With a spirit reminiscent of Elizabeth Tudor, she told the members present that she was well aware that there were those among them who, regarding her as the last of her house, were counting upon their personal share in the election to follow upon her death. To them she had to say that not one of their house was to be preferred to Prince Charles. Others desired a change in the form of government, considering their interests before the welfare of the State. Had such a change been desirable[,] she would herself have taken measures to provide for it after her death, but, considering the habits of the nation, and regarding the destruction of the monarchy as an injustice, she desired to obviate the misfortunes incident to an election.

The scene, as it proceeded, was characteristic both of Christina and of the fashion of free speech prevailing in the Senate. Constable Torstenson, belonging to her own party at Court and one of the most loyal of her subjects, told his mistress plainly that only for her sake was any respect paid to Prince Charles. To turn themselves into slaves required overmuch reflection, though he had never contemplated introducing the republican form of government into Sweden.

After a digression dealing with the present condition of France and England, Christina returned to the point under discussion. Were she to die, she said, she wagered her two ears that her cousin would never come to the throne. Let him, therefore, be declared her successor; and when Torstenson expressed his belief that, should the Prince be denied her hand, he would remain unmarried, she replied by a frank expression of incredulity. Love, she said, was not kindled for one woman only, and a crown was a fair maiden. She had told Charles that in him, no more than a little Prince, it was great daring to aspire to wed a Queen. After which, condescending to meet the arguments that had been advanced, she admitted that she was entirely in accord with the Senate in believing that Charles had no right to the throne. Nevertheless she begged that, by favour and grace, and for the good and security of the realm, he might be recognised as her successor.

Some days later the question was referred to a Committee of the Estates, called into Council with the Senate. Again the Queen in person expounded her views and wishes. Again a hot argument ensued, Christina protesting that not a word should be extracted from her on the subject of marriage until her will had been executed. When Bishop Matthiæ urged that she was bound by the decrees of the realm to marry, she replied by an indignant protest. No one in the world, she declared, could compel her, should she not herself determine upon the step. She might do so — she did not deny it. To wed for the good of the realm was a great motive. But were she able to safeguard its interest by other means[,] she would have done all that could be demanded of her. What she had promised the Prince she would religiously perform, "but you are not at this time to know what it is that I have promised him." To the assertion of Matthiæ that the report that she had announced her intention of conferring her hand on her cousin was current in Europe, and to his question what would be said by the world of her present conduct, she replied negligently that when it had been talked of enough[,] another subject of conversation would be found.

The Queen was determined, the Senate and the Estates were not; in the end Christina carried her point, and the deed making Charles Gustavus heir to the crown of Sweden was signed; though Oxenstiern, affixing his signature to the document, did so with sorrow and anger. If, he told the official sent to him with it, his grave were open before him and he was to choose between it and the endorsement of this Act of Succession, he would prefer to enter his grave. So long, however, as Christina had her way[,] she probably cared little for disapproval or blame, and her success is a singular proof of the ascendancy she exercised over older and wiser heads.

Thus the first step towards abdication was taken. Christina dead, or otherwise removed, the future of Sweden, so far as she could compass it, was assured. But she conferred the crown on her cousin as a subject who had no claim to it. The Prince, it was stated in a contemporary memoir, accepted, under certain conditions, the honour offered him. "That is false and ridiculous", the Queen noted on the margin. "Could he fail to accept on his knees so great good fortune, so little merited and less hoped for? For not without losing his senses could he have hoped for it."

Wisely or not, the thing was done. At the Coronation, when it took place, Prince Charles, now returned from Germany, occupied his place as recognised heir to the throne. Christina had triumphed over Chancellor and Senate.

Swedish translation (by Flygare):

Det var gifven sak att Kristinas ungdom skulle ge anledning till förvecklingar och att framtiden skulle höljas i ovisshet så länge hon förblef ogift. Frågan om hennes giftermål var af största vikt, icke endast för Sverige utan för hela Europa. Kungen-gemålen skulle, om han var befryndad med något af de mäktiga regerande husen, tillföra sin makas land en tillökning i betydelse, som kunnat innebära ett hot för grannstaterna; inflytandet af en äkta man, som anslutit sig till någon viss politik eller till något visst parti, vare sig inhemskt eller utländskt, blefve en faktor att taga med i räkningen, under det att inom Sverige, framför allt vid hofvet, den okloka ynnest, som visats Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, tjänat till varnande exempel med afseende på den risk som förband sig med att den odelade makten låg i händerna på en tjuguettårig drottning och troligen stegrat undersåtarnas önskan att se henne genom giftermål skyddad åtminstone för några af hennes ställnings faror. Hittills var det dock omöjligt att annat än gissningsvis sluta sig till hvem hon kunde komma att välja.

Ingen må undra om hon blifvit litet yr i hufvudet. Af natur och genom uppfostran benägen att hysa ett öfverdrifvet begrepp om sin ställning och sin person, kunde hon icke vara okunnig om att hon uppträdde icke allenast inför det valda auditorium som representerades af hennes hof och hennes land utan inför hela Europa, och detta medvetande kunne knappast undgå att inverka på spelet. En af Chanut till sitt hemland afsänd beskrifning på henne framställer hennes bild vid tjuguett års ålder. Anmodad af Anna af Österrike och den unge kung Ludvig att skaffa dem ett porträtt af drottningen, ersatte envoyén porträttet med en redogörelse för hennes seder och vanor, hennes sätt att skicka sig och lefva, som framställer en bild tecknad af en noggrann och omsorgsfull iakttagare, den där hade talrika tillfällen att observera hvad han skildrade. Det är möjligt, att hon poserade för sitt porträtt, men om så var, är det troligt att hennes ställning var omedvetet konstlad och att Kristina, då hon spelade en roll, trodde sig vara naturlig. På ett så långt tidsafstånd är den frågan svår att afgöra. Man måste äfven komma ihåg att posen har en växande tendens att öfvergå till en andra natur så att en återgång till enkelhet kan i sin ordning, hur paradoxt det låter, nästan få karaktären af pose. Hvad Kristina beträffar är det antagligt, att hon efter att ha bildat sig ett ideal af hvad drottningen af Sverige borde vara, ärligt trott sig ha uppnått det, och om ett bedrägeri här förelåg, bedrog hon sig nog också själf.

Vare därmed huru som helst, nog af, denne fransmans beskrifning på Kristina gör det möjligt att uppfånga en skymt af henne då hon som ung flicka uppträdde i sitt brokiga hof, hvilket bestod af ädlingar tillhörande gamla familjer, rådsherrar och statsmän samt män som hon höjt från deras obskyra ställning, utländska äfventyrare, vetenskapsmän och filosofer. Det var — det måste tilläggas — en kvinnas hof, som aldrig varit lycklig i valet af sina tjänare.

Med afseende på hennes yttre människa tillstod författaren att det var svårt att porträttera ett ansikte som var så växlande i uttrycket — vanligen tankfullt men farligt mulnande, då hon ogillade det som sades. I konversationen afhandlade hon understundom på stoikernas språk dygden och dess höga betydelse, under det att hon i dagligt tal ordade om tingens verkliga värde, trampade sin krona under fötterna och förklarade att dygden var det enda verkligt goda. De stunder voro dock icke långa då hon glömde, att hon var drottning. Hon lyfte snart åter upp kronan, erkände dess betydelse och medgaf, att en god utöfning af hennes eget kall som drottning var det första steget på dygdens stig. Naturen hade, enligt Chanuts tanke, rustat henne väl för rollen. Hennes lätthet att fatta offentliga angelägenheter var anmärkningsvärd, hennes minne så godt att hon frestades att missbruka det. Hon talade latin, franska, tyska, holländska och svenska och studerade grekiska. På sina lediga stunder älskade hon att tala med dem som voro bekanta med vetenskapens underbara fakta och hennes intelligens, som törstade efter kunskap, sökte upplysning i alla ämnen, ehuru hon, längt ifrån att skryta med sin lärdom, snarare undvek att visa den. Det roade henne synnerligen att höra problem diskuteras af sinsemellan olika tänkande personer. Hon behöll sin åsikt för sig själf tills de slutat, då hon helt kort uttalade den, liksom afkunnande ett domslut rörande saken i fråga.

Envoyén omnämnde vidare med förvåning den makt hon, oaktadt sin ungdom, öfvade vid rådsbordet och det behag, den vänlighet och öfvertalande förmåga hon där utvecklade. Det var somliga som skrefvo rådsherrarnes undergifvenhet på räkningen af den vördnad man ägnade henne som kvinna. Men det var inte Chanuts åsikt. Han ansåg att en kung begåfvad med hennes egenskaper skulle öfvat samma myndighet. Men han medgaf, att de skulle ha verkat mindre öfverraskande än att se en flicka efter behag leda sina gamla visa rådgifvares sinnen.

Sällan samtalade hon med damerna vid sitt hof, enär statsgöromål och friluftssysselsättningar — som hon älskade — lämnade föga tid öfrig därtill, men äfven vid högtidligare tillfällen iakttog man att hon var mera road af att tala med män. Den tid som lämnades henne öfrig af de offentliga angelägenheterna ägnade hon förnämligast åt studier. En kvarts timme på sin höjd offrade hon åt toaletten, och utom vid större fester voro en kam och ett band allt som behöfdes för att pryda hennes hår.

Kristina, sådan hon här beskrifves, var icke den kvinna som blindt eller på politisk tillskyndelse skänkte bort sin hand. Att hon ännu var ogift berodde icke af att hon led brist på friare. Gustaf Adolf var knappt död förrän de danska prinsarne anmäldes som aspiranter till hans dotters hand, och änkedrottningen ansågs gynna den yngre broderns anspråk. Hennes syn på saken delades icke af Axel Oxenstierna, som skref hem från Tyskland och bad rådet skydda barnets sinne för ingjutandet af dylika tankar. Maria Eleonora, tillade han, hade föga eller intet att skaffa med afseende på bortlofvandet af drottningens person. Rikets intressen voro koncentrerade i Kristina, då däremot hennes mor betydde ganska litet. Rådet och ständerna skulle aldrig ge sitt samtycke till ett danskt giftermål.

Sedan de danska prinsarna blifvit affärdade, följde i sinom tid andra friare. Kristinas kusin, kurfursten af Brandenburg, var en af dem, och möjligheten af ett giftermål med någon af kungarna af Spanien, Portugal[,] Ungern eller romerske konungen afhandlades mer och mindre allvarligt. Det fanns knappt en giftasvuxen furste i Europa, som icke nämndes som ifrågakommande. Men alla hade de en svår rival i Kristinas kusin, Karl Gustaf. Fördelaktigare ställd än mera aflägset boende medtäflare, hade han vuxit upp tillsammans med drottningen, enär han och hans systrar varit hennes barndomsvänner och lekkamrater och det återstod att visa, huruvida pfalzgrefven handlat klokt då han, trots rådets afsnäsning, gifvit sina barn svensk uppfostran. Hans äldste son var en man, som ej ägde någon framstående personlig dragningskraft, men vid sjutton års ålder är inte ens en drottning så synnerligen kritisk i fråga om en tillbedjare, och då hon var sjutton år föreföll det inte osannolikt, att hon komme att gifta sig med sin kusin. Den tid som sedan dess förflutit hade åstadkommit en förändring i hennes känslor; hon var ogift och mer och mer oviss med afseende på sina önskningar i giftermålsfrågan. Den ende beundrare hon varit benägen att gynna — skref hon till Chanut i ett odateradt bref — skulle ha varit Karl Gustaf, emedan han var tapper och ädelmodig. Men hon hade fattat motvilja mot äktenskapet: »Jag var barn, då jag lofvade min kusin att gifta mig med honom. Nu är jag grande fille och underskrifver icke någon hjärtats förbindelse. Jag skulle alltför snart bryta den. Hellre gåfve jag honom min krona än jag gifte mig med honom».

Alternativet fattades, äfven om det icke så begagnats, som en retorisk figur vid den tid då brefvet skrefs, och tronafsägelsen hade då icke tagit form af någon egentlig möjlighet. De tre år som följde på hennes trassel — om det så kan kallas — med Karl Gustaf hade dominerats af den unge de la Gardie. Hans far hade verkligen, efter hvad som sades, smickrat sig med hoppet om att hans son skulle kunna vinna drottningens hand, och ehuru misstanken att Kristina ärnat dela tronen med grefve Magnus Gabriel grundligt skingrades genom hans förening med pfalzgrefvens dotter, visade Kristinas tillgifvenhet för honom intet tecken till aftagande och torde någon tid ha gjort henne obenägen att ingå giftermål med någon annan.

Så länge hon var ung och ogift kunde de som omgåfvo henne icke undgå att beskyllas för att nära ärelystna förhoppningar, och i likhet med sin medtäflare anklagades Axel Oxenstierna själf från somliga håll för att önska gifta henne med sin son. Drottningen, så skref rikskansleren till sin son, hade i samtal med honom vidrört ämnet och då sagt, att bästa sättet att göra slut på detta rykte var att den unge Oxenstierna gifte sig, en åsikt i hvilken hans far instämde. Dylika fantasier, sade han, vore endast att skratta åt, men illviljan hade begagnat saken som en förevändning att svärta familjens rykte och valet af en god hustru skulle göra slut på skvallret.

Karl Gustaf var då den ende giftermålskandidaten som togs på allvar, och ett i hans memoarer intaget samtal kastar ett visst ljus öfver förhållandet kusinerna emellan, då han 1647 lämnade Sverige för att som generalissimus taga befäl öfver hären i Tyskland.

Under den tid som förflutit sedan Kristina trott sig vara förälskad i sin lekkamrat hade mycken erfarenhet hopat sig och hennes syn på lifvet och äktenskapet hade betydligt modifierats. Hon hade äfven lärt känna möjligheter, som representerats af grefve Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie. Då hennes kusin i den senares och hennes lärare Johannes Matthiæs närvaro — tillfället var utan tvifvel illa valdt — yrkade på ett bestämdt aftal, vägrade Kristina helt enkelt att anse sig på något sätt bunden af det hon sagt som barn och upphäfde hvarje förbindelse hon då kunnat ingå, såsom ingången vid en ålder, då intet löfte vore bindande. Sedan hon på detta sätt klarat vägen genom att häfda sin frihet, förkunnade hon, att hon ännu icke bestämt sig, men att hennes beslut skulle fattas vid kröningen, sedan hon fyllt tjugufem år. Hon fogade härtill den viktiga och obetänksamma förklaringen, att om hon icke då förmälde sig med Karl Gustaf, skulle hon icke taga någon annan gemål och göra hvad i hennes förmåga stod att få honom korad till sin efterträdare. Hon höll emellertid ord.

På denna oförsiktiga kompromiss följde hvad man får förlåta läsaren, om han anser som ett slags dramatiskt kraftprof. Med en teaterhjältes later försäkrade den unge mannen helt storståtligt, att om hans kusin vägrade att taga honom till gemål, ville icke han för sin del acceptera hennes öfriga anbud utan skulle i så fall lämna Sverige för alltid.

»Kristina«, så säger hennes biograf, »förebrådde honom hans romantiska griller[,] och då Karl Gustaf fortsatte med samma försäkringar, sökte hon förmå honom till tystnad medelst ord föga mindre romantiska än hans egna, i det hon sade honom, att om han händelsevis dog före den tid hon utsatte, skulle det alltid högeligen bidraga till hans ära, att han aktats värdig att gifta sig med en drottning sådan som hon och att många män skulle ha skattat sig lyckliga om de bara aktats värda en sådan ära.»

Huru fallet än kunnat vara med andra män, säkert är att Karl Gustaf icke visade någon benägenhet att låta sig nöja med en så föga båtande utmärkelse. Icke heller Kristina ansåg frågan afslutad, enär det tilläts hennes kusin att i ämnet brefväxla med Johannes Matthiæ så väl som med sin far. I hans bref skönjes samma anda af ridderlig själfförsakelse som lagts i dagen vid afskedstagandet och han anhåller uttryckligen att drottningen måtte bli påmind om honom. Så framt hon icke beslöt sig till hans fördel, kunde han icke, så sade han, med heder återvända till Sverige utan anhöll att han, så fort fred blifvit sluten, måtte tilldelas sysselsättning i utlandet. Skulle hon icke kunna fatta ett afgörande beslut, vore det bäst — så skref han längre fram — att han tillbringade sina dagar vid Östersjöns kust och där lugnt lefde fram sitt lif i tillbakadragenhet.

Under det att Karl Gustaf uttalade dessa försäkringar om sin oegennyttiga hängifvenhet, yrkade rikets ständer på att drottningen skulle gifta sig. De svar hon afgaf voro undvikande. I det hon tackade dem för deras tillgifvenhet förklarade hon, att ehuru hon för närvarande icke kände sig böjd för att taga en gemål, skulle hon likväl möjligen tillmötesgå deras önskningar för rikets välgångs skull och för att göra sina undersåter till viljes samt frågade vidare, om hon, i händelse hon valde sin kusin, skulle vinna deras gillande. På den punkten blef hon snart lugnad, men i händelse Karl Gustaf byggt några förhoppningar på att hon skulle gifva vika för folkrepresentanternas trägna maningar, voro dessa förhoppningar dömda till undergång och hon fortfor att bibehålla sin ställning utan att i den vägen förbinda sig till någonting.

Det framgår med full klarhet, att hvilken än orsaken var, växte hennes motvilja mot äktenskapet. Delvis alstrad af hennes förkärlek för en oinskränkt frihet, är det icke osannolikt att den, som somliga påstodo, äfven var resultat af en fördom som Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie ingjutit i hennes sinne, ty längre fram och sedan denne fallit från den höjd hvarpå hon uppsatt honom, underrättade hon sin kusin om att hans svåger var ovärdig hans tillgifvenhet och medlidande på grund af alla de otjänster han gjort honom. Om hon icke gift sig med Karl Gustaf, var de la Gardie anledningen därtill, enär han icke endast afrått henne från giftermålet utan äfven ingifvit henne ovilja mot Karl Gustaf. Nationens hopp var i alla händelser dömdt att gå om intet. Kristinas vedervilja mot äktenskapet fördjupades allt mer med tiden, och det år, då hon skulle fatta sitt afgörande beslut, påstår Chanut, att hon förklarat, att hon hellre valde döden än en make.

Emellertid hade den Westfaliska freden, som slöts i oktober 1648 gjort slut på det trettioåriga kriget, och de makter som deltagit däruti voro nu i tillfälle att rikta sin uppmärksamhet på inre angelägenheter. För Sverige var resultatet af kriget fem miljoner riksdaler netto, de till världsliga områden förvandlade biskopsstiften Bremen och Verden samt ägandet af Vor-Pommern, Stettin, ön Rügen och staden Wismar, hvilka samtliga skulle innehafvas som län i Tyska riket. Framgångarna under Kristinas regering hade nu nått höjdpunkten.

Några månader därefter, i februari 1649, hade hon tagit det afgörande steget att meddela rådet sin motvilja mot att ingå äktenskap och med hänsyn till vikten af att ha successionen betryggad, i händelse hon skulle dö barnlös, hade hon sökt öfvertala rikets råd att förklara hennes kusin Karl Gustaf för hennes efterträdare.

Förslaget kom oväntadt och hennes åhörare blefvo så öfverraskade, att de till en början förstummades, men tystnaden bröts inom kort af röster, som höjde sig till protest, föreställningar och afslag. Rådet var icke benäget att rätta sig efter drottningens bud, men Kristina, icke van vid motstånd, angrep häftigt de från hennes mening afvikande. I en ton, som påminde om Elisabet Tudors, sade hon de församlade ledamöterna, att hon mycket väl visste, att det bland dem funnos sådana som betraktade henne som den sista i sitt hus och som räknade på sin personliga andel i det val som skulle följa på hennes död. Till dem ville hon nu säga, att icke någon af deras hus komme att föredragas framför Karl Gustaf. Andra önskade en förändring i styrelseformen, i det de mera höllo på sina egna intressen än på statens välfärd. Om en sådan förändring varit önskvärd, skulle hon själf vidtagit åtgärder för ombesörjandet däraf efter hennes död, men med hänsyn till nationens vanor och på grund af att hon ansåg monarkiens störtande som en orättvisa, önskade hon afvända de olyckor som ett val kunde medföra. Fältmarskalken Torstensson som tillhörde hennes parti vid hofvet och var en af hennes trognaste undersåtar, sade helt öppet sin härskarinna att det endast var för hennes skull man visade Karl Gustaf någon vördnad. Man måste väl betänka sig innan man gjorde sig till slaf, ehuru han för sin del aldrig haft för afsikt att införa den republikanska styrelseformen i Sverige.

Efter en afvikelse, hvarunder Kristina sysselsatte sig med det dåvarande tillståndet i Frankrike och England, återkom hon till den diskuterade frågan. Om hon skulle dö, så sade hon, kunde hon sätta sina båda öron i pant på att hennes kusin aldrig kom på tronen. Låt därför så ske, att han blir utnämnd till tronföljare! Då Torstensson sade sin tro vara den, att pfalzgrefven aldrig skulle gifta sig, om hon vägrade honom sin hand, svarade hon öppet, att hon var af annan mening. Kärleken, sade hon, tändes icke blott för en enda kvinna och kronan var en fager tärna. Hon hade sagt Karl Gustaf, att det för honom som en småfurste vore i hög grad förmätet att eftersträfva en drottning till brud. Därefter nedlät hon sig att besvara de invändningar som blifvit gjorda och medgaf, att hon ansåg rådet ha fullkomligt rätt i att Karl Gustaf icke hade några berättigade arfsanspråk på tronen. Icke dess mindre bad och bönföll hon att han af gunst och nåd samt för rikets välfärds och trygghets skull måtte bli erkänd som hennes efterträdare.

Några dagar därefter hänsköts frågan till ett utskott af ständerna, kalladt att förhandla med rådet. Åter framlade drottningen personligen sina åsikter och önskningar. Åter uppstod en het ordstrid och Kristina förklarade, att man icke kunde förmå henne att säga ett ord i giftermålsfrågan förrän man fogat sig efter hennes vilja. Då biskop Johannes Matthiæ påstod, att hon af rikets lagar ålades att gifta sig, svarade hon med ett harmset förnekande däraf. Ingen i världen, sade hon, kunde tvinga henne att taga ett sådant steg, om hon inte själf beslöt sig därför. Hon kunde möjligen göra det — det nekade hon inte till. Att gifta sig för rikets väl var att handla efter en storslagen bevekelsegrund. Men om hon genom andra medel lyckades betrygga dess intressen, så hade hon gjort allt hvad man kunde begära af henne. Hvad hon lofvat Karl Gustaf, det skulle hon troget hålla, »men den här gången fån I icke veta hvad det är jag lofvat honom». På biskopens försäkran att ryktet om att hon tillkännagifvit sin afsikt att skänka kusinen sin hand var spridt i hela Europa och på hans fråga om hvad hon trodde att världen skulle säga om hennes nuvarande beteende svarade hon helt vårdslöst, att när de talat sig trötta om den saken, skulle de nog finna ett annat samtalsämne.

Drottningen var fast besluten, men så var icke förhållandet med rådet och ständerna. Till sist dref Kristina igenom sin vilja, och den handling som gjorde Karl Gustaf till Sveriges tronarfvinge undertecknades, ehuru Oxenstierna, då han satte sitt namn under dokumentet, gjorde det med sorg och vrede. Om, det sade han tjänstemannen som skickats till honom med det, om grafven legat öppen för honom och han haft att välja mellan den och sitt underskrifvande af successionsakten, hade han föredragit att stiga ned i sin graf. Om blott Kristina fick sin vilja fram, frågade hon troligen föga efter vare sig gillande eller klander, och hennes framgång utgör ett egendomligt bevis på det välde hon utöfvade öfver äldre och klokare hufvuden.

Och så var första steget till tronafsägelsen taget. Om Kristina afled eller flyttade till ett annat land, var Sveriges framtid, så vidt det kom an på henne, betryggad. Hon tilldelade emellertid sin kusin kronan i hans egenskap af en undersåte den där icke hade några anspråk på den. I memoarer från den tiden läses att Karl Gustaf under vissa villkor mottog den ära som bjöds honom. »Det där är falskt och löjligt», anmärkte drottningen i marginalen. »Kunde han väl undgå att på sina knän mottaga en sådan gåfva, så föga förtjänt och än mindre motsedd? Han skulle ju ha varit från vettet, om han hoppats någonting dylikt.»

Om visligt eller icke, var nu saken gjord. Vid kröningen intog Karl Gustaf, nu återkommen från Tyskland, sin plats som erkänd arfvinge till tronen. Kristina hade segrat öfver rikskansleren och rådet.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.

Note: Stettin is the German name for the city of Szczecin in what is now the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland.