Showing posts with label Refusal to marry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Refusal to marry. Show all posts

Friday, December 5, 2025

Ida Ashworth Taylor on "Chanut's description of Christina; projects of marriage; Prince Charles Gustavus; Christina proposes him as her successor; scene in the Senate; her success" (1647-51)

Sources:

Christina of Sweden, pages 41 to 52, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, 1909; original at the University of Toronto


Drottning Kristina: bemyndigade öfversättning af H. Flygare, pages 42 to 53, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, translated by Hanny Flygare, 1912; original at the University of Minnesota


The account:

IT was inevitable that Christina's youth should be productive of complications, and that so long as she remained unwedded the future should wear an uncertain aspect. The question of her marriage was of the first importance, not to Sweden alone[,] but to Europe at large. A king consort who, connected with any of the powerful reigning houses, brought a large accession of strength to his wife's country would have been a menace to his neighbours; the influence of a husband pledged to any particular policy or party, domestic or foreign, would be a factor to be taken into account; whilst in Sweden, and more especially at Court, the unwise favour shown to Magnus de la Gardie may have served as an object-lesson as to the danger of undivided authority residing in the hands of a Queen of twenty-one, and have quickened the desire of her subjects to see her safe-guarded by marriage from some at least of the perils of her position. So far, however, it was impossible to form more than a conjecture as to the man upon whom her choice was likely to fall.

If her head had been turned[,] it was no wonder. Disposed by nature, as well as by training, to entertain an inordinate conception of her position and person, she could not be ignorant that she was playing not only to the select audience represented by her Court or country, but to Europe at large; and the consciousness can scarcely have failed to affect the performance. A detailed description sent home by Chanut supplies a picture of her at the age of twenty-one. Requested by Anne of Austria and the young King Louis to obtain for them a portrait of the Queen, the envoy supplemented it by an account of her habits and customs, her manners and way of life, which presents a picture drawn by a close and careful observer who enjoyed frequent opportunities of noting what he described. It is true that the attitude in which he paints her may have been a pose; but even so, it was probably, like many such, unconsciously artificial, and Christina, in acting a part, may have mistaken it for reality. At this distance of time it is difficult to determine the question. It must also be remembered that a pose has an increasing tendency to become second nature; so that a return to simplicity might, by a paradox, almost assume the character of a pose. In Christina's case, having formed an ideal of what the Queen of Sweden ought to be, she may honestly have believed herself to have attained it; and if there were deception[,] she may have been included in the fraud.

However that may be, the description of the French envoy renders it impossible to catch a glimpse of the girl as she appeared to her motley Court, made up of nobles of ancient houses, senators, and statesmen; men she had raised from obscurity; foreign adventurers, scientists, and philosophers. It was the Court of a woman, it must be added, who was never fortunate in her choice of servants.

With regard to her outward appearance, the writer confessed to a difficulty in portraying a countenance liable to sudden changes, according to the movements of her mind, ordinarily pensive, but clouding dangerously when she felt disapproval of what was said. In conversation she would treat at times, in the language of the Stoics, of virtue and its pre-eminence; whilst in familiar talk she spoke of the true value of things, trampling her crown under foot and acknowledging virtue to be the sole good. Yet it was not for long together that she forgot she was a Queen; and she would presently take up her crown once more, recognising its weight, and admitting that a good practice of her own profession of royalty was the initial step in the path of virtue. Nature, in Chanut's opinion, had equipped her well for her part. Her facility in the comprehension of public affairs was remarkable; her memory so good that she was tempted to abuse it. She spoke Latin, French, German, Flemish, and Swedish, and was learning Greek. In her hours of leisure she loved to talk with those acquainted with the curious facts of science; and her mind, eager in the pursuit of knowledge, sought information on every subject; though, far from making a parade of her learning, she sought rather to avoid the appearance of it. She took especial pleasure in hearing problems discussed by persons of differing opinions, reserving her judgment upon them until the last, when she would briefly express it, as a quasi determination of the question at issue.

The envoy further noted, with astonishment, the power she wielded, notwithstanding her youth, at the Council board, and the grace, kindness, and persuasive power she displayed. There were some who attributed the submissiveness of her senators to the deference paid to her womanhood. This was not Chanut's opinion; a king, he thought, with her qualities, would have wielded a like authority. But he confessed that it would have been less surprising than to see a girl sway the minds of councillors, old and wise, at her pleasure.

She rarely conversed with the ladies of her Court, business, together with the outdoor pursuits she loved, leaving little leisure for such intercourse; and even on formal occasions it was observed that she showed a preference for the conversation of men. The time she could spare from business was chiefly devoted to study. A quarter of an hour was the most she spent on her toilet, and, save on functions of State, a comb and a ribbon sufficed to dress her hair.

Christina, as here described, was not a woman to bestow her hand blindly or at the bidding of politicians. That she was still unmarried was not from lack of suitors. Gustavus Adolphus was scarcely dead before the Princes of Denmark had been put forward as aspirants to the hand of his daughter, the Queen-mother being supposed to favour the pretensions of the younger brother. Her views were not shared by Oxenstiern, who wrote from Germany to beg the Senate to guard the child's mind from the infusion of any such ideas. Eleonore, he added, had little or nothing to do with the disposal of the Queen. The interests of the kingdom were centred in Christina's person, whilst that of her mother was of the smallest account. The Senate and the Estates would never consent to a Danish marriage.

The Danish Princes disposed of, other suitors followed in due course. Christina's cousin, the Elector of Brandenburg, was of the number, and the possibility of a match with the Kings of Spain, Portugal, Hungary, and the Romans was at least discussed. There was, in fact, scarcely a marriageable prince in Europe who was not suggested as eligible. Each and all had a serious rival in Christina's cousin, Charles Gustavus. Stealing a march upon competitors at a distance, he had grown up with the Queen, he and his sisters having been the playmates and companions of her childhood; and the sequel was to prove that the Elector Palatine had acted wisely when, in spite of the rebuff administered by the Senate, he had decided upon giving his children a Swedish education. His eldest son was a young man of few personal attractions, but at seventeen even a Queen is not disposed to be over-critical of a lover, and at that age it seemed not unlikely that she would marry her cousin. The period that had since elapsed had worked a change in her sentiments; she was unwedded and increasingly uncertain of her wishes on the subject. The only lover she could have favoured, she wrote to Chanut in an undated letter, would have been Charles Gustavus, since he was brave and generous. But she had contracted an antipathy to marriage: "I was a child when I promised my cousin to wed him. Now I am grande fille, and I will sign no engagement of the heart. I should break it too soon. I would rather give him my crown than marry him."

The alternative must have been understood, if not used, as a mere figure of speech at the time the letter was written, nor had abdication yet taken shape as a serious possibility. In the meantime, three years after her entanglement — if it could be called so — with Charles Gustavus, had followed the interlude dominated by young de la Gardie. His father had indeed been credited with cherishing a hope that his son might obtain the Queen's hand; and though the suspicion that Christina intended Count Magnus to share her throne was effectually dispelled by his union with the daughter of the Prince Palatine, her liking for him showed no sign of diminution and may have disinclined her for the time to entertain the idea of marriage with any other man.

Those around her could not hope to escape, so long as she was young and unwedded, the imputation of nourishing ambitious aspirations; and Oxenstiern himself, like his rival, was charged in some quarters with a desire to marry her to his son. The Queen, the Chancellor wrote to the young man, had broached the subject to him in the course of conversation, observing that the best way to put an end to the report would be for young Oxenstiern to marry, a view in which his father concurred. Fantasies of the kind, he said, deserved nothing but ridicule; but malice had made use of the pretext to blacken the family reputation, and the choice of a good wife would put an end to the gossip.

Charles Gustavus was in truth the only serious candidate in the field, and a conversation drawn from his memoirs throws some light upon the relations of the cousins when, in 1647, the Prince was leaving Sweden to take command of the forces in Germany.

Into the period that had elapsed since Christina had imagined herself in love with her playmate, much experience had been crowded, and her views of life and marriage had undergone sensible modification. She had also become acquainted with possibilities represented by Count Magnus de la Gardie. When, therefore, in the presence of the latter, as well as of her tutor Matthiæ — surely the opportunity was ill-chosen — her cousin pressed for a definite understanding, Christina plainly refused to regard herself as in any way bound by what she had said as a child, annulling any engagement then entered into as formed by one not of an age to be pledged by any promise whatever. Having thus cleared the way by the assertion of her freedom, she explained that her mind was not yet made up, but that her decision would be taken at her coronation, when she would have reached the age of twenty-five. She further added the important and rash declaration that if she did not then wed Charles Gustavus[,] she would take no other husband, and would do what in her lay to cause him to be pronounced her successor. She kept her word.

Upon this imprudent compromise followed what the reader may be pardoned for regarding as a display of dramatic talent. In the manner of a stage hero, the Prince protested grandiloquently that, should his cousin refuse him as a husband, he, for his part, would not accept her other offers and would leave Sweden for ever.

"Christina", adds her biographer, "reproached him with indulging romantic fancies; and as the Prince continued to make the same affirmations, she attempted to close his lips by words little less romantic than his own, telling him that, should he happen to die before the date she had appointed, it would ever redound greatly to his honour that he had been esteemed worthy to wed a Queen such as herself, and that many men would have considered themselves very happy if only they had been adjudged worthy of that honour."

Whatever might have been the case with other men, the Prince showed no disposition to content himself with so barren a distinction; nor did Christina regard the question as closed, since her cousin was permitted to correspond on the subject with Matthiæ as well as with his father, his letters displaying the same spirit of chivalrous self-abnegation as at his parting interview and expressly urging that the Queen should be reminded of him. Unless she should decide in his favour he could not, he said, return with honour to Sweden, and begged that, so soon as peace was made, he might be given employment abroad. Should she not arrive at a definite determination[,] it would be best, he observed later on, that he should pass his days on the coast of the Baltic, and live there in tranquillity and[,] as it were[,] in retreat.

Whilst Charles Gustavus was making professions of disinterested devotion, the Estates of the Realm were urging marriage upon the Queen. The answers she returned were evasive. Thanking them for their affection, she stated that, though feeling no present inclination to take a husband, she might nevertheless consent to accede to their wishes for the good of the kingdom and the pleasuring of her subjects, and further inquired whether, in choosing her cousin, she would meet with their approval. She was quickly reassured on this point; but any hopes Prince Charles might have built upon the chances of her yielding to the instances of the representatives of the people were doomed to disappointment; and she continued to maintain her attitude, free from any pledge.

It appears clear that, from whatever cause, her distaste for matrimony was growing. In part due to a preference for untrammelled liberty, it is not unlikely that, as some averred, it was also the result of a prejudice instilled into her mind by Magnus de la Gardie; since, in after-days, and when the latter had fallen from the pinnacle on which she had placed him, she warned her cousin that his brother-in-law was unworthy of his affection and pity, by reason of the ill services he had rendered him. If she had not wedded the Prince, de la Gardie was the cause, having not only dissuaded her from the match, but inspired her with an aversion to Charles. The hopes of the nation were at all events doomed to disappointment. Christina's antipathy to marriage, far from diminishing, only deepened with time; and in the year when her final decision was to be taken[,] she is quoted by Chanut as declaring that she would choose death rather than a husband.

In the meantime the Peace of Westphalia, concluded in October 1648, had ended the Thirty Years' War, leaving the Powers who had taken part in it at liberty to turn their attention to domestic concerns. To Sweden the net result of the peace was five million crowns, the cession of the secularised Archbishopric of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden, and the possession of Upper Pomerania, Stettin, the island of Rügen and the city of Wismar, to be held as fiefs of the Empire. The successes of Christina's reign were crowned.

A few months later, in February 1649, she had taken the definite step of communicating to the Senate her repugnance to marriage; and, in consideration of the importance of a speedy settlement in the event of her dying childless, had pressed them to declare her cousin, Prince Charles, her successor.

The proposal was unexpected, and, taken by surprise, her hearers at first remained mute. The silence was presently broken by voices raised in protest, expostulation, and negation. The Senate was not disposed to do the Queen's bidding. Christina, however, unused to opposition, turned fiercely upon the dissentients. With a spirit reminiscent of Elizabeth Tudor, she told the members present that she was well aware that there were those among them who, regarding her as the last of her house, were counting upon their personal share in the election to follow upon her death. To them she had to say that not one of their house was to be preferred to Prince Charles. Others desired a change in the form of government, considering their interests before the welfare of the State. Had such a change been desirable[,] she would herself have taken measures to provide for it after her death, but, considering the habits of the nation, and regarding the destruction of the monarchy as an injustice, she desired to obviate the misfortunes incident to an election.

The scene, as it proceeded, was characteristic both of Christina and of the fashion of free speech prevailing in the Senate. Constable Torstenson, belonging to her own party at Court and one of the most loyal of her subjects, told his mistress plainly that only for her sake was any respect paid to Prince Charles. To turn themselves into slaves required overmuch reflection, though he had never contemplated introducing the republican form of government into Sweden.

After a digression dealing with the present condition of France and England, Christina returned to the point under discussion. Were she to die, she said, she wagered her two ears that her cousin would never come to the throne. Let him, therefore, be declared her successor; and when Torstenson expressed his belief that, should the Prince be denied her hand, he would remain unmarried, she replied by a frank expression of incredulity. Love, she said, was not kindled for one woman only, and a crown was a fair maiden. She had told Charles that in him, no more than a little Prince, it was great daring to aspire to wed a Queen. After which, condescending to meet the arguments that had been advanced, she admitted that she was entirely in accord with the Senate in believing that Charles had no right to the throne. Nevertheless she begged that, by favour and grace, and for the good and security of the realm, he might be recognised as her successor.

Some days later the question was referred to a Committee of the Estates, called into Council with the Senate. Again the Queen in person expounded her views and wishes. Again a hot argument ensued, Christina protesting that not a word should be extracted from her on the subject of marriage until her will had been executed. When Bishop Matthiæ urged that she was bound by the decrees of the realm to marry, she replied by an indignant protest. No one in the world, she declared, could compel her, should she not herself determine upon the step. She might do so — she did not deny it. To wed for the good of the realm was a great motive. But were she able to safeguard its interest by other means[,] she would have done all that could be demanded of her. What she had promised the Prince she would religiously perform, "but you are not at this time to know what it is that I have promised him." To the assertion of Matthiæ that the report that she had announced her intention of conferring her hand on her cousin was current in Europe, and to his question what would be said by the world of her present conduct, she replied negligently that when it had been talked of enough[,] another subject of conversation would be found.

The Queen was determined, the Senate and the Estates were not; in the end Christina carried her point, and the deed making Charles Gustavus heir to the crown of Sweden was signed; though Oxenstiern, affixing his signature to the document, did so with sorrow and anger. If, he told the official sent to him with it, his grave were open before him and he was to choose between it and the endorsement of this Act of Succession, he would prefer to enter his grave. So long, however, as Christina had her way[,] she probably cared little for disapproval or blame, and her success is a singular proof of the ascendancy she exercised over older and wiser heads.

Thus the first step towards abdication was taken. Christina dead, or otherwise removed, the future of Sweden, so far as she could compass it, was assured. But she conferred the crown on her cousin as a subject who had no claim to it. The Prince, it was stated in a contemporary memoir, accepted, under certain conditions, the honour offered him. "That is false and ridiculous", the Queen noted on the margin. "Could he fail to accept on his knees so great good fortune, so little merited and less hoped for? For not without losing his senses could he have hoped for it."

Wisely or not, the thing was done. At the Coronation, when it took place, Prince Charles, now returned from Germany, occupied his place as recognised heir to the throne. Christina had triumphed over Chancellor and Senate.

Swedish translation (by Flygare):

Det var gifven sak att Kristinas ungdom skulle ge anledning till förvecklingar och att framtiden skulle höljas i ovisshet så länge hon förblef ogift. Frågan om hennes giftermål var af största vikt, icke endast för Sverige utan för hela Europa. Kungen-gemålen skulle, om han var befryndad med något af de mäktiga regerande husen, tillföra sin makas land en tillökning i betydelse, som kunnat innebära ett hot för grannstaterna; inflytandet af en äkta man, som anslutit sig till någon viss politik eller till något visst parti, vare sig inhemskt eller utländskt, blefve en faktor att taga med i räkningen, under det att inom Sverige, framför allt vid hofvet, den okloka ynnest, som visats Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, tjänat till varnande exempel med afseende på den risk som förband sig med att den odelade makten låg i händerna på en tjuguettårig drottning och troligen stegrat undersåtarnas önskan att se henne genom giftermål skyddad åtminstone för några af hennes ställnings faror. Hittills var det dock omöjligt att annat än gissningsvis sluta sig till hvem hon kunde komma att välja.

Ingen må undra om hon blifvit litet yr i hufvudet. Af natur och genom uppfostran benägen att hysa ett öfverdrifvet begrepp om sin ställning och sin person, kunde hon icke vara okunnig om att hon uppträdde icke allenast inför det valda auditorium som representerades af hennes hof och hennes land utan inför hela Europa, och detta medvetande kunne knappast undgå att inverka på spelet. En af Chanut till sitt hemland afsänd beskrifning på henne framställer hennes bild vid tjuguett års ålder. Anmodad af Anna af Österrike och den unge kung Ludvig att skaffa dem ett porträtt af drottningen, ersatte envoyén porträttet med en redogörelse för hennes seder och vanor, hennes sätt att skicka sig och lefva, som framställer en bild tecknad af en noggrann och omsorgsfull iakttagare, den där hade talrika tillfällen att observera hvad han skildrade. Det är möjligt, att hon poserade för sitt porträtt, men om så var, är det troligt att hennes ställning var omedvetet konstlad och att Kristina, då hon spelade en roll, trodde sig vara naturlig. På ett så långt tidsafstånd är den frågan svår att afgöra. Man måste äfven komma ihåg att posen har en växande tendens att öfvergå till en andra natur så att en återgång till enkelhet kan i sin ordning, hur paradoxt det låter, nästan få karaktären af pose. Hvad Kristina beträffar är det antagligt, att hon efter att ha bildat sig ett ideal af hvad drottningen af Sverige borde vara, ärligt trott sig ha uppnått det, och om ett bedrägeri här förelåg, bedrog hon sig nog också själf.

Vare därmed huru som helst, nog af, denne fransmans beskrifning på Kristina gör det möjligt att uppfånga en skymt af henne då hon som ung flicka uppträdde i sitt brokiga hof, hvilket bestod af ädlingar tillhörande gamla familjer, rådsherrar och statsmän samt män som hon höjt från deras obskyra ställning, utländska äfventyrare, vetenskapsmän och filosofer. Det var — det måste tilläggas — en kvinnas hof, som aldrig varit lycklig i valet af sina tjänare.

Med afseende på hennes yttre människa tillstod författaren att det var svårt att porträttera ett ansikte som var så växlande i uttrycket — vanligen tankfullt men farligt mulnande, då hon ogillade det som sades. I konversationen afhandlade hon understundom på stoikernas språk dygden och dess höga betydelse, under det att hon i dagligt tal ordade om tingens verkliga värde, trampade sin krona under fötterna och förklarade att dygden var det enda verkligt goda. De stunder voro dock icke långa då hon glömde, att hon var drottning. Hon lyfte snart åter upp kronan, erkände dess betydelse och medgaf, att en god utöfning af hennes eget kall som drottning var det första steget på dygdens stig. Naturen hade, enligt Chanuts tanke, rustat henne väl för rollen. Hennes lätthet att fatta offentliga angelägenheter var anmärkningsvärd, hennes minne så godt att hon frestades att missbruka det. Hon talade latin, franska, tyska, holländska och svenska och studerade grekiska. På sina lediga stunder älskade hon att tala med dem som voro bekanta med vetenskapens underbara fakta och hennes intelligens, som törstade efter kunskap, sökte upplysning i alla ämnen, ehuru hon, längt ifrån att skryta med sin lärdom, snarare undvek att visa den. Det roade henne synnerligen att höra problem diskuteras af sinsemellan olika tänkande personer. Hon behöll sin åsikt för sig själf tills de slutat, då hon helt kort uttalade den, liksom afkunnande ett domslut rörande saken i fråga.

Envoyén omnämnde vidare med förvåning den makt hon, oaktadt sin ungdom, öfvade vid rådsbordet och det behag, den vänlighet och öfvertalande förmåga hon där utvecklade. Det var somliga som skrefvo rådsherrarnes undergifvenhet på räkningen af den vördnad man ägnade henne som kvinna. Men det var inte Chanuts åsikt. Han ansåg att en kung begåfvad med hennes egenskaper skulle öfvat samma myndighet. Men han medgaf, att de skulle ha verkat mindre öfverraskande än att se en flicka efter behag leda sina gamla visa rådgifvares sinnen.

Sällan samtalade hon med damerna vid sitt hof, enär statsgöromål och friluftssysselsättningar — som hon älskade — lämnade föga tid öfrig därtill, men äfven vid högtidligare tillfällen iakttog man att hon var mera road af att tala med män. Den tid som lämnades henne öfrig af de offentliga angelägenheterna ägnade hon förnämligast åt studier. En kvarts timme på sin höjd offrade hon åt toaletten, och utom vid större fester voro en kam och ett band allt som behöfdes för att pryda hennes hår.

Kristina, sådan hon här beskrifves, var icke den kvinna som blindt eller på politisk tillskyndelse skänkte bort sin hand. Att hon ännu var ogift berodde icke af att hon led brist på friare. Gustaf Adolf var knappt död förrän de danska prinsarne anmäldes som aspiranter till hans dotters hand, och änkedrottningen ansågs gynna den yngre broderns anspråk. Hennes syn på saken delades icke af Axel Oxenstierna, som skref hem från Tyskland och bad rådet skydda barnets sinne för ingjutandet af dylika tankar. Maria Eleonora, tillade han, hade föga eller intet att skaffa med afseende på bortlofvandet af drottningens person. Rikets intressen voro koncentrerade i Kristina, då däremot hennes mor betydde ganska litet. Rådet och ständerna skulle aldrig ge sitt samtycke till ett danskt giftermål.

Sedan de danska prinsarna blifvit affärdade, följde i sinom tid andra friare. Kristinas kusin, kurfursten af Brandenburg, var en af dem, och möjligheten af ett giftermål med någon af kungarna af Spanien, Portugal[,] Ungern eller romerske konungen afhandlades mer och mindre allvarligt. Det fanns knappt en giftasvuxen furste i Europa, som icke nämndes som ifrågakommande. Men alla hade de en svår rival i Kristinas kusin, Karl Gustaf. Fördelaktigare ställd än mera aflägset boende medtäflare, hade han vuxit upp tillsammans med drottningen, enär han och hans systrar varit hennes barndomsvänner och lekkamrater och det återstod att visa, huruvida pfalzgrefven handlat klokt då han, trots rådets afsnäsning, gifvit sina barn svensk uppfostran. Hans äldste son var en man, som ej ägde någon framstående personlig dragningskraft, men vid sjutton års ålder är inte ens en drottning så synnerligen kritisk i fråga om en tillbedjare, och då hon var sjutton år föreföll det inte osannolikt, att hon komme att gifta sig med sin kusin. Den tid som sedan dess förflutit hade åstadkommit en förändring i hennes känslor; hon var ogift och mer och mer oviss med afseende på sina önskningar i giftermålsfrågan. Den ende beundrare hon varit benägen att gynna — skref hon till Chanut i ett odateradt bref — skulle ha varit Karl Gustaf, emedan han var tapper och ädelmodig. Men hon hade fattat motvilja mot äktenskapet: »Jag var barn, då jag lofvade min kusin att gifta mig med honom. Nu är jag grande fille och underskrifver icke någon hjärtats förbindelse. Jag skulle alltför snart bryta den. Hellre gåfve jag honom min krona än jag gifte mig med honom».

Alternativet fattades, äfven om det icke så begagnats, som en retorisk figur vid den tid då brefvet skrefs, och tronafsägelsen hade då icke tagit form af någon egentlig möjlighet. De tre år som följde på hennes trassel — om det så kan kallas — med Karl Gustaf hade dominerats af den unge de la Gardie. Hans far hade verkligen, efter hvad som sades, smickrat sig med hoppet om att hans son skulle kunna vinna drottningens hand, och ehuru misstanken att Kristina ärnat dela tronen med grefve Magnus Gabriel grundligt skingrades genom hans förening med pfalzgrefvens dotter, visade Kristinas tillgifvenhet för honom intet tecken till aftagande och torde någon tid ha gjort henne obenägen att ingå giftermål med någon annan.

Så länge hon var ung och ogift kunde de som omgåfvo henne icke undgå att beskyllas för att nära ärelystna förhoppningar, och i likhet med sin medtäflare anklagades Axel Oxenstierna själf från somliga håll för att önska gifta henne med sin son. Drottningen, så skref rikskansleren till sin son, hade i samtal med honom vidrört ämnet och då sagt, att bästa sättet att göra slut på detta rykte var att den unge Oxenstierna gifte sig, en åsikt i hvilken hans far instämde. Dylika fantasier, sade han, vore endast att skratta åt, men illviljan hade begagnat saken som en förevändning att svärta familjens rykte och valet af en god hustru skulle göra slut på skvallret.

Karl Gustaf var då den ende giftermålskandidaten som togs på allvar, och ett i hans memoarer intaget samtal kastar ett visst ljus öfver förhållandet kusinerna emellan, då han 1647 lämnade Sverige för att som generalissimus taga befäl öfver hären i Tyskland.

Under den tid som förflutit sedan Kristina trott sig vara förälskad i sin lekkamrat hade mycken erfarenhet hopat sig och hennes syn på lifvet och äktenskapet hade betydligt modifierats. Hon hade äfven lärt känna möjligheter, som representerats af grefve Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie. Då hennes kusin i den senares och hennes lärare Johannes Matthiæs närvaro — tillfället var utan tvifvel illa valdt — yrkade på ett bestämdt aftal, vägrade Kristina helt enkelt att anse sig på något sätt bunden af det hon sagt som barn och upphäfde hvarje förbindelse hon då kunnat ingå, såsom ingången vid en ålder, då intet löfte vore bindande. Sedan hon på detta sätt klarat vägen genom att häfda sin frihet, förkunnade hon, att hon ännu icke bestämt sig, men att hennes beslut skulle fattas vid kröningen, sedan hon fyllt tjugufem år. Hon fogade härtill den viktiga och obetänksamma förklaringen, att om hon icke då förmälde sig med Karl Gustaf, skulle hon icke taga någon annan gemål och göra hvad i hennes förmåga stod att få honom korad till sin efterträdare. Hon höll emellertid ord.

På denna oförsiktiga kompromiss följde hvad man får förlåta läsaren, om han anser som ett slags dramatiskt kraftprof. Med en teaterhjältes later försäkrade den unge mannen helt storståtligt, att om hans kusin vägrade att taga honom till gemål, ville icke han för sin del acceptera hennes öfriga anbud utan skulle i så fall lämna Sverige för alltid.

»Kristina«, så säger hennes biograf, »förebrådde honom hans romantiska griller[,] och då Karl Gustaf fortsatte med samma försäkringar, sökte hon förmå honom till tystnad medelst ord föga mindre romantiska än hans egna, i det hon sade honom, att om han händelsevis dog före den tid hon utsatte, skulle det alltid högeligen bidraga till hans ära, att han aktats värdig att gifta sig med en drottning sådan som hon och att många män skulle ha skattat sig lyckliga om de bara aktats värda en sådan ära.»

Huru fallet än kunnat vara med andra män, säkert är att Karl Gustaf icke visade någon benägenhet att låta sig nöja med en så föga båtande utmärkelse. Icke heller Kristina ansåg frågan afslutad, enär det tilläts hennes kusin att i ämnet brefväxla med Johannes Matthiæ så väl som med sin far. I hans bref skönjes samma anda af ridderlig själfförsakelse som lagts i dagen vid afskedstagandet och han anhåller uttryckligen att drottningen måtte bli påmind om honom. Så framt hon icke beslöt sig till hans fördel, kunde han icke, så sade han, med heder återvända till Sverige utan anhöll att han, så fort fred blifvit sluten, måtte tilldelas sysselsättning i utlandet. Skulle hon icke kunna fatta ett afgörande beslut, vore det bäst — så skref han längre fram — att han tillbringade sina dagar vid Östersjöns kust och där lugnt lefde fram sitt lif i tillbakadragenhet.

Under det att Karl Gustaf uttalade dessa försäkringar om sin oegennyttiga hängifvenhet, yrkade rikets ständer på att drottningen skulle gifta sig. De svar hon afgaf voro undvikande. I det hon tackade dem för deras tillgifvenhet förklarade hon, att ehuru hon för närvarande icke kände sig böjd för att taga en gemål, skulle hon likväl möjligen tillmötesgå deras önskningar för rikets välgångs skull och för att göra sina undersåter till viljes samt frågade vidare, om hon, i händelse hon valde sin kusin, skulle vinna deras gillande. På den punkten blef hon snart lugnad, men i händelse Karl Gustaf byggt några förhoppningar på att hon skulle gifva vika för folkrepresentanternas trägna maningar, voro dessa förhoppningar dömda till undergång och hon fortfor att bibehålla sin ställning utan att i den vägen förbinda sig till någonting.

Det framgår med full klarhet, att hvilken än orsaken var, växte hennes motvilja mot äktenskapet. Delvis alstrad af hennes förkärlek för en oinskränkt frihet, är det icke osannolikt att den, som somliga påstodo, äfven var resultat af en fördom som Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie ingjutit i hennes sinne, ty längre fram och sedan denne fallit från den höjd hvarpå hon uppsatt honom, underrättade hon sin kusin om att hans svåger var ovärdig hans tillgifvenhet och medlidande på grund af alla de otjänster han gjort honom. Om hon icke gift sig med Karl Gustaf, var de la Gardie anledningen därtill, enär han icke endast afrått henne från giftermålet utan äfven ingifvit henne ovilja mot Karl Gustaf. Nationens hopp var i alla händelser dömdt att gå om intet. Kristinas vedervilja mot äktenskapet fördjupades allt mer med tiden, och det år, då hon skulle fatta sitt afgörande beslut, påstår Chanut, att hon förklarat, att hon hellre valde döden än en make.

Emellertid hade den Westfaliska freden, som slöts i oktober 1648 gjort slut på det trettioåriga kriget, och de makter som deltagit däruti voro nu i tillfälle att rikta sin uppmärksamhet på inre angelägenheter. För Sverige var resultatet af kriget fem miljoner riksdaler netto, de till världsliga områden förvandlade biskopsstiften Bremen och Verden samt ägandet af Vor-Pommern, Stettin, ön Rügen och staden Wismar, hvilka samtliga skulle innehafvas som län i Tyska riket. Framgångarna under Kristinas regering hade nu nått höjdpunkten.

Några månader därefter, i februari 1649, hade hon tagit det afgörande steget att meddela rådet sin motvilja mot att ingå äktenskap och med hänsyn till vikten af att ha successionen betryggad, i händelse hon skulle dö barnlös, hade hon sökt öfvertala rikets råd att förklara hennes kusin Karl Gustaf för hennes efterträdare.

Förslaget kom oväntadt och hennes åhörare blefvo så öfverraskade, att de till en början förstummades, men tystnaden bröts inom kort af röster, som höjde sig till protest, föreställningar och afslag. Rådet var icke benäget att rätta sig efter drottningens bud, men Kristina, icke van vid motstånd, angrep häftigt de från hennes mening afvikande. I en ton, som påminde om Elisabet Tudors, sade hon de församlade ledamöterna, att hon mycket väl visste, att det bland dem funnos sådana som betraktade henne som den sista i sitt hus och som räknade på sin personliga andel i det val som skulle följa på hennes död. Till dem ville hon nu säga, att icke någon af deras hus komme att föredragas framför Karl Gustaf. Andra önskade en förändring i styrelseformen, i det de mera höllo på sina egna intressen än på statens välfärd. Om en sådan förändring varit önskvärd, skulle hon själf vidtagit åtgärder för ombesörjandet däraf efter hennes död, men med hänsyn till nationens vanor och på grund af att hon ansåg monarkiens störtande som en orättvisa, önskade hon afvända de olyckor som ett val kunde medföra. Fältmarskalken Torstensson som tillhörde hennes parti vid hofvet och var en af hennes trognaste undersåtar, sade helt öppet sin härskarinna att det endast var för hennes skull man visade Karl Gustaf någon vördnad. Man måste väl betänka sig innan man gjorde sig till slaf, ehuru han för sin del aldrig haft för afsikt att införa den republikanska styrelseformen i Sverige.

Efter en afvikelse, hvarunder Kristina sysselsatte sig med det dåvarande tillståndet i Frankrike och England, återkom hon till den diskuterade frågan. Om hon skulle dö, så sade hon, kunde hon sätta sina båda öron i pant på att hennes kusin aldrig kom på tronen. Låt därför så ske, att han blir utnämnd till tronföljare! Då Torstensson sade sin tro vara den, att pfalzgrefven aldrig skulle gifta sig, om hon vägrade honom sin hand, svarade hon öppet, att hon var af annan mening. Kärleken, sade hon, tändes icke blott för en enda kvinna och kronan var en fager tärna. Hon hade sagt Karl Gustaf, att det för honom som en småfurste vore i hög grad förmätet att eftersträfva en drottning till brud. Därefter nedlät hon sig att besvara de invändningar som blifvit gjorda och medgaf, att hon ansåg rådet ha fullkomligt rätt i att Karl Gustaf icke hade några berättigade arfsanspråk på tronen. Icke dess mindre bad och bönföll hon att han af gunst och nåd samt för rikets välfärds och trygghets skull måtte bli erkänd som hennes efterträdare.

Några dagar därefter hänsköts frågan till ett utskott af ständerna, kalladt att förhandla med rådet. Åter framlade drottningen personligen sina åsikter och önskningar. Åter uppstod en het ordstrid och Kristina förklarade, att man icke kunde förmå henne att säga ett ord i giftermålsfrågan förrän man fogat sig efter hennes vilja. Då biskop Johannes Matthiæ påstod, att hon af rikets lagar ålades att gifta sig, svarade hon med ett harmset förnekande däraf. Ingen i världen, sade hon, kunde tvinga henne att taga ett sådant steg, om hon inte själf beslöt sig därför. Hon kunde möjligen göra det — det nekade hon inte till. Att gifta sig för rikets väl var att handla efter en storslagen bevekelsegrund. Men om hon genom andra medel lyckades betrygga dess intressen, så hade hon gjort allt hvad man kunde begära af henne. Hvad hon lofvat Karl Gustaf, det skulle hon troget hålla, »men den här gången fån I icke veta hvad det är jag lofvat honom». På biskopens försäkran att ryktet om att hon tillkännagifvit sin afsikt att skänka kusinen sin hand var spridt i hela Europa och på hans fråga om hvad hon trodde att världen skulle säga om hennes nuvarande beteende svarade hon helt vårdslöst, att när de talat sig trötta om den saken, skulle de nog finna ett annat samtalsämne.

Drottningen var fast besluten, men så var icke förhållandet med rådet och ständerna. Till sist dref Kristina igenom sin vilja, och den handling som gjorde Karl Gustaf till Sveriges tronarfvinge undertecknades, ehuru Oxenstierna, då han satte sitt namn under dokumentet, gjorde det med sorg och vrede. Om, det sade han tjänstemannen som skickats till honom med det, om grafven legat öppen för honom och han haft att välja mellan den och sitt underskrifvande af successionsakten, hade han föredragit att stiga ned i sin graf. Om blott Kristina fick sin vilja fram, frågade hon troligen föga efter vare sig gillande eller klander, och hennes framgång utgör ett egendomligt bevis på det välde hon utöfvade öfver äldre och klokare hufvuden.

Och så var första steget till tronafsägelsen taget. Om Kristina afled eller flyttade till ett annat land, var Sveriges framtid, så vidt det kom an på henne, betryggad. Hon tilldelade emellertid sin kusin kronan i hans egenskap af en undersåte den där icke hade några anspråk på den. I memoarer från den tiden läses att Karl Gustaf under vissa villkor mottog den ära som bjöds honom. »Det där är falskt och löjligt», anmärkte drottningen i marginalen. »Kunde han väl undgå att på sina knän mottaga en sådan gåfva, så föga förtjänt och än mindre motsedd? Han skulle ju ha varit från vettet, om han hoppats någonting dylikt.»

Om visligt eller icke, var nu saken gjord. Vid kröningen intog Karl Gustaf, nu återkommen från Tyskland, sin plats som erkänd arfvinge till tronen. Kristina hade segrat öfver rikskansleren och rådet.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.

Note: Stettin is the German name for the city of Szczecin in what is now the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland.

Thursday, December 4, 2025

Christian Stieff on Kristina refusing to marry and instead making Karl Gustav her heir and successor

Source:

Leben der Weltberühmten Königin Christina von Schweden nach denen geheimesten intrigven und merckwürdigsten umständen mit möglichstem fleiße entworffen, pages 30 to 34, by Christian Stieff, 1705; original at the University of Michigan


The 1,100th post of 2025 to this blog!

The account:

Massen den unter andern Churfürst George Wilhelm von Brandenburg vor seinen Chur-Printz / Friedrich Wilhelmen / um sie geworben. Es möchte auch diese heyrath vielleicht den fortgang erreichet haben / wofern König Gustavus Adolphus hätte leben sollen / als welcher auff diese alliantze bey seinem leben grosse reflexion gemacht hatte / um sich dadurch in Teutschland und wider Polen desto fester zu setzen. Allein / nach dessen tode bezeugte nicht allein die Königin schlechte lust darzu / sondern auch der Cantzler Oxenstirn / so sich hoffnung gemacht / daß sie vielleicht zu seinem sohn Graf Erich Oxenstirn mit der zeit incliniren möchte / verhinderte solche nach äuserstem vermögen. Nicht bessern success hat König Christian der IV gehabt / da er für seinen zweyten sohn Hertzog Friedrichen um sie anhielte; ingleichen Pfaltz-Graf Carl Gustav / wiewohl doch viele meynen / daß die Königin / diesen letztern zu ehlichen / noch wohl dürffte resolviret haben / wenn nicht Graf Magnus de la Gardie, so damahls bey der Königin in sonderlichen gnaden stunde / ihr allerhand widrige impressiones beygebracht / und sie dadurch von dieser meynung abgewendet hätte. Doch hat er nicht verhindern können / daß nicht die Königin den Pfaltzgrafen 1650 auff öffentlichem Reichs-tage zum erben und Successorn der Cron / daferne sie ohne leibes-erben mit tode abgehen solte / erklären lassen / dargegen aber er folgende assecuration ausgestellet:

"Wir Carl Gustav / der Schweden / Gothen und Vandeln erwehlter Erb-Printz / Pfaltzgraf am Rhein / Hertzog zu Bayern / etc. thun kund / daß / nachdem die Königin von Schweden Christina / und die Reichs-Räthe und Stände selbigen Königsreichs uns und unsern kindern männlichen geschlechts / die anwartung und erb-recht an besagtem Königreich Schweden durch einen öffentlichen schluß auffgetragen / wir hingegen vor nöthig befunden / uns folgender massen zu erklären: Erstlich sagen wir ihr / der Königin / so wohl vor diese als alle andre wohlthaten / so wir zeit unsers lebens von ihr genossen / gebührenden danck / erkennen auch selbige vor unsere Königin und gnädige Frau / welcher alle regierung / uns aber ihr zu gehorsamen / zustehe / und versprechen ihr demnach alle schuldige treue / gehorsam und respect jederzeit zu leisten. Und gleichwie sie / die Königin / uns zugesagt und verheißen / daß sie bey der regierung und dem / was davon dependiret / nichts / so unserm stande nicht gemäß / oder wider unsern willen / uns aufdringen wolle / also versprechen wir hinwiederum / daß wir / so lange sie am leben und an der regierung / nichts von allem / was des Reichs wohlstand betrifft / als krieg zu führen / frieden zu schliessen / bündniß zu machen / und dergleichen wichtige dinge / uns unterfangen wollen / es geschehe denn solches mit vorwissen und willen der Königin / vorgehendem rath der Reichs-Senatorn und von jener hierzu ertheilten vollmacht und gewalt. Dieweil auch die Königin samt denen Reichs-Räthen vor gut befunden / daß das Reich hinführo nicht zertheilet / sondern jederzeit unzertrennet beysammen bleiben solle / so wollen weder wir noch unsere Kinder ein Hertzogthum erblich vor uns fordern / sondern mit demjenigen / was die Königin zusamt denen Reichs-Ständen zu unserer und unserer zukünfftigen Gemahlin und kinder unterhalt aus der kammer uns verordnen werden / zu frieden seyn. Dafern aber mit der zeit wir oder unsere kinder einige land-güter rechtmäßiger weise an uns bringen solten / so sollen und wollen wir dieselbigen mit eben denen rechten und freyheiten / wie andere von Adel / besitzen / und dasjenige / was selbige von dergleichen der Cron zu geben und leisten pflegen / auch unseres orts unweigerlich abstatten. Jedoch behalten wir uns dabey die gerichtebarkeit über unsere hof-statt / wie solche die vormahligen Erb-Printzen über die ihrigen gebraucht / zuvor. Wofern auch nach der Königin tode uns etwan ein land ausser dem Reiche zufallen solte / wollen wir dasselbe nicht anders annehmen / als mit der bedingung / daß wir aus dem Königreich Schweden / und derenthalber uns mit wesentlicher wohnung zu wenden nicht schuldig seyn sollen. Wenn wir etwan dermaleinst uns zu verehlichen entschliessen möchten / so wollen wir zuförderst die Königin und Reichs-Räthe darüber vernehmen / und keine heyrath schliessen / so jener oder dem Reiche schädlich seyn und einiges nachtheil zuziehen könne. Wir wollen auch keine andere person zu unserer Gemahlin annehmen / als die der unveränderten Augspurgischen Confeßion zugethan / in welcher wir auch unsere kinder erziehen zu lassen versprechen. Wenn wir nach GOttes willen zur regierung gelangen solten / so wollen wir selbige mit zuziehung der Reichs-Räthe nach denen rechten des Königreichs und Reichs-constitutionibus gemäß führen. Alle des Reichs Stände und unterthanen wollen wir bey dem reinen und klaren worte GOttes / wie solches in der Propheten und Aposteln schrifften enthalten und in der unveränderten Augspurgischen Confession und Concilio zu Upsal weitläufftiger erkläret worden / handhaben und schützen: auch alle Stände und unterthanen bey ihren habenden rechten / gerechtigkeiten und freyheiten ungekränckt lassen / und möglichst verhüten / daß keinem / wes standes und würden er auch sey / an leib und leben / ehr und gut einiger schaden zugefüget werde. Wir wollen der verwittibten Königin / Frauen Marien Eleonoren / jederzeit mit liebe und ehrerbietung begegnen / und sie bey demjenigen / was ihr von der regierenden Königin zu ihrer und ihrer hofstaat unterhalt geordnet worden / geruhig lassen. Endlich so wollen wir alle dasjenige / was in Königs Gustavi letztem willen und der erb-vereinigung von denen Erb-Printzen dem Reich zum besten verordnet wird / wie auch / was die vorigen Könige in Schweden inhalts ihres geleisteten eydes und ausgestellter reversalien zu leisten schuldig gewesen / ausser demjenigen / was auf gegenwärtigem Reichs-tage geändert worden / ebenfalls steiff und unverbrüchlich halten. Es sollen auch letzlich nicht weniger unsere männlichen erben und successoren allem / was wir hierinnen zugesagt / nachzuleben verbunden seyn."

With modernised spelling:

Maßen den unter andern Kurfürst, Georg Wilhelm von Brandenburg, vor seinen Kurprinz, Friedrich Wilhelmen, um sie geworben. Es möchte auch diese Heirat vielleicht den Fortgang erreicht haben, wofern König Gustavus Adolphus hätte leben sollen, als welcher auf diese Allianze bei seinem Leben große Reflexion gemacht hatte, um sich dadurch in Deutschland und wider Polen desto fester zu setzen. Allein, nach dessen Tode bezeugte nicht allein die Königin schlechte Lust dazu, sondern auch der Kanzler Oxenstiern, so sich Hoffnung gemacht, dass sie vielleicht zu seinem Sohn Graf Erich Oxenstiern mit der Zeit inklinieren möchte, verhinderte solche nach äußerstem Vermögen.

Nicht bessern Sukzess hat König Christian der IV gehabt, da er für seinen zweiten Sohn, Herzog Friedrichen, um sie anhielte; ingleichen Pfalzgraf Karl Gustav, wiewohl doch viele meinen, dass die Königin diesen Letztern zu ehelichen, noch wohl dürfte resolviert haben, wenn nicht Graf Magnus de la Gardie, so damals bei der Königin in sonderlichen Gnaden stunde, ihr allerhand widrige impressiones beigebracht, und sie dadurch von dieser Meinung abgewendet hätte.

Doch hat er nicht verhindern können, dass nicht die Königin den Pfalzgrafen 1650 auf öffentlichem Reichstage zum Erben und Sukzessorn der Kron, dafern sie ohne Leibeserben mit Tode abgehen sollte, erklären lassen, dagegen aber er folgende Assekuration ausgestellt:

"Wir Karl Gustav, der Schweden, Gothen und Vandeln erwählter Erbprinz, Pfalzgraf am Rhein, Herzog zu Bayern, etc., tun kund, dass, nachdem die Königin von Schweden, Christina, und die Reichsräte und Stände selbigen Königsreichs Uns und Unsern Kindern männlichen Geschlechts, die Anwartung und Erbrecht an besagtem Königreich Schweden durch einen öffentlichen Schluß aufgetragen, Wir hingegen vor nötig befunden, Uns folgendermaßen zu erklären:

Erstlich sagen Wir ihr, der Königin, so wohl vor diese als alle andere Wohltaten, so Wir Zeit Unsers Lebens von ihr genossen, gebührenden Dank, erkennen auch selbige vor Unsere Königin und gnädige Frau, welcher alle Regierung, Uns aber ihr zu gehorsamen, zustehe, und versprechen ihr demnach alle schuldige Treue, Gehorsam und Respekt jederzeit zu leisten.

Und gleichwie sie, die Königin, Uns zugesagt und verheißen, dass sie bei der Regierung und dem, was davon dependiert, nichts, so Unserm Stande nicht gemäß, oder wider Unsern Willen, Uns aufdringen wolle, also versprechen Wir hinwiederum, dass Wir, so lange sie am Leben und an der Regierung, nichts von allem was des Reichs Wohlstand betrifft, als Krieg zu führen, Frieden zu schließen, Bündnis zu machen, und dergleichen wichtige Dinge uns unterfangen wollen, es geschehe denn solches mit Vorwissen und Willen der Königin, vorgehendem Rat der Reichssenatoren und von jener hiezu erteilten Vollmacht und Gewalt.

Dieweil auch die Königin samt denen Reichsräten vor gut befunden, dass das Reich hinfüro nicht zerteilt, sondern jederzeit unzertrennt beisammen bleiben solle, so wollen weder Wir noch Unsere Kinder ein Herzogtum erblich vor Uns fordern, sondern mit demjenigen, was die Königin zusamt denen Reichsständen zu Unserer und Unserer zukünftigen Gemahlin und Kinder unterhalt aus der Kammer Uns verordnen werden, zufrieden sein.

Dafern aber mit der Zeit Wir oder Unsere Kinder einige Landgüter rechtmäßigerweise an Uns bringen sollten, so sollen und wollen Wir dieselbigen mit eben denen Rechten und Freiheiten, wie andere von Adel, besitzen, und dasjenige was selbige von dergleichen der Kron zu geben und leisten pflegen, auch Unseres Orts unweigerlich abstatten. Jedoch behalten wir Uns dabei die Gerichtbarkeit über Unsere Hofstaat, wie solche die vormaligen Erbprinzen über die ihrigen gebraucht, zuvor.

Wofern auch nach der Königin Tode Uns etwan ein Land außerdem Reiche zufallen sollte, wollen Wir dasselbe nicht anders annehmen, als mit der Bedingung, dass Wir aus dem Königreich Schweden, und derenthalber Uns mit wesentlicher Wohnung zu wenden nicht schuldig sein sollen. Wenn Wir etwan dermaleinst Uns zu verehelichen entschließen möchten, so wollen Wir zuförderst die Königin und Reichsräte darüber vernehmen, und keine Heirat schließen, so jener oder dem Reiche schädlich sein und einiges Nachteil zuziehen könne.

Wir wollen auch keine andere Person zu Unserer Gemahlin annehmen, als die der unveränderten augsburgischen Konfession zugetan, in welcher Wir auch Unsere Kinder erziehen zu lassen versprechen. Wenn Wir nach Gottes Willen zur Regierung gelangen sollten, so wollen Wir selbige mit Zuziehung der Reichsräte nach denen Rechten des Königreichs und Reichsconstitutionibus gemäß führen.

Alle des Reichs Stände und Untertanen wollen Wir bei dem reinen und klaren Worte Gottes, wie solches in der Propheten und Aposteln Schriften enthalten und in der unveränderten augsburgischen Konfession und concilio zu Uppsal weitläuftiger erklärt worden, handhaben und schützen; auch alle Stände und Untertanen bei ihren habenden Rechten, Gerechtigkeiten und Freiheiten ungekränkt lassen, und möglichst verhüten, dass keinem, wes Standes und Würden er auch sei, an Leib und Leben, Ehr und Gut einiger Schaden zugefügt werde.

Wir wollen der verwittibten Königin, Frauen Marien Eleonoren, jederzeit mit Liebe und Ehrerbietung begegnen, und sie bei demjenigen, was ihr von der regierenden Königin zu ihrer und ihrer Hofstaat Unterhalt geordnet worden, geruhig lassen.

Endlich so wollen Wir alle dasjenige, was in Königs Gustavi letztem Willen und der Erbvereinigung von denen Erbprinzen dem Reich zum besten verordnet wird, wie auch, was die vorigen Könige in Schweden Inhalts ihres geleisteten Eides und ausgestellter Reversalien zu leisten schuldig gewesen, außerdemjenigen, was auf gegenwärtigem Reichstage geändert worden, ebenfalls steif und unverbrüchlich halten. Es sollen auch letztlich nicht weniger Unsere männlichen Erben und Sukzessoren allem, was Wir hierinnen zugesagt, nachzuleben verbunden sein."

English translation (my own):

Among others, Elector Georg Wilhelm of Brandenburg courted her, before his Electoral Prince Friedrich Wilhelm. This marriage might also have come to fruition had King Gustav Adolf lived, as he had devoted considerable thought to such alliances during his lifetime, hoping to consolidate his power in Germany and against Poland. However, after his death, not only did the Queen show little interest, but Chancellor Oxenstierna, who had hoped that she might eventually align herself with his son, Count Erik Oxenstierna, prevented it to the best of his ability.

King Christian IV had no better success when he sought her hand in marriage for his second son, Duke Frederik; likewise, Count Palatine Karl Gustav, although many believe that the Queen might well have resolved to marry the latter had not Count Magnus de la Gardie, who then stood in the Queen's particular favour, conveyed all sorts of adverse impressions to her and thereby turned her away from this opinion.

However, he could not prevent the Queen from having the Count Palatine declared heir and successor to the Crown in 1650 at a public Riksdag, should she die without a male heir of her body, but he issued the following assurance in return:

"We Karl Gustav, elected Hereditary Prince of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, etc., declare that, after the Queen of Sweden, Kristina, and the Council and Estates of the same Realm, by a public decree, have granted to Us and Our male children the expectancy and right of inheritance to the said Kingdom of Sweden, We, however, have found it necessary to declare Ourself as follows:

Firstly, We express Our sincere gratitude to her, the Queen, for this as well as all other benefits We have enjoyed from her throughout Our life; we also acknowledge her as Our Queen and gracious Lady, to whom all government belongs, and We are obliged to obey her; and We therefore promise to render her all due fealty, obedience and respect at all times.

And whereas she, the Queen, has promised and assured Us that she will impose nothing upon Us in the government and in all that depends upon it that is not in accordance with Our station or against Our will, so We promise in return that, as long as she is alive and in government, We will undertake nothing concerning the prosperity of the Realm except to wage war, to make peace, to form alliances, and to undertake such important things, unless it is done with the prior knowledge and consent of the Queen, the preceding Council of the senators of the Realm, and by the authority and power granted to her for this purpose.

Since the Queen and the Council have also found it good that the Realm should henceforth not be divided, but should remain together inseparably at all times, neither We nor Our children wish to demand a hereditary duchy, but rather be content with what the Queen and the Estates of the Realm will ordain from the Chamber for Our support and that of Our future consort and children.

Should We or Our children, in time, rightfully acquire some estates, We shall and will possess them with the same rights and freedoms as other nobles, and will inevitably pay to Our lands what they are accustomed to give and do to the Crown. However, We reserve for Ourself the jurisdiction over Our court state, just as the former hereditary princes exercised over theirs.

Should any land fall to Us after the Queen's death, We will accept it only on the condition that We leave the Kingdom of Sweden and are not obliged to establish a substantial residence there. If We should ever decide to marry, We will first consult the Queen and the Council, and will not enter into any marriage that could be harmful to either party or to the Kingdom and cause any disadvantage.

We will not take any other person as Our consort than one who adheres to the unaltered Augsburg Confession, in which We also promise to raise Our children. Should we, in accordance with God's will, come to power, We shall govern it with the participation of the Council, in accordance with the laws of the Kingdom and the constitutions of the Realm.

We will uphold and protect all the Estates and subjects of the Realm according to the pure and clear word of God, as it is contained in the writings of the Prophets and Apostles and further explained in the unaltered Augsburg Confession and the Council of Uppsala; We will also leave all Estates and subjects uninfringed in their existing rights and freedoms, and prevent as far as possible any harm being done to anyone, whatever their rank or dignity, in body, life, honour or property.

We wish to treat the widowed Queen, Lady Maria Eleonora, with love and respect at all times, and to leave her in peace with what the reigning Queen has arranged for her and her court state's maintenance.

Finally, We wish to uphold firmly and inviolably everything which is ordained for the good of the Realm in King Gustav's last will and testament and the Union of Inheritance for the hereditary princes, as well as what the previous kings of Sweden were obliged to do according to their oaths and issued reversions, and also that which has been amended at the present Riksdag. Ultimately, no less shall Our heirs and successors male be bound to uphold all that We hereinafter pledge."


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.


Above: Christian Stieff.

Monday, November 10, 2025

Biographical article on Kristina in "The London Encyclopaedia", year 1829

Source:

The London Encyclopaedia, volume 5, pages 658 to 660, published by Thomas Tegg, 1829; original at the University of Minnesota



Above: Kristina.

The article:

CHRISTINA (Alexandra), daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, was born in 1626, and succeeded to the crown in 1633, when only seven years of age [sic]. This princess discovered even in her infancy, what she afterwards expressed in her memoirs, an invincible antipathy for the employments and conversation of women. She was fond of violent exercises, and such amusements as consist in feats of strength and activity. She had also both ability and taste for abstract speculations; and amused herself with language and the sciences, particularly that of legislature and government. She derived her knowledge of ancient history from its source; and Polybius and Thucydides were her favorite authors. As she was the sovereign of a powerful kingdom, many of the princes in Europe aspired to the honor of her alliance. Among her suitors were the prince of Denmark, the elector Palatine, the elector of Brandenburgh, the king of Spain, the king of the Romans, Don John of Austria, Sigismund of Rokocci [sic], count and general of Cassovia, Stanislaus king of Poland, John Casimir his brother, and Charles Gustavus, duke of Deux-Ponts, son of the great Gustavus's sister, and consequently her first cousin. To this nobleman, as well as to all his rivals, she rufused [sic] her hand; but she caused him to be appointed her successor by the states. Political interests, differences of religion, and contrariety of manners, furnished Christina with pretences for rejecting all her suitors; but her true motives were the love of independence, and a strong aversion she had conceived, even in her infancy, for the marriage yoke. 'Do not force me to marry', said she to the states, 'for if I should have a son, it is not more probable that he should be an Augustus than a Nero.' An accident happened in the beginning of her reign which gave her a remarkable opportunity of displaying the strength and equanimity of her mind. As she was at the chapel of the castle of Stockholm, with the principal lords of her court, a poor wretch, who was disordered in his mind, came to the place with a design to assassinate her. This man, who was in the full vigor of his age, chose, for the execution of his design, the moment in which the assembly was performing what in the Swedish church is called an act of recollection — a silent and separate act of devotion, performed by each individual kneeling, and hiding the face with the hand. Taking this opportunity he rushed through the crowd and mounted a balustrade, within which the queen was upon her knees. The baron Braki [sic], chief justice of Sweden, was alarmed, and the guards crossed their partisans to prevent his coming further; but he struck them furiously on one side, leaped over the barrier, and being then close to the queen made a blow at her with a knife, which he had concealed without a sheath in his sleeve. The queen avoided the blow, and pushed the captain of her guards, who instantly threw himself upon the assassin, and seized him by the hair. All this happened in a moment. The man was known to be mad, and therefore nobody supposed he had any accomplices: they therefore contented themselves with locking him up, and the queen returned to her devotion without the least trepidation. One of the great affairs which engaged Christina's attention while she was upon the throne was the peace of Westphalia: it was concluded in October, 1648. The success of the Swedish arms rendered Christina the arbitress of the treaty. No other public event of importance took place during the rest of Christina's reign; for there were neither wars abroad nor troubles at home [sic]. Her reign was that of learning and genius. She drew about her, wherever she was, all the distinguished characters of her time, — Grotius, Pascal, Bochart, Descartes, Gassendi, Saumaise, Naudé, Vossius, Heinsius, Menage, Lucas, Holstenius [sic], Bayle, madam Dacier, Filicaia, and many others. The arts never fail to immortalise the prince who protects them: and almost all these illustrious persons have celebrated Christina, either in poems, letters, or other literary productions, which form a general mass of testimonials, that may be considered as a solid basis of reputation. Christina, however, may be justly censured with want of taste in not properly distinguishing merit. The rapid fortune which the adventurer Michon, known by the name Bourdelot, acquired by her countenance and liberality, was also a great scandal to literature. He had no pretensions to learning, and, though sprightly, was yet indecent. He was brought to court by the learned Saumaise; and, for a time, drove literary merit out of it, making learning the object of his ridicule, and extracting from Christina an exorbitant tribute to the weakness and inconstancy of her sex. At last she was compelled by the public indignation to banish this unworthy minion[,] and she immediately forgot him. This Bourdelot, during his ascendancy over the queen, had supplanted count Magnus de la Gardie, son of the constable of Sweden, who was a relation, a favorite, and perhaps the lover of Christina. M. de Motteville, who had seen him ambassador in France, says, in her memoirs, that he spoke of his queen in terms so passionate and respectful, that every one concluded his attachment to her to be more ardent and tender than a mere sense of duty can produce. This nobleman fell into disgrace because he showed some inclination to govern [sic]; while M. Bourdelot seemed to aim at nothing more than to amuse, and concealed, under the unsuspected character of a droll, the real ascendancy which he exercised over the queen's mind. About this time an accident happened to Christina which again displayed her presence of mind. Having ordered some ships of war to be built at the port of Stockholm, she went to see them when finished; and as she was going on board, across a narrow plank, with admiral Fleeming [sic], his foot slipping, he fell, and drew the queen with him into the sea, which in that place was nearly ninety feet deep. Anthony Steinberg, the queen's first equerry, instantly threw himself into the water, laid hold of her robe, and, with such assistance as was given him, got the queen ashore; during the time of this accident her recollection was such that the moment her lips were above water she cried, 'Take care of the admiral.' When she was got out of the water she discovered no emotion, either by her gesture or countenance; and she dined the same day in public, where she gave a humorous account of her adventure. Though she was at first fond of the power and splendor of royalty, yet she began at length to feel that it embarrassed [burdened] her; and the same love of independence which had determined her against marriage, at length made her weary of her crown. At last she resolved to abdicate; and, in 1652 [sic], communicated her resolution to the senate. The senate zealously remonstrated against it, and were joined by the people, and even by Charles Gustavus himself, who was to succeed her: she yielded to their importunities, and continued to sacrifice her own pleasure to the will of the public till 1654, when she carried her design into execution. The ceremony of her abdication was a mournful solemnity, a mixture of pomp and sadness, in which scarcely any eyes but her own were dry. She continued firm and composed through the whole; and as soon as it was over prepared to remove into a country more favorable to science than Sweden was. Concerning the merit of this action the world has always been divided in opinion; it has been condemned alike both by the ignorant and the learned, the trifler and the sage. It was admired, however, by the great Condé: 'How great was the magnanimity of this princess', said he, 'who could so easily give up that for which the rest of mankind are continually destroying each other, and which so many throughout their whole lives pursue without attaining!' Christina, besides abdicating her crown, abjured her religion; an act universally approved by one party and censured by another; the Papists triumphed and the Protestants were offended. No prince, after a long imprisonment, ever showed so much joy upon being restored to his kingdom as Christina did in quitting hers. When she came to a little brook, which separates Sweden from Norway, then under the dominion of Denmark, she got out of her carriage, and leaping to the other side, cried out in a transport of joy, 'At last I am free, and out of Sweden, whither, I hope, I shall never return.' She dismissed her women, and laid aside the habit of her sex. 'I would become a man', said she, 'yet I do not love men because they are men, but because they are not women.' She made her abjuration at Brussels, where she saw the great Condé, who, after his defection, made that city his asylum. 'Cousin', said she, 'who would have thought, ten years ago, that we should have met at this distance from our countries?' The inconstancy of Christina's temper appeared in her continually travelling from place to place: from Brussels she went to Rome, from Rome to France, and from France she returned to Rome again; after this she went to Sweden, where she was not very well received; from Sweden she went to Hamburgh, where she continued a year, and then went again to Rome; from Rome she returned to Hamburgh, and again to Sweden, where she was still worse received than before; upon which she went back to Hamburgh, and from Hamburgh again to Rome. She intended another journey to Sweden, but it did not take place; she also planned an expedition to England, where Cromwell did not seem well disposed to receive her; and after many wanderings, and many purposes of wandering still more, she at last died at Rome, in 1689. Her journeys to Sweden, however, had motives of necessity, for her appointments were very ill paid, though the states often confirmed them after her abdication: but to other places she was fed merely by a roving disposition, and there was no event in Europe in which she was not ambitious of acting a principal part. During the troubles in France, by the faction called the Fronde, she wrote with great eagerness to all the interested parties, officiously offering her mediation to reconcile their interests and calm their passions, the secret springs of which it was altogether impossible she should know. This was first thought a dangerous, and afterwards a ridiculous behaviour. During her residence in France she gave universal disgust, not only by violating all the customs of the country, but by practising others directly opposite. She treated the ladies of the court with the greatest rudeness: when they came to embrace her, she, being in man's habit, cried out, 'What a strange eagerness have these women to kiss me! Is it because I look like a man?' The murder of Monaldeschi is, to this hour, an inscrutable mystery. It is, however, of a piece with the expressions constantly used by Christina in her letters, with respect to those with whom she was offended; for she scarcely ever signified her displeasure without threatening the life of the offender. 'If you fail in your duty', said she to her secretary, whom she sent to Stockholm after her abdication, 'not all the power of the king of Sweden shall save your life, though you should take shelter in his arms.' Bayle was also threatened for having said that the letter which Christina wrote, upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, was 'a remain of Protestan[t]ism;' but he made his peace by apologies and submission. She had wit, taste, parts, and learning: she was indefatigable upon the throne; great in private life; firm in misfortunes; impatient of contradiction, and, except in her love of learning, inconstant in her inclinations. The most remarkable instance of this fickleness is, that after she had abdicated the crown of Sweden she intrigued for that of Poland. She was, in every action and pursuit, violent and ardent in the highest degree; impetuous in her desires, dreadful in her resentment, and fickle in her conduct. She says of herself that 'she was mistrustful, ambitious, passionate, haughty, impatient, contemptuous, satyrical, incredulous, undevout, of an ardent and violent temper, and extremely amourous;' a disposition, however, to which, if she may be believed, her pride and her virtue were always superior. In general her failings were those of her own, and her virtues those of the other sex.

Note: The story of Kristina at the border brook or creek is a myth, as is the creek itself, made up by Jacques Picques to denigrate her.

Friday, October 24, 2025

Sidney Dark's biography of Kristina, year 1929, part 3

Source:

Twelve Royal Ladies, pages 166 to 168, by Sidney Dark, illustrations by Mabel Pugh, 1929; original at the University of California


The account:

Christina was crowned in 1650, and four years afterwards this remarkable young woman abdicated. Europe was astounded. The abdication, which was as unexpected as Elizabeth's would have been after the destruction of the Spanish Armada, or Queen Victoria's in the year of the Great Exhibition, was due to a combination of circumstances reacting on an original and, in some respects, an abnormal character.

The internal affairs of Sweden were in a peculiarly difficult position. Christina understood the sufferings of the poor caused by the war, and she unquestionably resented the arrogance of the nobles. But she did nothing either to alleviate or to check, and her own personal extravagance stimulated discontent. She was confronted by a problem that she could not solve, and she ran away from it. Rather than confess to failure, she preferred to surrender what was becoming an untenable position, made the more tiresome by the folly and incapacity with which she was surrounded.

Moreover, she was determined never to marry. Like Elizabeth, she had a morbid horror of the action of s*x. Elizabeth hated it, but, as Mr. Lytton Strachey says, "she would play with it nevertheless." The English Queen never at any time had any real intention of marrying, but she delighted in coarse philanderings, and negotiations for marriage were the trump card in her crooked diplomacy until she was an old woman. Christina was more honest and more direct. She disliked women. All her friends were men, but from her girlhood she scorned the idea of marriage, because, perhaps, it meant reckoning herself with the sex which she despised. She would have no master. She was determined to die a free woman. But Christina realised that a childless monarch is a national nuisance. The succession remains doubtful. Dangerous ambitions are stimulated. A party among the Swedish nobles was perfectly content with a maiden Queen, and there was a suggestion that after her death an elected monarchy should be established in Sweden. But Poland was the object lesson of the futility of such a system. In abdicating, therefore, and in making way for her cousin, Prince Charles, Christina certainly acted as a patriotic Swede. It had long been supposed that she would marry her cousin, and, when she first broached the subject of abdication to the Senate, it was urged that, if she would not marry Charles, he would never marry anyone else. "But he will", said the Queen. "Love burns not for one alone. The crown is a pretty girl."


Above: Kristina.


Above: Sidney Dark.

Wednesday, October 22, 2025

Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès's biography of Kristina in "Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits", year 1834, part 5

Sources:

Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits, pages 81 to 82, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, 1834; original at the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France)


Memoirs of Celebrated Women of All Countries. With Portraits by the Most Eminent Masters, pages 233 to 234, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, translator anonymous, 1834; original at The British Library


The biography:

Lorsqu'elle eut vingt ans, les états du royaume lui demandèrent humblement de se choisir un mari.... En écoutant celui qui lui portait la parole, elle parut agitée.... son front devint sombre, et elle parut se contenir avec peine. Elle ne donna ce jour-là qu'une réponse évasive; mais, à quelque temps de là, les états ayant fait une nouvelle tentative, elle s'emporta sans mesure, et demanda pour quelle raison on prenait autant de licence envers elle.

L'orateur répondit que la Suède, qui la révérait déjà pour elle-même, avait aussi une profonde adoration pour la race de Gustave Wasa.

— C'est pour avoir des fils qui vous ressemblent, madame, et qui soient descendans de Gustave-Adolphe, l'honneur de la Suède!

— Eh! monsieur, s'écria Christine, que savez-vous si je ne mettrai pas au monde un Néron aussi bien qu'un Auguste?...

Puis elle ajouta:

— Ne me forcez pas à se marier... Je hais le mariage.... J'aimerais mieux vous désigner un prince qui prît la couronne à ma place que d'être votre reine en perdant mon indépendance!...

Les états s'éloignèrent sans répondre; mais le mécontentement était visible. Christine le vit; et, de ce moment, son parti fut arrêté.

English translation (by anonymous translator):

When she had reached her twentieth year, the states of the kingdom humbly solicited her to choose a husband. As she listened to their address, she became violently agitated, and seemed to struggle with difficulty against her rising passion. She, nevertheless, returned an evasive answer; but a short time after, the states having renewed their request, Christina, in violent anger, asked them how they dared to address her upon that subject.

The chief member of the deputation replied, that the Swedish nation revered her for herself; but at the same time entertained the most profound adoration for the family of Gustavus Adolphus.

"It is, madam, that you may have sons who resemble you, who are the descendants of your great and royal father, and the pride of the Swedish nation."

"How do you know", exclaimed Christina, "that I may not give birth to a Nero instead of an Augustus?" She then added: "Do not force me to marry. I hate marriage, and should prefer selecting a prince to reign in my stead, to being your queen with the loss of my independence."

The states withdrew in silence, but their disappointment was manifest; Christina perceived it, and from that moment her resolution to abdicate was formed.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès.

Sunday, October 19, 2025

Henry Woodhead on Kristina and Karl Gustav and his vain hopes of marrying her

Source:

Memoirs of Christina, Queen of Sweden, volume 1, pages 199 to 212, by Henry Woodhead, 1863; original at the University of Michigan


Kristina's letter to Karl Gustav, of January 5/15 (Old Style), 1644, is here:


Her letter to him, of October 13/23 (Old Style), 1646, is here:


Her letter to him, which is undated but probably written on January 25/February 4 (Old Style), 1647, is here:


Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie's letter to Karl Gustav, of July 24/August 3 (Old Style), 1647, is here:


Karl Gustav's diary entries of August 10 and 11/20 and 21 (Old Style), 1647 are here:


Karl Gustav's diary entry of June 15/25 (Old Style), 1648 is here:


The account:

The only one of her suitors who ever appeared to have had a chance of succeeding, was her cousin, Charles Gustavus. He, as well as Catharine's other children, was brought up with Christina, and he resembled her the most in talents and disposition. They continually talked, danced, and played together, and they were called, in joke, the little bride and bridegroom. The Princess Catharine naturally favoured an intercourse which might lead to her son becoming King of Sweden. Charles Gustavus was sent to the University of Upsala when he was fifteen years old, after which he travelled in Holland, Germany, France, and England. He returned to Sweden in 1640, and as the children grew up, play was changed to earnest, and for some time an engagement existed between them. The Prince joined the Swedish army in 1642, where he greatly distinguished himself. Christina wrote several letters to him in 1643 and 1644, which have only very lately been published. They all contain assurances of unchanging truth and affection.

One of them, of which the original is still preserved, is soiled and crumpled, and is supposed to have been carried in his bosom by the young lover. It is dated the 5th of January, 1644: —

"BELOVED COUSIN, —
"I see by your letter that you do not venture to trust your thoughts to the pen. We may, however, correspond with all freedom, if you send me the key to a cipher, and compose your letters according to it, and change the seals as I do with mine. Then the letters may be sent to your sister, the Princess Maria. You must take every precaution, for never were people here so much against us as now, but they shall never succeed, so long as you remain firm. They talk a great deal of the Elector of Brandenburg, but neither he, nor any one in the world, however rich they may be, shall ever alienate my heart from you. My love is so strong that it can only be overcome by death, and if, which God forbid, you should die before me, my heart shall remain dead for every other, my mind and affection shall follow you to eternity, there to dwell with you.

"Perhaps some will advise you to demand my hand openly, but I beseech you, by all that is holy, to have patience for some time, until you have acquired some reputation in the war, and until I have the crown on my head. I entreat you not to consider this time long, but to think of the old saying, 'He does not wait too long, who waits for something good.' I hope, by God's blessing, that it is a good we both wait for."

The opposition hinted at here arose from the clergy, who for some reasons of their own wished to prevent the match. They, of course, represented their own interests as the cause of Heaven, and grounded their opposition on the relationship between the royal personages. Their hypocrisy was proved by the fact that when an archbishop, who was devoted to Charles Gustavus, was installed at Upsala, the opposition of the clergy ceased at once. By that time it was too late, for it must be confessed that in the interval Christina had changed her mind. She assumed the Government in 1644, and for nearly two years few traces are discovered of her correspondence with the Prince. At the beginning of this interval Magnus de la Gardie came to court, at the end of it the Prince returned from Germany, and a great change then appeared in Christina's sentiments towards him.

She says to him, in October, 1646: — "Do not take it ill that I owe it to myself not to let anything in the world disturb my peace."

Another time she says: "Do not fear that the expression of your feelings will displease me: as a proof of your regard they are pleasing to me, so long as you keep them within the bounds which are prescribed by your cousin and friend, Christina."

The change in her feelings must have taken place about 1645. Was it caused by the development of her absolute, independent spirit; by a suspicion of the Prince's inconstancy; or by a stronger passion for Magnus de la Gardie?

Charles Gustavus professed to take his disappointment very much to heart. He expressed to Christina herself, and to his friends, his determination to leave Sweden for ever if she rejected him, yet it appears he was more comforted than he would allow, by her promise to get him nominated her successor if she did not marry him.

There is some evidence to show that, when only nineteen years old, she had already begun to consider the appointment of a successor, and her own abdication. Some documents lately published, however, give curious information on the matter, from which it would appear that the subject of a successor was urged upon her. One of these documents, which recommends that her successor should be of the royal family, is sealed with Gyllenhielm's seal, and has a memorandum upon it, that it was written for Prince Charles Gustavus's approval.

In 1647 Magnus de la Gardie was married to her cousin, and Christina then seemed a little more favourable to the Prince.

She invited him to Court to attend his sister's wedding. She told him, however, that she had no longer any attachment for him, and that, if she consented to the marriage, it would be for the sake of the country, not for his sake or her own. Lenœus, a warm partisan of the Prince's, became archbishop about this time, and the clergy were soon as much in favour of the union of the cousins as they had hitherto been opposed to it, but with Christina's ideas about marriage it was much easier to set her against such a step than it was to make her change her mind again. The States once more addressed her on the subject, and humbly prayed her to choose a husband.

She thanked them for their affection, and asked whether, if she chose the Prince, he would be acceptable to the representatives of the nation. The deputies answered, that if Her Majesty should be pleased to choose the Prince, Sweden would gladly accept him.

It was now believed by many that she was about to marry Charles Gustavus, but as Chanut sagaciously observed, "No one can give a decided opinion in these sort of affairs until the event has actually taken place." Christina had by this time determined not to marry, and probably only asked the opinion of the States about the Prince that she might shift the onus upon them, in case, as appeared very likely, they should object to him. Her behaviour to Charles Gustavus was now very uncertain. She made him large grants of the towns of Torshälla and Eskilstunda [sic], and the castles of Käfsnäs [sic] and Ulfsunda.

Oxenstiern's opinion was asked about these gifts. He remained a whole hour silent, and at the end of that time replied, "I wish my opinion had never been asked on so weighty a matter, for I do not know Her Majesty's intentions towards the Prince. If the Queen marries him, these grants are by no means too large; in any other case, I entirely dissent from so important an alienation of Crown property."

Magnus de la Gardie wrote to the Prince in July, 1647: "The opposer, Oxenstiern, is now absent; now or never push your courtship, for I perceive favourable sentiments in the Queen. Audaces fortuna juvat. You must drive away all fear and go to work boldly. There are hearts that will be won, but will not give themselves away. Many defend themselves valiantly who wish nothing better than to be conquered; in such an important affair everything is to be risked."

Charles Gustavus followed his brother-in-law's advice, and endeavoured to press his suit; but Christina told him she could give him no more hope than before; she endeavoured to console him, however, by telling him that she would make him Generalissimo of the army in Germany the following year. The Prince answered that it was herself he sought, and that, if she refused him, he should prefer to join the army at once. She took offence at this, and told him that, if he persisted in such a course, he would have nothing but his colonelcy, and that their engagement would be irretrievably broken off. The Prince was obstinate, and she ended by wishing him sharply a pleasant journey.

It was with difficulty that Brahe, De la Gardie, and Matthiæ persuaded her to receive his apologies, and to grant him another interview.

In the meeting which ensued, the Prince made a final attempt to urge her to consent, and reminded her of the engagement which had existed between them from childhood. The Queen refused to admit the plea, and said she would not be bound by a promise made when she was so young. She told him that she would not determine finally until she was 25 years of age, and until after her coronation, but that, if she did not marry him, she would never marry any other, and that she would endeavour to get him appointed her successor. The Prince replied that if he could not be her husband[,] he did not wish ever to return to Sweden. Christina told him that his ideas were too romantic, and so the interview ended, but the Prince was permitted to correspond with her through Matthiæ.

She hardly knew her own mind about him at this time, but everything shows that she felt an interest in him, bordering, at least, on affection. Her gifts to him were munificent; she was already taking measures to secure him the crown of Sweden, and she appointed him Generalissimo of her army. As the Prince sailed from Stockholm to take his command, she watched him from a terrace overlooking the sea, to the last moment.

It seems evident that Christina was, at one time, in love with Charles Gustavus, and it is, at least, probable, that she was afterwards attached to Magnus de la Gardie. So far from this justifying the attacks which have been made on her fame, it appears that she sacrificed her own inclinations with a degree of generosity and self-control very little in accordance with the opinions usually entertained of her. She could not help the change in her feelings. The Prince did not grow up an attractive man; his figure was short and thick-set, his features plain and rather coarse, so that Christina used, in joke, to call him the little Burgomaster; his talents, although considerable, were not of an elegant or interesting kind. His failure may be attributed, in a greater degree, to his own fault than to Christina's fickleness. His letters, which are preserved, speak of his duty and obedience, but not of his love.

During his courtship of Christina he did not even take the trouble to conceal his intrigues with other ladies. At the very time that he was presenting his suit the most urgently, he had a son by the daughter of a merchant at Stockholm.

It was natural that Christina should be disgusted with such a lover, and that she should be fascinated by the handsome and polished De la Gardie.

The great master of human nature has several times described a similar transition from love to indifference, and in each case the cause has been the same: —

"As one nail by strength drives out another,
So the remembrance of a former love
Is by a newer object quite forgotten."

Magnus possessed all the qualities in which Charles Gustavus was deficient. Gay [cheerful], handsome, and accomplished, he was just intellectual enough to make his conversation agreeable with the assistance of his other advantages.

Whatever preference she felt for him, Christina had too much regard for her own dignity to marry him.

Magnus was engaged to Charles Gustavus's sister. Christina had been warmly attached to their mother, and her marriage with the young Count would have inflicted a deep wound on both brother and sister. Christina behaved like a high-minded woman; she encouraged the marriage of De la Gardie with her cousin, and loaded him with benefits; but she gave him appointments which took him from Sweden.

She gave Charles Gustavus a solemn promise never to marry any other, to atone for the wrong she did when she withdrew her plighted faith from him. This promise had a more important object than merely to soothe his vanity or appease his jealousy; it was intended to show that his chance of succeeding to the throne would not be weakened by her marriage with another.

Her efforts to get him named her successor were not confined to negative acts. She used every exertion to gain this object, and only held her own authority until it was accomplished.

Charles Gustavus was much piqued at his rejection, and he probably preferred a divided crown at once, to the distant prospect of having it on his own head. He talked in the most romantic strain to his friend Lorenzo Linde [sic], of turning all his property into ready money, of assuming a feigned name, and of seeking his fortune in some foreign war.

Christina said at a later period that De la Gardie treacherously set her against the Prince, while pretending to advocate his cause; and Whitelock, when ambassador at Stockholm, heard a similar account from the senator Vandelin [sic].

According to De la Gardie's letters and those of his wife, it appears that he did his best to promote the marriage, and after his own union with Maria Euphrosyne, it is difficult to see what motive he could have had for betraying his friend and brother-in-law.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Karl Gustav.


Above: Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie.


Above: Marie Euphrosyne.

Notes: truth = fidelity.

plighted = pledged, promised.

faith = faithfulness, fidelity.