Showing posts with label Intersexuality theory. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Intersexuality theory. Show all posts

Tuesday, September 16, 2025

Ernesto Masi on Kristina and Cardinal Decio Azzolino, year 1899, part 2

Source:

Cristina di Svezia e il cardinale Azzolino, article written by Ernesto Masi for Nuova antologia di lettere, scienze ed arti: quarta serie, volume ottantunesimo (Vol. LXXXI, Serie IV — 16 Giugno 1899), pages 690 to 698, published by Francesco Protonotari, 1899; original at Cornell University


The article:

Checchè sia, del resto, di questa piccola riserva, che arrischiamo sui diritti dell'arte, non foss'altro, in argomenti, nei quali, come in questo, l'ignoto e il misterioso prevalgono tanto, quella riserva ci sembra confermata dal fatto che lo stesso De Bildt non se ne sta ai soli materiali storici, così nuovi, così penetranti e così rivelatori, sui quali ha messo la mano, e cedendo ad una tendenza moderna, ricorre alle induzioni della psicopatologia, con tutta bensi la sobrietà avveduta ed il prudente probabilismo del diplomatico, esperto d'uomini, d'opinioni e faccende, e atto a dar loro il peso che hanno, più assai del letterato solitario, ma tuttavia chiedendo anch'esso, se non all'arte, alla scienza sperimentale, quel soprappiù di luce, che i soli documenti non gli danno, laonde può dirsi che più del documento storico indaga e tenta scoprire il documento umano; con che è riescito a fare di una compilazione illustrata di vecchie carte d'archivio (miracol novo e gentile!) uno dei più curiosi e più piacevoli libri, che da un pezzo ci sia capitato di leggere.

«Non è difficile alla storia», scrive giustamente il De Bildt, «giudicare coloro, che lasciarono dietro a sè alcunchè di durevole. Le opere loro rivelano quel che furono e attestano dei loro meriti o demeriti. Grandi o piccole, buone o cattive, segnano esse qual posto spetta fra il genere umano a chi le compi. Non è cosi per coloro, la vita dei quali fu tutta un'azione senza visibili risultamenti. Quello che più importa allora di sapere del personaggio, sono le ragioni che lo mossero, nè lo s'intende, nè si riesce a rifarcelo come fu in realtà, se non studiando lo stato dell'animo suo. È il caso appunto di Cristina. Il moto, la febbrile attività, l'irrequietezza di tutta la sua vita approdano a poco o nulla. È morta senza lasciar traccia, che importi di essere ricordata con gratitudine o con rancore; nulla da conservare o da distruggere, appunto perchè incarnò e svolse in sè con inconscia violenza il puro individualismo egoistico, cosi caro ai moderni, i quali considerano l'amore del prossimo un rancido pregiudizio e negano l'esistenza del dovere. Per intenderla bisogna quindi penetrare il suo intimo pensiero, scoprir le molle segrete del suo capriccioso meccanismo, indagare il perchè di tante parole e azioni importanti, ma incoerenti... Ci è nota come sovrana, come girovaga, come intrigante, come dotta, sotto tutti gli aspetti insomma, nei quali brillò più o meno, ma non in quello di donna». A tale mancanza tentò riparare l'arte, e se anche riesci a segnare, crediamo noi, qualche lineamento esatto, troppi ne foggiò a capriccio; ci si provò il libello e, come sempre, trovò troppa gente disposta a prestar fede ad ogni più mostruosa calunnia. Ora, ecco qua altre lettere, di Cristina, non come quelle conosciute sinora, quasi tutte di religione, di politica, d'affari, d[i] scienza, di letteratura e magari di frivolezze, bensi le lettere, da lei scritte al solo uomo, che abbia amato davvero. In queste finalmente dovrebbe venir fatto di scoprire la donna, forse un po' minore della leggendaria Cristina di Svezia, ma certamente più umana e più vera di quella, che si conobbe finora.

Escono dall'archivio privato del marchese Piero Azzolino, che, con intelligente liberalità, degna di lui, le ha messe a disposizione del valoroso scrittore, e la storia di queste carte, sfuggite ad una distruzione sistematica, che il cardinale Decio Azzolino aveva già incominciata in omaggio alla ultima volontà dell'amica, e che la morte di lui, avvenuta appena due mesi dopo quella di Cristina, interruppe, è essa stessa una specie di bizzarro epilogo del romanzo alquanto irregolare, se si vuole, ma non meno umano e interessante per questo, svoltosi tra l'elegante cardinale romano e la Pallade del Nord.

La loro intimità risaliva di certo al 1656, al tempo della prima dimora di Cristina in Roma, e dovette subito essere molto stretta, se dopo pochi mesi aveva sollevato nel gran mondo romano qualche mormorazione e se Decio Azzolino il 22 marzo 1656 s'era già creduto in obbligo di assicurare per lettera il gesuita Sforza Pallavicino, gran confidente del papa Alessandro VII, della perfetta innocenza delle sue relazioni con Cristina. Non sappiamo se il Gesuita ci abbia creduto o no. Poco importa. In questi casi basta aver scritta la lettera; e del resto vogliamo qui far notare soltanto, a proposito dell'archivio Azzolino, che se dal cardinale non fossero state distrutte in ordine cronologico le lettere della Regina indirizzate a lui, avremmo ora forse, oltre alla serie pubblicata dal De Bildt e relativa alla terza assenza di Cristina da Roma tra il 1666 e il 1668, anche la corrispondenza relativa alle altre due assenze precedenti dal 1656 al '58 e dal 1660 al '62, la quale invece è scomparsa. Mancano pure tutte le lettere del cardinale a lei. Il prudente uomo, si vede, avea cominciato dal sottrarre alla indiscreta curiosità dei posteri i propri autografi, poi era passato a quelli della Regina, ma non giunse in tempo a finire. Allorchè poi essa dimorava in Roma non c'è che uno scambio di biglietti in parte insignificanti, perchè naturalmente i due amici (chiamiamoli cosi) non avranno avuto alcun bisogno di scriversi quello, che a miglior agio e con minor rischio si potevano dire a voce. Quanto è rimasto però è più che sufficiente a mutare tutta l'interpretazione storica della vita di Cristina di Svezia, la quale, pur conservandosi un tipo singolarissimo ed eccedente per molti lati le proporzioni ordinarie, pur esprimendo in sè stessa tutte le eccezionalità d'un'indole potente, ma atavisticamente malata, e di un'età di trapasso e di decadenza, qual'è appunto il Seicento, esce finalmente dalle torbide nuvole della leggenda e mercè la sincerità d'un amore, che, nonostante i meriggi, i tramonti e le riprese, comuni a tutti gli amori, dura più di trent'anni, cala, come donna, in piena realtà della vita e vi conquista, diremo di più, quel solo aspetto simpatico, che da tutte le sue megalomanie d'ogni genere, spinte ora sino al ridicolo ed ora sino ai più colpevoli eccessi, non avrebbe mai potuto sperare. Spesso leggendo le lettere di Cristina a Decio Azzolino e le sue intime e instancabili lotte con le freddezze, le sazietà, le cautele, le distrazioni d'un uomo, per cui l'amore non è tutto e non è disposto quindi a sacrificargli l'ambizione, la gloria, la potenza e neppure quelle stesse convenienze e decenze esteriori, a lui, per la sua condizione, più necessarie che a ogni altro, vien fatto di pensare: «povera donna! Era mezzo matta, ma quanto bene gli ha voluto!» Un sentimento, vale a dire, di benevola pietà, che certo Cristina di Svezia, con ciò, che finora si sapeva di lei, non ha mai inspirato a nessuno! A molti altri invece, e per una preoccupazione senza dubbio rispettabilissima, la sincerità e la profondità di questo affetto della Regina pel cardinale, parranno uno scandalo di più ed una colpa ben più imperdonabile, guardando alle conseguenze, che se ne possono dedurre, dello stesso assassinio del Monaldeschi. Non sappiamo che cosa dire e ci contenteremo di stringerci nelle spalle, come fa il barone De Bildt, il quale, da buon diplomatico, che degli uomini e delle istituzioni di quaggiù ne ha viste d'ogni tinta, soggiunge con gentile ironia: «l'amore non ha mai avuto paura della porpora!» Dopo di che, gli scandalizzati se l'aggiustino, come credono! Noi ci occupiamo della storia di un uomo e di una donna e la circostanza accidentale che questa sia una Regina e quello un cardinale, questa una recente conquista dei Gesuiti e quello un gran dignitario ed un luminare della Corte Romana, non fa che dare al cibo un sapore o al quadro un colorito di più.

Il De Bildt riassume a grandi tratti, ma con metodo e intenti nuovi, la storia di Cristina, prima e dopo la sua abdicazione al trono di Svezia. Di chi era figlia? Di Gustavo Adolfo, il grande eroe della guerra dei Trent'anni, morto nel 1632 combattendo o, come altri vogliono, assassinato durante la battaglia di Lutzen, e di Maria Eleonora di Brandeburgo, bellezza insignificante, di gran lignaggio bensì, ma con poco cervello, i nervi deboli e incurabilmente malati.

Se coloro, ai quali dovrebbe premere che le razze principesche si conservino e si perpetuino sane, intelligenti e vigorose, a maggior gloria loro e relativa felicità dei sudditi, ci badassero un po' più, allorchè ne combinano i matrimoni, non s'avrebbero a deplorare tanti accoppiamenti male assortiti, quali nessuno ammetterebbe neppure per una razza di cavalli; imprevidenza, per cui poi si vede talvolta scendere giù pei magnanimi tombi ogni sorta di malanni e per cui non è assolutamente esclusa la possibilità, che a reggere gli Stati capitino o l'altro imbecili, o maniaci, o decadenti, o, comunque, poveri esseri anomali e quindi col cervello fuori di squadro.

Tale preoccupazione del barone De Bildt ha forse oggi un'importanza minore, che non avesse 279 anni fa, quando Gustavo Adolfo sposò la nevropatica Maria Eleonora di Brandeburgo, ma è pur sempre grave e in relazione ai progressi della scienza dovrebbe impensierire sempre più i paraninfi delle stirpi regali. Allora poi aver contrastato che Gustavo Adolfo seguisse gli impulsi dei suo cuore, sposando una qualsiasi bella e sana ragazza svedese, perchè le mancavano i sedici quarti di nobiltà, e aver impedita cosi la selezione naturale, che assicura la buona conservazione delle razze, fu addirittura un disastro, accresciuto forse dal caso più eccezionale del solito, che s'accoppiava un uomo di genio con una donna mezzo scema; squilibrio originario, donde saltò fuori nel 1626 un mostricciattolo [sic], di cui gli archiatri e le mammane di Corte non seppero neppure alla prima ben definire il sesso del tutto. Da questa incertezza iniziale, indizio d'anormalità [sic], messa insieme di poi con la voce grossa, le affettazioni di mascolinità nei gesti, nel vestire, nell'energia di certe locuzioni abituali, originò, fra le tante, anche la leggenda dell'ermafroditismo, di cui la maldicenza contemporanea perseguitò talvolta Cristina di Svezia. Ad ogni modo ecco una bimba mal concepita, nata peggio, ed in cui il regime educativo, che le fu inflitto, esagerò, anzichè correggere le anomalie di natura [sic]. Cominciò la madre, che impazzita quasi del tutto per la morte del marito, si rinchiuse con essa in un appartamento della reggia, tutto parato di nero, a piangere notte e giorno la morte dell'eroe, mentre poi umiliata di avere essa, bellissima, generata una figliuola, tutt'altro che bella, la maltrattava in modo cosi bestiale da storpiarla quasi e da costringere i suoi tutori a separarla da lei per salvarla dalle sue furie. Non capitò meglio per questo. Pigliando troppo alla lettera il voto espresso da Gustavo Adolfo di fare di sua figlia un gran principe, trattarono più che da uomo questo povero essere, che era a mala pena una donna, l'abituarono ad ogni sorta di privazioni, la lasciarono sbizzarrirsi in ogni sorta d'esercizi violenti, le infarcirono la testa d'un'enciclopedia di studi: filologia, storia, teologia, sei lingue tra antiche e moderne, con dodici ore di studio per giorno; e solo si curarono di darle una grande idea di sè e della propria importanza, assuefacendola, nell'ultimo strascico della guerra dei Trent'anni, ad enfiarsi le gote infantili con parolone come queste: «le mie vittorie, le mie disfatte, i miei eserciti, i miei popoli»; tutto un tirocinio insomma fisico e morale da far ammalare il corpo più sano e ammattire l'intelletto più equilibrato.

In fatto di religione, notevole è ciò che dice il De Bildt sull'aspetto, non meno tirannico del Romanesimo, che la Riforma luterana aveva preso in Isvezia. S'erano colà bensi affrancati dal Papa romano, ma per sostituirgli un simbolismo bibblico non meno assoluto, un papa di carta al Papa in carne ed ossa di Roma, ed esteriormente un culto più arido, più freddo e più disadorno alle pompe magnifiche del cattolicismo. Per questa via, come accade ad altri nevrostenici, dice il De Bildt, Cristina passa dal dubbio filosofico ad un'impressionabilità religiosa più formale e di questa sua transizione non dice essa stessa molto di più nella sua autobiografia, dedicata a Dio, non parendole, nella pienezza del suo orgoglio, alcun altro degno di tanto onore. Nel dramma del Dumas ne parla con enfasi conveniente al personaggio:

«Comme Moïse à Dieu j'ai parlé face à face.
Par sa force mon cœur n'a point été trahi,
Car le trône pour moi fut un mont Sinaï.
Et quand la voix de Dieu grondait comme la foudre,
Mon peuple était en bas prosterné dans la poudre.»

Forse è troppo; ma certo fin da quando a 18 anni incominciò a regnare da sovrana assoluta non si sa se il popolo svedese più amasse in lei il ricordo e certe fattezze di Gustavo Adolfo, o se più ammirasse la dottrina, la svariata coltura, il forte senso politico, che, anche contrastando talvolta all'opinione di grandi statisti, come il cancelliere Oxenstiern, l'avea condotta alle paci di Brömsedro [sic] e di Vestfaglia, vantaggiosissime alla Svezia. Essa poi credeva addirittura d'avere il mondo sulle braccia e di reggerlo a sua posta. In mezzo però a tutta questa infatuazione di sè stessa, eccoci all'ergo d'ogni donna, cioè all'amore. Si fanno i nomi di parecchi, prima un cugino (il solito cugino) che le ispira l'amore esigente, quindi le gelosie senza remissione delle donne brutte, poi il conte De La Gardie, il medico Bourdelot, il conte Tott, lo scudiero Steinberg, il diplomatico Dohna, finalmente l'inviato di Spagna, Pimentel, di cui pure la cronaca scandalosa ha voluto fare un amante, mentre invece la loro intimità fu forse di tutt'altro genere, forse il veicolo della conversione di lei al cattolicismo. È bensi vero che religione e amore sono due sentimenti, i quali facilmente sconfinano l'uno nell'altro e si confondono. Ad ogni modo, quanto al Pimentel, la cosa è dubbia. E quanto agli altri? Con quale dei nominati, e non son pochi, la Regina ha passato o no il Rubicone? La questione, a dire il vero, importa un po' meno alla storia del caso di Giulio Cesare. Tuttavia, trattandosi di donna, e così famosa, potrebbe valer la pena di approfondirla. Se non che, come fare? A sentir lei, nella sua autobiografia, la disposizione non le mancava; ma l'ambizione, l'orgoglio, l'intolleranza d'ogni sommissione e finalmente la grazia celeste, se non impedirono che spesse volte si trovasse a camminare sull'orlo del precipizio, la preservarono dal cascarvi dentro.

Il De Bildt accetta con riserva una dichiarazione così assoluta. L'autobiografica di Cristina era destinata alla pubblicità; fu scritta a Roma, dove si sparlava volentieri delle relazioni di lei col cardinale Azzolino; dire il contrario avrebbe compromesso lei e l'amico suo, un principe della Chiesa.

Si capisce quindi che il libello, l'arte romantica, la maldicenza si gettino su queste incertezze e ne facciano loro pro. Pel De Bildt, che studia il fatto da psicologo sperimentale ed a cui pure sembra poco importante risolvere se la Regina ha passato il Rubicone o s'è fermata sulla riva, quella dichiarazione indica un temperamento fisicamente apatico, il che non esclude la passione o il capriccio. Più tardi, dopo l'abdicazione, il sentimento avrà altra parte nella vita di Cristina. Finchè è sul trono, essa non è di certo nè Messalina, nè tampoco Caterina di Russia, bensi una giovine malaticcia, che contro ogni precetto d'igiene vive, sovreccitando il proprio cervello ed i propri nervi, sempre in cerca di soddisfazioni d'orgoglio e d'amor proprio; mai sazia di adulazioni, d'applausi; ora lieta della propria superiorità intellettuale e materiale, ora inebriata delle grandezze del trono, ed ora stanca delle sue noie e delle sue pompe; con un'infanzia senza guida, e una giovinezza senza felicità; col cervello imbottito di letture e il cuore vuoto, e quindi inoltrantesi nella vita senza pietà, senza misericordia, senza patriottismo; in conclusione, per la scienza moderna un tipo di egoista nevropatica per eccellenza.

Perchè abdica al trono nel 1654? Per convertirsi al cattolicismo. E perchè si converte al cattolicismo? Perchè, come abbiamo già accennato, l'assolutismo pedantesco del protestantismo svedese irrita i suoi dubbi in cambio di sedarli, perchè in Cartesio cattolico, il più gran filosofo del tempo, capitato alla sua Corte, le par di scorgere quella conciliazione fra le audacie del pensiero e la tranquillità della fede, che essa ha chiesto indarno ai suoi dotti Svedesi, perchè ha avversione al matrimonio e il cattolicismo glorifica il celibato, perchè l'emozione della guerra e le agitazioni dei grandi intrighi politici accennano a posare per un pezzo, e regnare in questa calma l'annoia, perchè nel cattolicismo i Gesuiti abilmente le porgono la tentazione del frutto proibito, perchè la sua conversione farà chiasso nel mondo, e perchè finalmente essa potrà uscir di Svezia e andar a vivere in Italia, a Roma, ed ivi dar pascolo al suo dilettantismo di donna estetica, altra forma od altro sviluppo della sua congenita nevropatia. Sono queste, come si vede, tutte ragioni secondarie, ma è caratteristico appunto, dice bene il Valbert, che nelle questioni grosse le ragioni secondarie sono per le donne le ragioni decisive.

Così è che, fra la stupefazione addolorata dei suoi Svedesi, Cristina scende dal trono, e prima a Bruxelles in segreto, poi a Innspruck solennemente, abiura la religione, per la quale era morto suo padre, e si converte al cattolicismo. Come potrà nell'esilio vivere da Regina? Ha creduto suo diritto di sovrana saccheggiare i musei e le biblioteche del suo paese, riservarsi la proprietà di provincie, come fossero poderi, e quando le rendite manchino, vivrà di debiti o alle spalle degli altri, magnanima utopia, nella quale i grandi despoti delle età monarchiche hanno trovato imitatori nei grandi democratici delle età rivoluzionarie. A Cristina proviene dal diritto divino: a questi dalla coscienza delle loro benemerenze verso il genere umano; ma negli effetti le due pretensioni s'incontrano e nell'un caso e nell'altro il buon popolo ne è sempre il beneficato.

English translation (my own):

Whatever the case may be, however, regarding this small reservation we venture to express concerning the rights of art, especially in subjects where, as in this one, the unknown and the mysterious prevail so much, that reservation seems to be confirmed by the fact that Bildt himself does not confine himself to the historical materials alone, however new, penetrating, and revealing they may be, on which he has laid his hands. Yielding to a modern tendency, he resorts to the inductions of psychopathology, albeit with all the shrewd sobriety and prudent probabilism of a diplomat, experienced in men, opinions and affairs, and capable of giving them their due weight, far more so than the solitary man of letters. Nevertheless, he too seeks, if not from art, then from experimental science, that extra light that the documents alone do not provide, so that it can be said that he investigates and attempts to discover the human document more than the historical document; and in doing so, he has succeeded in transforming an illustrated compilation of old archival papers (a new and wondrous miracle!) into one of the most curious and enjoyable books we have read in a long time.

"It is not difficult for history", Bildt rightly writes, "to judge those who left something lasting behind. Their works reveal what they were and attest to their merits or demerits. Great or small, good or bad, they mark the place that belongs to those who accomplished them among humankind. This is not the case for those whose lives were entirely action without visible results. What is most important to know about such a person is the reasons that motivated them, and one cannot understand them, nor can one recreate them as they truly were, without studying the state of their soul. This is precisely the case with Kristina. The movement, the feverish activity, the restlessness of her entire life amounted to little or nothing. She died without leaving a trace that deserves to be remembered with gratitude or resentment; nothing to preserve or destroy, precisely because she embodied and developed within herself with unconscious violence the pure egoistic individualism, so dear to moderns, who consider love of neighbour a stale prejudice and deny the existence of duty. To understand her, therefore, it is necessary to penetrate her inner thoughts, discover the secret springs of her capricious mechanism, investigate the reason for so many important but inconsistent words and actions... We know her as a sovereign, as a wanderer, as an intriguer, as a scholar, in short, in all the aspects in which she shone more or less, but not in that of a woman."

Art attempted to remedy this lack, and even if it managed to capture, we believe, some accurate features, it fabricated too many others capriciously; the libel tried its hand, and, as always, found too many people willing to believe every monstrous slander.

Now, here are more letters from Kristina, not like those known until now, which were almost all about religion, politics, affairs, science, literature, and perhaps even trivialities, but rather letters written by her to the only man she truly loved. In these, we should finally be able to discover the woman, perhaps a little less impressive than the legendary Kristina of Sweden, but certainly more human and truer than the one we have known until now.

These documents come from the private archive of Marquis Piero Azzolino, who, with an intelligent generosity worthy of him, made them available to the esteemed writer. The story of these papers, which escaped systematic destruction — a process that Cardinal Decio Azzolino had already begun in accordance with his friend's last wishes, and which his own death, occurring just two months after Kristina's, interrupted — is itself a kind of bizarre epilogue to the somewhat irregular, yet no less human and interesting, romance that unfolded between the elegant Roman cardinal and the "Pallas" of the North.

Their intimacy certainly dated back to 1656, the time of Kristina's first stay in Rome, and it must have been very close from the start, since after only a few months it had already aroused some murmurs in Roman high society, and on March 22, 1656, Decio Azzolino felt obliged to assure the Jesuit Sforza Pallavicino, a great confidant of Pope Alexander VII, in a letter, of the perfect innocence of his relations with Kristina. We do not know if the Jesuit believed him or not. It hardly matters.

In these cases, it is enough to have written the letter; and moreover, we only want to point out here, regarding the Azzolino Archive, that if the Cardinal had not destroyed the Queen's letters to him in chronological order, we would now perhaps have, in addition to the series published by Bildt and relating to Kristina's third absence from Rome between 1666 and 1668, also the correspondence relating to the other two previous absences from 1656 to '58 and from 1660 to '62, which has instead disappeared. All the Cardinal's letters to her are also missing. The prudent man, it seems, had begun by removing his own autographs from the indiscreet curiosity of posterity, then moved on to those of the Queen, but did not manage to finish. When she was residing in Rome, there is only an exchange of partly insignificant notes, because naturally the two friends (let us call them that) would not have needed to write to each other what they could say more easily and with less risk in person.

What remains, however, is more than enough to change the entire historical interpretation of the life of Kristina of Sweden, who, while remaining a singular and in many ways extraordinary figure, embodying all the exceptional qualities of a powerful but atavistically flawed nature, and of an age of transition and decadence, such as the seventeenth century, finally emerges from the murky clouds of legend. Thanks to the sincerity of a love that, despite the ups and downs common to all loves, lasted for more than thirty years, she descends, as a woman, into the full reality of life and conquers, we might say, the only sympathetic aspect that, given all her megalomania of every kind, sometimes pushed to the point of ridicule and sometimes to the most culpable excesses, she could never have hoped for. Often, reading Kristina's letters to Decio Azzolino and her intimate and tireless struggles with the coldness, satiety, caution, and distractions of a man for whom love is not everything and who is therefore not willing to sacrifice ambition, glory, power, or even those external conventions and decencies that are more necessary to him than to anyone else because of his position, one is led to think: "Poor woman! She was half-mad, but how much she loved him!"

A feeling, that is, of benevolent pity, which Kristina of Sweden, based on what was previously known about her, certainly never inspired in anyone! To many others, however, and for a undoubtedly very respectable reason, the sincerity and depth of this affection of the Queen for the Cardinal will seem yet another scandal and a far more unforgivable fault, considering the consequences that can be deduced from it, including the assassination of Monaldeschi. We do not know what to say and will simply shrug our shoulders, like Baron Bildt, who, being a good diplomat who has seen all sorts of men and institutions down here, adds with gentle irony: "Love has never been afraid of the purple!"

After that, let the scandalised deal with it as they see fit! We are concerned with the story of a man and a woman, and the accidental circumstance that she is a queen and he a cardinal, that she is a recent convert of the Jesuits and he a great dignitary and a luminary of the Roman court, only adds flavor to the story or colour to the picture.

Bildt summarises, in broad strokes, but with a new method and purpose, Kristina's story, before and after her abdication from the throne of Sweden. Whose daughter was she? Of Gustav Adolf, the great hero of the Thirty Years' War, who died in 1632 fighting or, as others believe, was assassinated during the Battle of Lützen, and of Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, an insignificant beauty, of high lineage indeed, but with little intelligence, weak and incurably sick nerves.

If those who should be concerned with preserving and perpetuating princely lineages in a healthy, intelligent and vigorous state, for their own greater glory and the relative happiness of their subjects, paid a little more attention when arranging marriages, we would not have to deplore so many ill-matched unions, the kind that no one would even consider for a breed of horses; a lack of foresight that sometimes leads to all sorts of ailments descending upon these magnanimous families, and which does not entirely exclude the possibility that the rulers of states might be imbeciles, or maniacs, or degenerates, or, in any case, poor, abnormal beings with unbalanced minds.

Baron Bildt's concern may be of less importance today than it was 279 years ago, when Gustav Adolf married the neuropath Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, but it is still serious and, in light of scientific progress, should increasingly worry those responsible for arranging marriages within royal families. At that time, preventing Gustav Adolf from following his heart and marrying any beautiful and healthy Swedish girl, simply because she lacked the required sixteen quarters of nobility, and thus preventing the natural selection that ensures the good preservation of the race, was nothing short of a disaster, perhaps exacerbated by the unusually exceptional case of a man of genius being coupled with a half-witted woman; an original imbalance from which a monstrous child [sic] emerged in 1626, whose sex the court physicians and midwives could not even initially determine. From this initial uncertainty, an indication of abnormality [sic], combined later with her deep voice, her affected masculinity in gestures and dress, and the energy of certain habitual expressions, arose, among other things, the legend of hermaphroditism, with which contemporary gossip sometimes persecuted Kristina of Sweden. In any case, here was a child poorly conceived, born even worse, and in whom the educational regime imposed upon her exaggerated, rather than corrected, the anomalies of nature [sic].

It began with her mother, who, almost completely insane after the death of her husband, locked herself away with her daughter in an apartment of the castle, entirely draped in black, weeping day and night for the death of the hero, while, humiliated at having, herself so beautiful, given birth to a daughter who was anything but beautiful, she mistreated her so brutally that she almost crippled her and forced her guardians to separate her from her mother to save her from her fury.

Things did not turn out well for her because of this. Taking too literally the vow made by Gustav Adolf to make his daughter a great prince, they treated this poor creature, who was barely a woman, more like a man, accustomed her to all sorts of privations, allowed her to indulge in all kinds of violent exercises, and crammed her head with an encyclopedia of studies: philology, history, theology, six languages, both ancient and modern, with twelve hours of study a day; and they only cared about giving her a great idea of herself and her own importance, accustoming her, in the final stages of the Thirty Years' War, to puffing up her childish cheeks with grandiose words like these: "my victories, my defeats, my armies, my people"; in short, a physical and moral training that would sicken the healthiest body and drive the most balanced intellect mad.

Regarding religion, what Bildt says about the tyrannical aspect of Lutheranism in Sweden, no less oppressive than Roman Catholicism, is noteworthy. They had indeed freed themselves from the Roman Pope, but only to replace him with an equally absolute biblical symbolism, a paper pope instead of the flesh-and-blood Pope of Rome, and outwardly a more arid, colder and less ornate form of worship compared to the magnificent pomp of Catholicism. In this way, as happens with other neurosthenics, Bildt says, Kristina moves from philosophical doubt to a more formal religious sensibility, and she herself does not say much more about this transition in her autobiography, dedicated to God, as, in the fullness of her pride, she did not consider anyone else worthy of such an honour. In Dumas's play, she speaks of it with an emphasis befitting the character:

"Comme Moïse à Dieu j'ai parlé face à face.
Par sa force mon cœur n'a point été trahi,
Car le trône pour moi fut un mont Sinaï.
Et quand la voix de Dieu grondait comme la foudre,
Mon peuple était en bas prosterné dans la poudre."

["Like Moses, I spoke to God face to face.
By His strength, my heart was not betrayed,
For the throne was a Mount Sinai for me.
And when the voice of God thundered like lightning,
My people were below, prostrate in the dust."]

Perhaps it is too much; but certainly, from the moment she began to reign as an absolute sovereign at the age of 18, it is unclear whether the Swedish people loved her more for the memory and certain features she shared with Gustav Adolf, or whether they admired more her learning, her varied culture, and her strong political sense, which, even sometimes contradicting the opinions of great statesmen like Chancellor Oxenstierna, had led her to the peace treaties of Brömsebro and Westphalia, which were very advantageous to Sweden. She even believed she had the world in her hands and could rule it as she pleased. However, amidst all this self-infatuation, we come to the ergo of every woman, that is, love. Several names are mentioned, first a cousin (the usual cousin) who inspired in her a demanding love, then the relentless jealousy of unattractive women, then Count de la Gardie, the physician Bourdelot, the Count Tott, the equerry Steinberg, the diplomat Dohna, and finally the Spanish envoy, Pimentel, whom scandalous chronicles have also claimed as a lover, while in reality their intimacy was perhaps of a completely different nature, perhaps the vehicle for her conversion to Catholicism. It is true that religion and love are two feelings that easily overlap and become confused. In any case, as for Pimentel, the matter is doubtful.

And what about the others? With which of those mentioned, and there are quite a few, did the Queen cross the Rubicon? The question, to tell the truth, is somewhat less important to history than the case of Julius Caesar. However, since it concerns a woman, and such a famous one, it might be worth investigating further. But how to do it? According to her autobiography, she certainly was not lacking in inclination; but ambition, pride, intolerance of any submission, and ultimately divine grace, while they did not prevent her from often finding herself walking on the edge of the precipice, preserved her from falling into it.

Bildt accepts such an absolute statement with reservations. Kristina's autobiography was intended for publicity; it was written in Rome, where there was much gossip about her relationship with Cardinal Azzolino; saying otherwise would have compromised both her and her friend, a prince of the Church.

It is therefore understandable that pamphlets, romantic art and slander would seize upon these uncertainties and exploit them. For Bildt, who studies the matter as an experimental psychologist and for whom it seems unimportant to determine whether the Queen crossed the Rubicon or stopped on the shore, that declaration indicates a physically apathetic temperament, which does not exclude passion or capriciousness. Later, after the abdication, sentiment would play a different role in Kristina's life. While on the throne, she is certainly neither a Messalina nor a Catherine of Russia, but rather a sickly young woman who, against all precepts of hygiene, lives by overexciting her brain and nerves, always seeking satisfaction for her pride and self-love; never satiated with adulation and applause; sometimes happy with her intellectual and material superiority, sometimes intoxicated by the grandeur of the throne, and sometimes tired of its troubles and pomp; with a childhood without guidance and a youth without happiness; with a brain stuffed with reading and an empty heart, and therefore entering life without pity, without mercy, without patriotism; in conclusion, for modern science, a type of egoistic neuropath par excellence.

Why did she abdicate the throne in 1654? To convert to Catholicism. And why did she convert to Catholicism? Because, as we have already mentioned, the pedantic absolutism of Swedish Protestantism irritated her doubts instead of calming them; because in the Catholic Descartes, the greatest philosopher of the time, who happened to be at her court, she seemed to perceive that reconciliation between the audacity of thought and the tranquility of faith that she had sought in vain from her Swedish scholars; because she had an aversion to marriage and Catholicism glorifies celibacy; because the excitement of war and the agitations of great political intrigues were about to subside for a while, and reigning in this calm bored her; because in Catholicism the Jesuits skillfully offered her the temptation of the forbidden fruit; because her conversion would cause a stir in the world; and because, finally, she could leave Sweden and go to live in Italy, in Rome, and there indulge her dilettantism as an aesthetic woman, another form or development of her congenital neuropathy. These are, as can be seen, all secondary reasons, but it is precisely characteristic, as Valbert rightly says, that in important matters, secondary reasons are the decisive reasons for women.

Thus, to the sorrowful astonishment of her Swedish subjects, Kristina abdicated the throne, and first secretly in Brussels, then solemnly in Innsbruck, renounced the religion for which her father had died, and she converted to Catholicism. How would she live as a queen in exile? She believed it was her right as a sovereign to plunder the museums and libraries of her country, to reserve for herself the ownership of provinces as if they were estates; and when her income failed, she would live on debt or at the expense of others — a magnanimous utopia in which the great despots of the monarchical ages found imitators in the great democrats of the revolutionary ages. For Kristina, this right stemmed from the divine right; for the latter, from the consciousness of their merits towards humankind; but in their effects, the two pretensions converge, and in both cases, the good people are always the beneficiaries.


Above: Kristina.

Note: "A monstrous child" is used here in its archaic meaning and context of a visibly or severely deformed child.

Saturday, September 13, 2025

Article on Elis Essen-Möller's opinion of Kristina, in "Björneborgs Tidning" newspaper, year 1937

Source:

Drottning Christina: man eller kvinna?, article written for Björneborgs Tidning, issue 67, page 4, issue of Friday, August 20, 1937; original at the Finnish National Library (Kansalliskirjasto/Nationalbiblioteket)


Björneborgs Tidning, 20.08.1937 no 67, s. 4 https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/sanomalehti/binding/1960384 Kansalliskirjaston Digitaaliset Aineistot


The article:

Drottning Christina.
MAN ELLER KVINNA?
Den högt ansedde gynekologen, professor Elis Essen-Möller har i dagarna utgivit ett arbete ”Drottning Christina” med underrubriken ”En människostudie ur läkaresynpunkt”. Han lämnar däri ett synnerligen intressant bidrag till förståelsen av drottning Christinas omstridda personlighet.

Det har sina sidor att försöka komma under fund med de människors egenart, vilka spelat en roll i det historiska händelseförloppet. Man har deras egna uttalanden i den mån dessa äro bevarade i oförvanskad form, deras anteckningar och brev att lita till som kommentarer till deras handlingar. Människor giva sig emellertid aldrig oförbehållsamt i tal eller skrift. Deras ord stå alltid i någon mån under inflytande av tanken på den eller dem, om skola taga del av orden. Ingen dödlig är fullt på det klara med de drivkrafter, som bestämma hans handlingar eller det krafternas samspel i det undermedvetna vars resultat utkristalliserar sig hans åsikter. Om man ur en persons skrifter och brev försöker rekonstruera hans personlighet, inlåter man sig på ett företag vanskligare än det att rekonstruera de urtidsdjur, om vilkas benstomme förstenade rester därav lämna besked. Den levande organismen är alltid något mera än den stomme, som uppbär den. I ännu högre grad än om det yttre händelseförloppet gäller om de människor vilka varit medspelande däri Goethes ord:

Die Zeiten der Vergangenheit
Sind uns ein Buch mit sieben Siegeln.

Drottning Christina utgör minst av allt ett undantag från denna regel. Hon faller utanför det vardagligas ram både våd levnadsöde och personlighet angår. Hon har bedömts olika, allt efter bedömarens egna förutsättningar. Varje porträtt vittnar om konstnärens såväl som om modellens egenart. De flesta som tecknat drottningens bild skulle kanske i självrannsakningens stund kunna säga: »så jag målat, ty så roat mig att måla.»

Elis Essen-Möller har betraktat Christina ur gynekologens synpunkt. Hans tes är att drottningen tillhört de inters*xuellas skara. Hennes könskaraktär har varit vacklande. Han stöder sin tes på uttalanden av samtida, vilka framhållit hennes karlavulna väsen, hennes grova röst och hennes förkärlek för karlkläder och karlmaner. Granskningen av hennes porträtt röjer också, menar förf., en inters*xuell typ. Några av dem giva intryck av den förgrämdhet, vars byte dessa abnorma människor [sic] gärna bliva. Andra, särskilt den ofta reproducerade koppargravyren från Nürnberg 1662, visa den skeva gestalt som också är karakteristisk för de inters*xuella.

Det viktigaste argumentet hämtar förf. från drottningens egna anteckningar. Hon omförmäler att de vid hennes moders förlossning deltagande barnmorskorna togo fel på hennes kön och meddelade konungen att hans drottning nedkommit med ett gossebarn. Misstaget vill Christina förklara därmed att hon vid födelsen var starkt hårbevuxen och skrek med grov röst. Att fruntimmerna skulle ha rättat sig bara efter detta, när de alla hade klart för sig, vilken ofantlig vikt som lades vid det nyfödda barnets kön, är uteslutet. Någon missbildning måste ha förelegat och vilselett dem. Häremot strider icke att när misstaget skulle rättas, bar konungens syster barnet till honom på så sätt att han med egna ögon kunde övertyga sig om huru saken förhöll sig. Den närmast till hands liggande förklaringen på detta prinsessan Catharinas tillvägagångssätt synes vara den, att hon ville låta konungen se att misstaget var förklarligt. Och man har mycket svårt att komma ifrån att det måste ha så varit. ”Utan att vara absolut bevisande, talar alltså beskrivningen”, säger förf., ”i den riktning, att de delar av Christinas kropp, som här ifrågakomma, vid födelsen erbjudit en avvikelse från det normala [sic] av sådan art, att den givit anledning till förväxling av könet.”

Härmed sammanställer förf. de bekanta orden i Christinas dagbok, där hon tackar Gud för att ingen av hennes köns svagheter ”fått inrymme i min själ, som Du genom Din Nåd gjort alldeles manlig, äfven som det öfriga af min kropp”.

Man kan icke undandraga sig det intrycket att Essen-Möller bevisar sin tes i den mån den kan bevisas. Att Christina vid mogen ålder verkligen förälskade sig i en man, kardinal Azzolino, strider icke däremot. Hur detta kärleksförhållande utgestaltat sig, är icke känt. Det lär ju icke tillhöra sällsyntheterna att än den ena än den andra könskaraktären betonas starkare hos dessa blandningstyper.

Om man antager att den tes, Essen-Möller förfäktar, är riktig, får onekligen mycket i Christinas handlingssätt sin förklaring. Hennes tronavsägelse framstår som en direkt följd av hennes oförmåga att ingå äktenskap och skänka landet tronarvingar. Hennes övergång till katolicismen blir en följd av nödtvånget att leva i länder, där den romerska kyrkan härskade. Delvis kunna kastningarna i hennes lynne kanske härledas av dubbelheten i hennes natur.

Författaren har också ägnat drottningens personlighet en moralisk värdering, vars utslag väcker en del gensagor. Jämförelsen mellan Christinas och La Rochefoucaulds aforismer utfaller icke till hennes nackdel. Där de påminna om varandra, röjer sig i hennes ord lejonklon på ett annat sätt än i hans. De uttalanden, som förf. i övrigt lägger henne till last göra ett helt annat intryck. Det är en inre myndighet, en suveränitet i hennes ord, som äro kungliga alltigenom. Det är en fråga om tycke och smak, men det förefaller som om Essen-Möller mätte Christina med en måttstock, som icke räcker till. Att välvist mästra den människan har sina vådor.

Författaren har i varje fall lämnat ett bidrag till diskussionen om Christinas personlighet, som icke torde kunna förbigås. Vad historikerna av facket komma att säga om hans argumentering, är en annan fråga.

English translation (my own):

Queen Christina.
MAN OR WOMAN?
The highly regarded gynecologist, Professor Elis Essen-Möller, has recently published a work, "Drottning Christina", with the subtitle "En människostudie ur läkaresynpunkt". In it, he makes a particularly interesting contribution to the understanding of Queen Kristina's controversial personality.

There are advantages to trying to understand the character of the people who have played a role in the course of historical events. We have their own statements, insofar as they have been preserved in unadulterated form, and their notes and letters to rely on as comments on their actions. However, people never show themselves unreservedly in speech or writing. Their words are always, to some extent, influenced by the thoughts of the person or people who will hear them. No mortal is fully aware of the driving forces that determine his actions or the interaction of forces in the subconscious, the result of which is the crystallisation of his opinions. If we try to reconstruct a person's personality from his writings and letters, we are embarking on an undertaking more difficult than that of reconstructing the prehistoric animals about whose skeletons fossilised remains provide information. The living organism is always something more than the skeleton that supports it. To an even greater extent than the external course of events, Goethe's words apply to the people who were involved in it:

"Die Zeiten der Vergangenheit
Sind uns ein Buch mit sieben Siegeln."

["The times of the past
Are a closed book to us."]

Queen Kristina is the least of all an exception to this rule. She falls outside the framework of the everyday, both in terms of her life and her personality. She has been judged differently, depending on the judge's own circumstances. Each portrait testifies to the artist's as well as the model's unique character. Most of those who have drawn the Queen's portrait could perhaps say in a moment of self-examination: "so I painted, because I enjoyed painting so much."

Elis Essen-Möller has considered Kristina from the point of view of a gynecologist. His thesis is that the Queen belonged to the inters*xual group. Her s*xual character was wavering. He supports his thesis on statements by contemporaries, who have emphasised her masculine nature, her coarse voice and her preference for men's clothing and men. The author believes that an examination of her portraits also reveals an inters*xual type. Some of them give the impression of the embitteredness to which these abnormal people [sic] gladly become the prey. Others, especially the often reproduced copper engraving from Nuremberg in 1662, show the crooked figure that is also characteristic of inters*xuals.

The author draws the most important argument from the Queen's own notes. She recounts that the midwives who attended her mother's delivery made a mistake about her sex and informed the King that his Queen had given birth to a boy-child. Kristina thus explains the mistake by saying that, at the time of her birth, she was heavily covered in hair and screamed in a coarse voice. It is impossible that the ladies would have corrected themselves only after this when they were all aware of the enormous importance attached to the sex of the newborn child. Some deformity must have been present and misled them. This does not contradict the fact that when the mistake was to be corrected, the King's sister carried the child to him in such a way that he could see with his own eyes how the matter was. The most obvious explanation for Princess Katarina's approach seems to be that she wanted to show the King that the mistake was understandable. And it is very difficult to avoid the fact that this must have been the case. "Without being absolutely conclusive, the description thus suggests", says the author, "that the parts of Kristina's body in question at her birth exhibited a deviation from normality [sic], of such a nature that it gave rise to confusion over her sex."

The author hereby compiles the familiar words in Kristina's diary, where she thanks God that none of the weaknesses of her sex "have been allowed to enter my soul, which You have made completely masculine, through Your grace, even like the rest of my body".

One cannot help but get the impression that Essen-Möller proves his thesis to the extent that it can be proven. The fact that Kristina really fell in love with a man, Cardinal Azzolino, at a mature age does not contradict this. How this love affair developed is not known. It is not uncommon for one sex [gender?] characteristic to be emphasized more strongly in these mixed types.

If one assumes that the thesis advocated by Essen-Möller is correct, much in Kristina's actions is undoubtedly explained. Her abdication appears to be a direct consequence of her inability to marry and provide the country with heirs to the throne. Her conversion to Catholicism is a consequence of the necessity of living in countries where the Roman Church ruled. The shifts in her disposition can perhaps be partly derived from the duality of her nature.

The author has also given the Queen's personality a moral assessment, the results of which arouse some controversy. The comparison between Kristina's and la Rochefoucauld's aphorisms does not turn out to her disadvantage. Where they resemble each other, her words reveal a lion's claw in a different way than in his. The statements that the author otherwise accuses her of making give a completely different impression. There is an inner authority, a sovereignty in her words, which are royal throughout. It is a matter of opinion and taste, but it seems as if Essen-Möller measured Kristina with a yardstick that is not sufficient. To master that person well has its dangers.

The author has, in any case, made a contribution to the discussion of Kristina's personality, which should not be ignored. What the historians of the profession will say about his argument is another question.

Note: Björneborg is the Swedish name for the Finnish city of Pori. It is the regional capital of Satakunta and is located on the west coast of the country, on the Gulf of Bothnia.

Ragnar Sjöberg's article on Elis Essen-Möller's opinion on Kristina, in "Finsk Tidskrift" magazine, year 1937

Source:

En drottning i läkarvetenskapens ljus, article written by Ragnar Sjöberg for Finsk Tidskrift, issue 4, pages 212 to 214, issue of October 1, 1937; original at the Finnish National Library (Kansalliskirjasto/Nationalbiblioteket)


Finsk Tidskrift, 01.10.1937 no 4, s. 212-214 https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/497278 Kansalliskirjaston Digitaaliset Aineistot




The article:

En drottning i läkar-
vetenskapens ljus.
Sällan har kvinnligheten blomstrat som under peruktiden. Klädedräkten underströk kraftigare än den goda smaken riktigt vill gilla det feminina; på sätt och vis har väl klyftan mellan könen aldrig varit så stor som då. Men vid sidan av frondens sköna, amorösa och intriganta hertiginnor stå damer av en robustare typ, manhaftiga gestalter, som i politiken sågo något annat än galanta äventyr. Dit hör drottning Christina av Sverige både med bördens och begåvningens rätt.

Inför drottning Christina stod samtiden undrande och inte så litet irriterad som inför en svårlöst gåta. Axel Oxenstierna tänkte på hennes fatala mödernearv, arvet från den hysteriska Maria Eleonora, som skaffat honom så oändligt många obehagliga timmar, och på hennes fader: »Hon är galen men hon är ändå den store Gustaf Adolfs dotter». Påven Innocentius XI löste å sin sida problemet med de förlösande orden: »e donna!» Förmodligen menade de detsamma.

Det är således förlåtligt, om också eftervärlden är förbryllad av den skiftande bild den mångsidiga drottningen visar. Man har gjort henne till en manslukerska: »La vie amoureuse de Christine de Suède» är den lovande titeln på ett arbete av en modern fransk författarinna — bland svenska historiker företräddes den riktningen av Anders Fryxell, men torde numera vara helt övergiven. En annan klang har rubriken på ett annat franskt arbete, också det av nyaste datum: »Christine de Suède, la reine chaste et folle». Man gör henne till en frigid, helt och hållet intellektuell typ, djupt gripen av tidens andliga strömningar, särskilt mot reformationen: det är ett livsavgörande, religiöst behov, som driver henne över till katolicismen och gör det till en samvetssak för henne att avsäga sig kronan. Somliga förklara i likhet med Axel Oxenstierna, att hon var ett under av lärdom och begåvning; andra göra gällande och med bättre skäl, att alla blåstrumpors drottning var inte så litet av en fäsör. Hennes »Sentiments» äro tämligen trubbiga och intetsägande, ofta motsägande; när de äro som bäst, är det Pascal, men framför allt La Rochefoucauld hon skattat.

Fullt så främmande som på oss verkade drottning Christina säkerligen inte på sin samtid. Hennes närgångenhet mot den berömde franske tänkaren skadade inte hennes anseende i någon högre grad: man var inte lika finkänslig i fråga om litterär äganderätt då som nu; hon var sannerligen inte den enda som följde parollen: »je prends mon bon ou je le trouve». Någon konstitutionell monark i vår tids mening var hon inte heller; hon är mer en renässansfigur än hon hör hemma i barocktiden — parisarna funno henne löjligt efterbliven — och hennes föreställningar om en regents plats i världsordningen överensstämde nog närmast med Henrik VIII:s i England och Erik XIV:s i Sverige. Den förre dekapiterade som bekant ett par av sina gemåler. Det var en maktfråga och inte en rättsfråga; att Katharina av Arragonien slapp undan med skilsmässa hade sin giltiga orsak: man förgrep sig inte gärna på kejsar Karl V:s köttsliga moster. Mordet på Monaldeschi kan förklaras på samma sätt som Anne Boleyns avrättning; man behöver inte tillgripa sinnessjuksteorin.

Att få drottning Christina till en fromt troende katolik, så till den grad from, att hon fördenskull försakade sin världsliga maktställning förefaller nästan omöjligt, men även det försöket har gjorts med framgång. Måhända är dock den danske historikern Friis' karakteristik riktigare, även om den skulle råka att vara den traditionella, som vi alla inhämtat på skolbänken: »Hun saetter sin Tronafsigelse i Gang som en Apotheose, der skal haeve hende over Kongernes Raekke; hun praler med sin Omvendelse, som om den var et stort Skuespil, ikke til Aere for Gud, men for Menneskerne. Tron mangler i hendes Opofrelse og Oprigtigheden i hendes Forsagelse. Alt er slaaet Fejl i denne forstyrrede Natur.» Det är ingen kyrkans lydiga dotter, som fällt de spydiga orden: »Man säger, att den katolska kyrkan styres av den Helige Ande. Jag tror nästan också, att det måste förhålla sig så, eftersom den icke för länge sedan gått under, ty jag har nu känt fyra påvar, fyra av dess jordiska styresmän, och ingen av dem har haft vanligt sunt förstånd.» Inte ens en f. d. drottning — om hon är fullt normal — sätter i gång en så väldig apparat som övergången till Rom enbart av begär att synas, men tydligast faller det patologiska draget hos henne i ögonen, när man granskar hennes politiska planer. Hon gör upprepade försök att återvinna Sveriges krona, utan att märka eller utan att bry sig om den isande kyla, som möter henne från hennes förra landsmäns sida; hon spinner vidlyftiga planer för att bli Polens regent, och i förargelsen över att Neapel undsluppit henne, låter hon mörda Monaldeschi, men aldrig har någon politik svävat så fullständigt i det blå.

Sent omsider har det lockande problemet drottning Christina tagits under läkarbehandling. Det kan sägas först som sist, att i skickligare, försiktigare och finkänsligare händer än professor Elis Essen-Möllers kunde hon inte råkat. Hos den sakligt inställde gynekologen finns ingenting av den en smula retsamma dogmatiska tvärsäkerhet, som brukar vidlåda psykologerna av facket, det beror kanske på, att hans utgångspunkt är rent biologisk. Efter en serie iakttagelser, som den som skriver dessa rader knappast är kompetent att ens referera — bl. a. påpekar han, att de båda kroppshalvorna hos henne voro osymmetriska, en vanlig företeelse vid en abnormitet [sic] som hennes; det leder tanken till den onekligen åtskilligt feminine Gustaf III med det sneda ansiktet — kommer han fram till resultatet, att drottning Christina var »inters*xuell». Med andra ord: hon var visserligen kvinna, men så starkt uppblandad med manliga egenskaper och böjelser, att hela hennes väsen var splittrat från begynnelsen. Trots segerhuvan låder det från början något fatalt vid den lilla varelse, som ingen visste om det skulle bli flicka eller pojke av, då den kom till världen.

Prof. Essen-Möller frånkänner dock inte drottning Christina förmågan av ett passionerat uppgående i en man. Han anser tvärtom i likhet med Christinaforskningens grand old man, Bildt, att hennes tillgivenhet för den habile romerske prelaten, kardinal Azzolini, var en djup, sann lidelse, men medvetandet om, att hon i sin själ kände böjelser, som kommo henne att vämjas vid tanken på den roll naturen tilldelat kvinnan, utgjorde hennes troget bevarade, ständigt borrande hemlighet, hennes »påle i köttet», för att citera en annan martyr för det outsagda, Sören Kierkegaard. »Il y a des choses dans la vie qui sont plus terribles que la mort.» Det är mottot för prof. Essen-Möllers bok, och det var ledmotivet i la regina nomades olyckliga, rolösa och rotlösa liv.
Ragnar Sjöberg.

[ELIS ESSEN-MÖLLER: Drottning Christina. En människostudie ur läkaresynpunkt. C. W. K. Gleerups förlag. Lund 1937. Kr. 3.]

English translation (my own):

A queen in the light of medical science.
Rarely has femininity flourished as during the era of wigs. Clothing emphasised the feminine more strongly than good taste really wants to like; in a way, the gap between the sexes has never been as great as then. But alongside the beautiful, amorous and scheming duchesses of the Fronde stand ladies of a more robust type, manly figures, who saw in politics something other than gallant adventures. Queen Kristina of Sweden belongs to this group, both by right of birth and talent.

Contemporaries stood wondering and not a little irritated before Queen Kristina, as if faced with an insoluble riddle. Axel Oxenstierna thought of her fatal maternal heritage, the legacy of the hysterical Maria Eleonora, who had given him so many unpleasant hours, and of her father: "She is mad, but she is still the daughter of the great Gustav Adolf." Pope Innocent XI, for his part, solved the problem with the redeeming words: "è donna!" ["she's a woman!"] They probably meant the same thing.

It is therefore forgivable if posterity is also puzzled by the changing image the versatile Queen presents. She has been made into a man-eater: "La vie amoureuse de Christine de Suède" is the promising title of a work by a modern French author — among Swedish historians this trend was represented by Anders Fryxell, but is now probably completely abandoned. The title of another French work, also of recent date, has a different tone: "Christine de Suède, la reine chaste et folle". She is made into a frigid, entirely intellectual type, deeply gripped by the spiritual currents of the time, especially against the Reformation: it is a vital, religious need that drives her over to Catholicism and makes it a matter of conscience for her to renounce the crown. Some, like Axel Oxenstierna, declare that she was a marvel of learning and talent; others assert, and with better reason, that the Queen, of all bluestockings, was not a little of a rascal. Her "Sentiments" are rather blunt and bland, often contradictory; at their best, it is Pascal, but above all la Rochefoucauld, that she esteemed.

Queen Kristina certainly did not seem quite as foreign to her contemporaries as she does to us. Her closeness to the famous French thinker did not damage her reputation to any great extent: people were not as sensitive about literary property rights then as they are now; she was certainly not the only one who followed the slogan: "je prends mon bon, ou je le trouve" ["I'll take my voucher, or I'll find it."]. She was not a constitutional monarch in our modern sense either; she is more of a Renaissance figure than she belongs in the Baroque era — the Parisians found her ridiculously backward — and her ideas about a ruler's place in the world order probably corresponded most closely to those of Henry VIII in England and Erik XIV in Sweden. The former, as is well known, beheaded a couple of his consorts. It was a question of power and not a question of law; the fact that Catherine of Aragon got away with divorce had its valid reason: people did not like to attack the flesh and blood aunt of Emperor Charles V. The murder of Monaldeschi can be explained in the same way as the execution of Anne Boleyn; there is no need to resort to the insanity theory.

To make Queen Kristina a devout Catholic, so devout that she renounced her position of worldly power for the sake of it, seems almost impossible, but even that attempt has been made successfully. Perhaps, however, the Danish historian Friis' characterisation is more accurate, even if it happens to be the traditional one that we all learned in school:

"Hun sætter sin Tronafsigelse i Gang som en Apotheose, der skal hæve hende over Kongernes Række; hun praler med sin Omvendelse, som om den var et stort Skuespil, ikke til Ære for Gud, men for Menneskerne. Troen mangler i hendes Opofrelse og Oprigtigheden i hendes Forsagelse. Alt er slaaet Fejl i denne forstyrrede Natur."

["She sets her abdication in motion as an apotheosis that will elevate her above the line of kings; she boasts of her conversion as if it were a great spectacle, not for the glory of God, but for men. Faith is lacking in her sacrifice, and sincerity in her renunciation. There is everything wrong with this disturbed nature."]

It is not an obedient daughter of the Church who uttered the sarcastic words: "They say that the Catholic Church is governed by the Holy Spirit. I almost believe that it must be so, since it has not long since perished, for I have now known four popes, four of its earthly rulers, and none of them has had ordinary common sense." Not even a former queen — if she is completely normal — sets in motion such a vast apparatus as the transition to Rome solely out of a desire to be seen, but the pathological trait in her is most clearly seen when one examines her political plans. She makes repeated attempts to regain the crown of Sweden, without noticing or caring about the icy cold that meets her from the side of her former countrymen; she spins grandiose plans to become ruler of Poland, and in her indignation that Naples has escaped her, she has Monaldeschi murdered, but never has any policy been so completely in the blue.

Lately, the tempting problem of Queen Kristina has been taken under medical treatment. It can be said first and foremost that she could not have fallen into more skillful, careful and sensitive hands than Professor Elis Essen-Möller's. In the objectively minded gynecologist there is none of the slightly teasing dogmatic overconfidence that usually befalls psychologists of the profession, perhaps because his starting point is purely biological. After a series of observations, which the writer of these lines is hardly competent to even refer to — among other things, he points out that the two halves of her body were asymmetrical, a common occurrence with an abnormality [sic] like hers; this leads to the thought of the undeniably rather feminine Gustav III with the crooked face — he comes to the conclusion that Queen Kristina was "inters*xual". In other words: she was certainly a woman, but so strongly mixed with male characteristics and inclinations that her whole being was divided from the beginning. Despite the caul, there is something fatal about the little creature from the beginning; no one knew whether it would be a girl or a boy when it came into the world.

Professor Essen-Möller does not deny Queen Kristina's capacity for passionate absorption in a man. On the contrary, he believes, like the great old man of Kristina research, Bildt, that her affection for the able Roman prelate, Cardinal Azzolino, was a deep, true passion, but the awareness that she felt inclinations in her soul that made her disgusted at the thought of the role nature has assigned to woman, constituted her faithfully preserved, constantly piercing secret, her "pole in the flesh", to quote another martyr for the unsaid, Søren Kierkegaard. "Il y a des choses dans la vie qui sont plus terribles que la mort." ["There are things in life that are more terrible than death."] That is the motto of Professor Essen-Möller's book, and it was the leitmotif of la regina nomade's unhappy, restless and rootless life.
Ragnar Sjöberg.

[ELIS ESSEN-MÖLLER: Drottning Christina. En människostudie ur läkaresynpunkt. C. W. K. Gleerups förlag. Lund, 1937. 3 kr.]

Friday, August 29, 2025

Augustin Cabanès' biography of Kristina from the standpoint of her "sanity" and her psychology and mental health, year 1905, part 7

Source:

Les indiscrétions de l'histoire, volume 3, pages 214 to 221, by Augustin Cabanès, 1905; original at the University of Michigan


The biography:

VII
Mme la duchesse d'Orléans, mère du Régent, avait entendu parler de la reine de Suède par «le feu roi» (Louis XIV); mais il n'y a pas à douter qu'elle ajoute beaucoup de son cru aux propos qui ont pu être tenus devant elle.

«Christine», écrit-elle, «ne mettait jamais de coiffe de nuit, mais elle s'entourait la tête avec une serviette. Une fois qu'elle ne pouvait dormir, elle fit faire de la musique auprès de son lit. Comme le concert était de son goût, elle avança soudain la tête hors de ses rideaux et s'écria: «Mort diable! qu'ils chantent bien!» Les castrats et les Italiens, qui ne sont pas des plus braves, furent tellement épouvantés à l'aspect de cette étrange figure qu'ils demeurèrent muets et il fallut que la musique cessait...»

Après avoir rappelé le meurtre du grand écuyer Monaldeschi, par ordre de Christine, elle la dit «très vindicative et livrée à toutes sortes de débauches, même avec les femmes... Elle a forcé Mme de Brégy à des turpitudes et celle-ci n'a pu se défendre...» Elle ajoute cependant un peu plus loin: «Cette reine ne pouvait plaire aux femmes, car elle les méprisait toutes en général.» (Correspondance complète de Madame, duchesse d'Orléans, par M. G. BRUNET (Paris, 1855), t. I, p. 280.)

On a dit quel fut l'étonnement de la reine de Suède à la vue des incroyables embrassades de la cour. Lorsqu'elle vint à Fontainebleau, plusieurs dames, en l'allant saluer, s'avancèrent pour la baiser. Elle y trouva un peu à redire, toutefois sans en rien témoigner; elle se contenta de dire: «Quelle fureur ont ces dames à me baiser! est-ce à cause que je ressemble à un homme?» (Menagiana, t. III des Ana, p. 109. La reine Christine était, comme nous l'avons dit, toujours en justaucorps et la tête ornée d'une perruque d'homme; il n'est pas surprenant qu'elle ait pu donner le change sur son sexe.)

Il faut croire qu'elle y prit goût; on peut même dire qu'elle y prit grand plaisir, si nous en croyons ce que relate le prince Édouard, palatin de Bavière; dans une lettre qu'il adressait à son oncle, le duc de Mantoue, lettre qui n'était vraisemblablement pas destinée à la publicité.

«Nous avons fait», écrivait-il, «ces jours passés, un fort joli voyage à Auxerre, pour y voir incognito la reine de Suède: ce que nous avons fait, ma femme en qualité de demoiselle suivante de la marquise de Mouy, et moi en celle de son écuyer.

«Cette reine nous ayant reconnus, et ne voulant pas le faire voir, nous galantisa fort, et même la marquise de Mouy, sur ce qu'elle savait si bien choisir son monde, et tout bas, s'approchant de nous, nous fit mille civilités et particulièrement à ma femme, à qui elle témoigna le plus obligeamment du monde le sensible desplaisir qu'elle avoit de ne lui pouvoir donner, dans l'estat où elle nous voyoit, les marques de l'estime et de l'affection qu'elle avoit pour elle, de laquelle pourtant elle la priait de vouloir être très assurée, et nous dit cent mille autres galanteries de très bonne grâce.

«Toutes ses postures sont d'homme et nullement de femme. Aussi la plus agréable louange qu'on lui puisse donner est de lui dire qu'elle est le plus honneste homme du monde.

«Elle aime fort les belles femmes. Elle en trouva une à Lyon qui lui plut. Elle la baisoit partout: la gorge, les yeux, le front très amoureusement et mesme la vouloit baiser la langue à la bouche, et coucher avec elle, ce que la femme ne voulut pas.

«M. de Guise lui a fait présent de trois de ses perruques dont elle en porte toujours une avec un chapeau chargé de plumes, qu'elle tient toujours à la main en parlant. Elle porte un justaucorps et une cravate au cou. Elle n'a point de femme avec elle qui paraisse et peu d'hommes même.

«Voilà, Monsieur, ce que nous avons vu en ce petit voyage.» (Intermédiare des Chercheurs, 10 novembre 1885, p. 657.)

Si cette épître est, comme tout donne lieu de le présumer, d'une authenticité non douteuse, elle nous révèle, chez Christine de Suède, une inversion s*xuelle des plus caractérisées.

Un autre épisode, dont la source, il est vrai, est plus suspecte que la précédente, achèvera de nous édifier.

Tout le monde a entendu parler, peu ou prou, de l'infortunée marquise de Ganges et de sa fin tragique, qui inspira les premiers chants de Gilbert (Œuvres complètes de Gilbert, pp. 157 et suiv.). La «belle Provençale» comme on la désignait à la cour, se nommait, de son véritable nom, Diane de Joannis; elle était la fille de Gabriel de Joannis, marquis de Roussans, et de Laure de Rousset de Saint-Sauveur. Tandis que le fameux peintre Mignard faisait son portrait, véritable chef-d'œuvre de l'art, la reine Christine de Suède proclamait la marquise le plus beau chef-d'œuvre de la nature.

«Ah! si j'étais homme», lui écrivait l'ardente princesse, «je tomberois à vos pieds, soumis et languissant d'amour; j'y passerois mes jours, j'y passerois les nuits, pour contempler vos divins appas, et vous offrir un cœur tendre, passionné et fidèle. Puisque cela n'est point, tenons-nous-en, incomparable marquise, à l'amitié la plus pure, la plus confiante et la plus ferme. De mon côté, voilà tout ce que je pense; mais mes brûlants désirs ne sont point satisfaits. Vos beaux yeux, vous le savez, sont les auteurs innocents de tous mes maux; eux seuls peuvent, dans un instant, en réparer l'outrage, et faire mon bonheur en les adoucissant. Me refuseriez-vous, hélas! un de vos regards gracieux? Non, non; aussi sensible que belle, vous écouterez avec complaisance les tendres plaintes de ma douleur profonde, et je passerai le reste de ma vie dans un douleureux enchantement.

«En attendant, qu'une agréable métempsycose change mon sexe, je veux vous voir, vous adorer, et vous le dire à chaque instant. Jusqu'à présent, j'ai cherché partout le plaisir et je ne l'ai point goûté. Si votre cœur généreux veut avoir pitié du mien, à mon arrivée à l'autre monde je le caresserai avec une volupté toujours nouvelle; je le savourerai dans vos bras victorieux, et le ferai durer éternellement. Dans cette douce espérance, je file des jours de vie, et mon bonheur s'accroît en pensant à vous.

«Adressez donc vos prières au ciel, belle marquise, afin que mes vœux soient exaucés, autant pour votre félicité que pour la mienne, qui dépend entièrement de vous pour le présent et pour l'avenir.»

On s'est souvent demandé pourquoi la reine Christine avait témoigné d'une si vive répugnance pour le mariage. Cette antipathie tenait-elle, comme on l'a dit, — après tout, l'hypothèse était soutenable, — à une anomalie s*xuelle?

On a parlé d'hermaphroditisme; il est certain que ses passions équivoques donnent à cette supposition une grande vraisemblance. Certes, elle pouvait être sincère en écrivant: «J'ai une antipathie si grande pour le mariage, que si le Roi de l'univers vouloit déposer à mes pieds son sceptre et sa couronne, quelque galant qu'il fût, et quelque bonne mine qu'il eût d'ailleurs, je refuserois de l'épouser. Jugez après cela si Christine, qui aime sa liberté plus que sa vie, ira s'enchaîner de gaieté de cœur aux caprices tyranniques d'un mari, c'est-à-dire d'un despot.» (Lettres secrètes de Christine, reine de Suède, aux personnages illustres de son siècle, dédiées au roi de Prusse, pp. 21 et suiv. Ces lettres sont-elles bien authentiques? On ne semble pas avoir complètement élucidé cette question. (Cf. Intermédiaire, 25 octobre 1889, p. 612).)

Elle aurait même fait aux États de Suède la réponse qu'on lui prête: «Il naîtrait plutôt de moi un Néron qu'un Auguste. Le beau présent que je ferais à mon pays!», que nous n'en serions pas autrement surpris.

Serait-ce qu'elle se soit crue inapte à contracter une union féconde, en raison d'une imperfection physique? Rien ne nous autorise à affirmer que cette imperfection ait réellement existé.

Nous avons relaté ailleurs (Dans la Chronique médicale, 1er octobre 1905.) la grotesque aventure dont elle fut l'héroïne, à l'âge de 50 ans. Surprise de se voir «une excroissance de chair dans un lieu qui lui fit espérer d'être de notre sexe», — ce sont les termes de la dépêche qu'envoyait l'attaché à la légation française de Rome au ministre Colbert de Croissy, à la date du 2 novembre 1680, — Christine communique son doute à son médecin, puis successivement à sa femme de chambre, à son chirurgien, à un père jésuite et jusqu'à un cardinal, très avant dans ses bonnes grâces.

L'excroissance augmentait toujours et «se maintenait dans une forme qui confirmait les espérances de tout l'entourage.» On crut la reine devenue roi, et le médecin, transporté d'enthousiasme, se jetant aux genoux de Christine, s'écriait: «Salve, rex Suecorum!» Ce n'est qu'à un second examen que le Diafoirus, reconnaissant sa méprise, constatait qu'il s'agissait d'un prolapsus utérin et non d'un appendice viril.

En dépit d'une auto-suggestion soigneusement entretenue, les dernières illusions de Christine s'évanouissaient: femme elle était, femme elle restait. Femme de génie qui, sur bien des points, a devancé son temps, mais très femme par son amour de l'intrigue, par sa vanité naïve, par son défaut de volonté et d'énergie, par son appétit, jamais rassasié, de sensations qu'elle avait vainement tenté d'éprouver.

Swedish translation (my own; I cannot tag it as such due to character limits in the tags):

VII
Madame hertiginnan av Orléans, regentens mor, hade hört talas om Sveriges drottning från »den salige konungen« (Ludvig XIV); men det råder ingen tvekan om att hon lade till mycket av sitt eget till de anmärkningar som kan ha fällts inför henne.

»Kristina«, skrev hon, »bar aldrig nattmössa, utan virade en handduk runt huvudet. En gång, när hon inte kunde sova, spelade hon musik vid sängen. Eftersom konserten föll henne i smaken stack hon plötsligt ut huvudet från gardinerna och ropade: »Djävulens död! Så bra de sjunger!« Kastraterna och italienarna, som inte är de modigaste, blev så skräckslagna vid åsynen av denna märkliga figur att de förblev tysta, och musiken var tvungen att upphöra...«

Efter att ha erinrat sig mordet på överstallmästaren Monaldeschi, på befallning av Kristina, beskriver hon henne som »mycket hämndlysten och benägen till alla möjliga utsvävningar, även med kvinnor... Hon tvingade madame de Brégy till sedefördärv, och hon kunde inte försvara sig...« Hon tillägger dock lite längre fram: »Denna drottning kunde inte behaga kvinnor, ty hon föraktade dem alla i allmänhet.« (Correspondance complète de Madame, duchesse d'Orléans, av M. G. BRUNET (Paris, 1855), vol. I, s. 280.)

Det har sagts hur förvånad den svenska drottningen blev vid åsynen av hovets otroliga omfamningar. När hon kom till Fontainebleau gick flera damer fram för att hälsa henne och kyssa henne. Hon fann lite att klaga på, men utan att visa några tecken på det; hon sade helt enkelt: »Vilken furie dessa damer har över att kyssa mig! är det för att jag ser ut som en man?« (Menagiana, vol. III av Ana., s. 109. Drottning Kristina var, som vi sagt, alltid i justaucorps och hennes huvud pryddes med en mansperuk; det är inte förvånande att hon kunde lura folk om sitt kön.)

Man måste tro att hon tyckte om det; vi kan till och med säga att hon tyckte mycket om det, om vi skall tro vad pfalzgreve Edward av Bayern berättar i ett brev han riktade till sin onkel, hertigen av Mantua, ett brev som förmodligen inte var avsett för publicitet.

»Vi gjorde«, skrev han, »en mycket trevlig resa de senaste dagarna till Auxerre, för att inkognito se Sveriges drottning: vilket vi gjorde, min maka i hennes egenskap av fröken i sällskap med markisinnan de Mouy, och jag i hennes egenskap av stallmästare.«

»Denna drottning, som kände igen oss men inte ville visa det, visade oss stor tapperhet, och till och med markisinnan de Mouy, med motiveringen att hon så väl visste hur man skulle välja sitt folk, närmade sig oss mycket tyst och visade oss tusen artigheter, särskilt mot min maka, för vilken hon på det mest tillmötesgående sätt i världen vittnade om det stora missnöje hon kände över att inte kunna ge henne, i det tillstånd hon såg oss i, tecken på den aktning och tillgivenhet hon hyste för henne, vilket hon dock bad henne att vara mycket säker på, och berättade för oss hundratusen andra tapperheter med mycket god nåd.

»Alla hennes ställningar är av en man och inte alls av en kvinna. Därför är det mest angenäma beröm man kan ge henne att säga att hon är den ärligaste mannen i världen.

»Hon älskar vackra kvinnor mycket. Hon fann en i Lyon som behagade henne. Hon kysste henne överallt: halsen, ögonen, pannan, mycket kärleksfullt, och hon ville till och med kyssa henne med tungan i munnen, och sova med henne, vilket kvinnan inte ville.

»Monsieur de Guise har givit henne tre av sina peruker i present, varav hon alltid bär en med en hatt full av fjädrar, som hon alltid håller i handen när hon talar. Hon bär en justaucorps och en kravatt. Hon har ingen kvinna med sig som visar sig, och inte ens några män.

»Detta, min herre, är vad vi har sett på denna lilla resa.« (Intermédiare des Chercheurs, den 10 november 1885, s. 657.)

Om denna epistel, som allt antyder, är av otvivelaktig äkthet, avslöjar det för oss, hos Kristina av Sverige, en högst karakteristisk s*xuell inversion.

Ännu en episod, vars källa visserligen är mer misstänkt än den föregående, kommer att fullborda vår edifikation.

Alla har hört, mer eller mindre, talas om den olyckliga markisinnan de Ganges och hennes tragiska slut, vilket inspirerade Gilberts första sånger (Œuvres complètes de Gilbert, s. 157 ff.). »La belle Provençale«, som hon kallades vid hovet, kallades, med sitt riktiga namn, Diane de Joannis; hon var dotter till Gabriel de Joannis, markisen av Roussans och Laure de Rousset de Saint-Sauveur. Medan den berömde målaren Mignard målade hennes porträtt, ett sant mästerverk, utropade drottning Kristina av Sverige markisinnan till naturens vackraste mästerverk.

»Ah! om jag vore en man«, skrev den ivriga prinsessan till henne, »skulle jag falla för Era fötter, undergiven och tynande av kärlek; jag skulle tillbringa mina dagar där, jag skulle tillbringa mina nätter där, för att begrunda Er gudomliga behag och erbjuda Er ett ömt, passionerat och troget hjärta. Eftersom det inte är så, låt oss, ojämförliga markisinna, hålla oss till den renaste, mest tillitsfulla och fastaste vänskapen. För min del är det allt jag tänker; men mina brinnande begär är inte tillfredsställda. Era vackra ögon, det vet Ni, är de oskyldiga upphovsmännen till alla mina problem; de ensamma kan, på ett ögonblick, reparera min skam och göra mig lycklig genom att mildra dem. Skulle Ni vägra mig, ack! en av Era graciösa blickar? Nej, nej; hur känslig Ni än är vacker, kommer Ni med självbelåtenhet att lyssna på de ömma klagomålen i min djupa sorg, och jag kommer att tillbringa resten av mitt liv i en smärtsam förtrollning.

»Under tiden, medan en behaglig metempsykos förändrar mitt kön, vill jag se Er, älska Er och säga det till Er i varje ögonblick. Fram till nu har jag sökt njutning överallt och inte smakat den. Om Ert generösa hjärta vill förbarma sig över mitt, kommer jag vid min ankomst till den andra världen att smeka det med en ständigt ny vällust; jag kommer att njuta av det i Era segerrika armar och få det att bestå för evigt. I detta ljuva hopp spinner jag fram livsdagar, och min lycka ökar i att tänka på Er.

»Rikta därför Era böner till himlen, vackra markisinna, så att mina önskningar må uppfyllas, lika mycket för Er lycka som för min, vilken helt och hållet beror på Er för nuet och för framtiden.«

Det har ofta frågats varför drottning Kristina hade betygat en så livlig motvilja mot äktenskap. Beror denna antipati, som det har sagts — hypotesen var trots allt hållbar — på en s*xuell anomali?

Det har talats om hermafroditism; det är säkert att hennes tvetydiga passioner ger detta antagande stor sannolikhet. Hon kunde säkerligen ha varit uppriktig när hon skrev: »Jag hyser en så stor motvilja mot äktenskap att om universums konung ville lägga sin spira och sin krona vid mina fötter, hur galant han än må vara, och hur gott han än må ha, skulle jag vägra att gifta mig med honom. Döm efter det om Kristina, som älskar sin frihet mer än sitt liv, gärna kommer att kedja sig fast vid en makes tyranniska nycker, det vill säga en despots.« (Lettres secrètes de Christine, reine de Suède, aux personnages illustres de son siècle, dédiées au roi de Prusse, s. 21 ff. Är dessa brev verkligen autentiska? Denna fråga tycks inte ha blivit helt klarlagd. (Jfr Intermédiaire, den 25 oktober 1889, s. 612).)

Hon skulle till och med ha givit Sveriges Ständer svaret som tillskrevs henne: »En Nero skulle födas av mig hellre än en Augustus. Vilken fin gåva jag skulle ge mitt land!«, och vi skulle inte bli förvånade på annat sätt.

Kunde det vara så att hon ansåg sig olämplig för ett fruktbart äktenskap på grund av en fysisk ofullkomlighet? Ingenting tillåter oss att bekräfta att denna ofullkomlighet verkligen fanns till.

Vi har berättat på annat håll (I Chronique médicale, den 1 oktober 1905.) om det groteska äventyr hon var hjältinnan i, vid 50 års ålder. Förvånad över att se »en köttig utväxt på en plats som fick henne att hoppas vara av vårt kön«, — detta är villkoren i det meddelande som attachén vid den franska legationen i Rom skickade till minister Colbert de Croissy, daterat den 2 november 1680, — meddelade Kristina sina tvivel till sin läkare, sedan successivt till sin kammarjungfru, sin kirurg, en jesuitfader och till och med en kardinal, mycket välkommen till henne.

Utväxten fortsatte att öka och »höll sig i en form som bekräftade allas omkringståendes förhoppningar«. Man trodde att drottningen hade blivit konung, och läkaren, upprymd av entusiasm, kastade sig för Kristinas knän och utropade: »Salve, rex Suecorum!« — »Var hälsad, svenskarnas konung!«. Det var först vid en andra undersökning som Diafoirus, som insåg sitt misstag, konstaterade att det var en livmoderprolaps och inte en manslem.

Trots en noggrant upprätthållen självsuggestion höll Kristinas sista illusioner på att försvinna: hon var en kvinna, hon förblev en kvinna. En genial kvinna som på många sätt var före sin tid, men i hög grad en kvinna i sin kärlek till intriger, i sin naiva fåfänga, i sin brist på vilja och energi, i sin aptit, aldrig mätt, av sensationer som hon förgäves hade försökt uppleva.

English translation (my own):

VII
Madame the Duchess d'Orléans, mother of the Regent, had heard of the Queen of Sweden from "the late King" (Louis XIV); but there is no doubt that she added much of her own to the remarks that may have been made before her.

"Kristina", she wrote, "never wore a nightcap, but wrapped a towel around her head. One time, when she could not sleep, she had music played by her bed. As the concert was to her taste, she suddenly stuck her head out from her curtains and cried: 'Devil's death! How well they sing!' The castrati and the Italians, who are not the bravest, were so terrified at the sight of this strange figure that they remained silent, and the music had to stop..."

After recalling the murder of the grand equerry Monaldeschi, by order of Kristina, she describes her as "very vindictive and given to all sorts of debauchery, even with women... She forced Madame de Brégy into turpitudes, and she could not defend herself..." However, she adds a little further on: "This queen could not please women, because she despised them all in general." (Correspondance complète de Madame, duchesse d'Orléans, by M. G. BRUNET (Paris, 1855), vol. I, p. 280.)

It has been said how astonished the Queen of Sweden was at the sight of the incredible embraces of the court. When she came to Fontainebleau, several ladies, going to greet her, advanced to kiss her. She found a little to complain about, but without showing any sign of it; she simply said: "What fury these ladies have to kiss me! is it because I look like a man?" (Menagiana, vol. III of the Ana., p. 109. Queen Kristina was, as we have said, always in a justaucorps and her head adorned with a man's wig; it is not surprising that she was able to deceive people about her sex.)

One must believe that she took a liking to it; we can even say that she took great pleasure in it, if we are to believe what Prince Palatine Eduard of Bavaria, relates in a letter he addressed to his uncle, the Duke of Mantua, a letter which was probably not intended for publicity.

"We made", he wrote, "a very pleasant journey these past few days to Auxerre, to see incognito the Queen of Sweden: which we did, my wife in her capacity as demoiselle following the Marquise de Mouy, and I in that of her equerry.

"This queen, having recognised us and not wanting to show it, gallanted us greatly, and even the Marquise de Mouy, on the grounds that she knew so well how to choose her people, and very quietly, approaching us, showed us a thousand civilities and particularly to my wife, to whom she testified in the most obliging way in the world the great displeasure that she had at not being able to give her, in the state in which she saw us, the marks of the esteem and affection that she had for her, of which however she begged her to be very sure, and told us a hundred thousand other gallantries with very good grace.

"All her postures are of a man and not at all of a woman. Therefore, the most agreeable praise one can give her is to say that she is the most honest man in the world.

"She loves beautiful women very much. She found one in Lyons who pleased her. She kissed her everywhere: the throat, the eyes, the forehead, very amorously, and she even wanted to kiss her with her tongue in her mouth, and to sleep with her, which the woman did not want.

"Monsieur de Guise has given her a present of three of his wigs, one of which she always wears with a hat full of feathers, which she always holds in her hand when speaking. She wears a justaucorps and a cravat. She has no woman with her who appears, and few men, even.

"This, my Lord, is what we have seen on this little journey." (Intermédiare des Chercheurs, November 10, 1885, p. 657.)

If this epistle is, as everything suggests, of undoubted authenticity, it reveals to us, in Kristina of Sweden, a most characteristic s*xual inversion.

Another episode, whose source, it is true, is more suspect than the previous one, will complete our edification.

Everyone has heard, more or less, of the unfortunate Marquise de Ganges and her tragic end, which inspired Gilbert's first songs (Œuvres complètes de Gilbert, pp. 157 et seq.). "La belle Provençale" as she was called at court, was called, by her real name, Diane de Joannis; she was the daughter of Gabriel de Joannis, Marquis de Roussans, and Laure de Rousset de Saint-Sauveur. While the famous painter Mignard was painting her portrait, a true masterpiece of art, Queen Kristina of Sweden proclaimed the Marquise the most beautiful masterpiece of nature.

"Ah! if I were a man", wrote the ardent princess to her, "I would fall at your feet, submissive and languishing with love; I would spend my days there, I would spend my nights there, to contemplate your divine charms, and to offer you a tender, passionate and faithful heart. Since that is not so, let us, incomparable Marquise, stick to the purest, most trusting and firmest friendship. For my part, that is all I think; but my burning desires are not satisfied. Your beautiful eyes, you know it, are the innocent authors of all my ills; they alone can, in an instant, repair the outrage and make me happy by softening them. Would you refuse me, alas! one of your graceful glances? No, no; as sensitive as you are beautiful, you will listen with complacency to the tender complaints of my deep sorrow, and I will spend the rest of my life in a painful enchantment.

"In the meantime, while a pleasant metempsychosis changes my sex, I want to see you, adore you, and tell you so at every moment. Until now, I have sought pleasure everywhere and have not tasted it. If your generous heart wishes to have pity on mine, upon my arrival in the other world, I will caress it with an ever-new volupty; I will savour it in your victorious arms and make it last eternally. In this sweet hope, I spin out days of life, and my happiness increases in thinking of you.

"Address, therefore, your prayers to heaven, beautiful Marquise, so that my wishes may be granted, as much for your felicity as for mine, which depends entirely on you for the present and for the future."

It has often been asked why Queen Kristina had testified such a lively repugnance to marriage. Was this antipathy due, as has been said — after all, the hypothesis was tenable — to a s*xual anomaly?

There has been talk of hermaphroditism; it is certain that her equivocal passions give this supposition a great likelihood. Certainly, she could have been sincere in writing: "I have such a great antipathy for marriage that if the King of the universe wanted to lay his scepter and his crown at my feet, however gallant he might be, and whatever good mien he might have, I would refuse to marry him. Judge after that if Kristina, who loves her freedom more than her life, will happily chain herself to the tyrannical whims of a husband, that is to say, of a despot." (Lettres secrètes de Christine, reine de Suède, aux personnages illustres de son siècle, dédiées au roi de Prusse, pp. 21 et seq. Are these letters truly authentic? This question does not seem to have been completely clarified. (Cf. Intermédiaire, October 25, 1889, p. 612).)

She would even have given the Estates of Sweden the answer attributed to her: "A Nero would be born of me rather than an Augustus. What a fine present I would make to my country!", and we would not be otherwise surprised.

Could it be that she believed herself unfit for a fecund union because of a physical imperfection? Nothing allows us to affirm that this imperfection really existed.

We have related elsewhere (In the Chronique médicale, October 1, 1905.) the grotesque adventure of which she was the heroine, at the age of 50. Surprised to see "an excrescence of flesh in a place which made her hope to be of our sex", — these are the terms of the dispatch sent by the attaché at the French legation in Rome to the minister Colbert de Croissy, dated November 2, 1680, — Kristina communicated her doubt to her doctor, then successively to her chambermaid, her surgeon, a Jesuit father and even a cardinal, very much in her good graces.

The excrescence continued to increase and "maintained itself in a form which confirmed the hopes of all those around her". It was believed that the Queen had become king, and the doctor, transported with enthusiasm, threw himself at Kristina's knees, exclaiming: "Salve, rex Suecorum!" — "Hail, King of the Swedes!". It was only on a second examination that Diafoirus, recognising his mistake, noted that it was a uterine prolapse and not a virile appendage.

Despite a carefully maintained auto-suggestion, Kristina's last illusions were vanishing: she was a woman, she remained a woman. A woman of genius who, in many ways, was ahead of her time, but very much a woman in her love of intrigue, in her naive vanity, in her lack of will and energy, in her appetite, never satiated, for sensations that she had tried in vain to experience.



Above: Kristina.


Above: Augustin Cabanès.

Notes: "S*xual inversion", or, in more precise, more accurate and more modern words and forms, h*mos*xuality, bis*xuality or l*sbianism, etc., is not a mental illness or psychological condition, a s*xual perversion or anomaly, a sin, a choice, a moral violation or failing, or the result of a bad upbringing or imprinting on the opposite sex for oneself and then consequently developing attraction to people of one's own sex, as many people believed up until the middle of the last century (both towards qu**r people in general and in relation to Kristina), but a natural, positive-neutral and harmless part of a person's romantic and/or s*xual constitution. It is very possible that Kristina was bir*mantic and bis*xual (although she is also often seen by various biographers over the years as either a l*sbian or straight), but I believe that the stories about her s*xually ass*ulting or r*ping other women are only rumours, made up by her enemies to defame her or ruin her reputation personally and politically and which were naively believed and repeated by others (both her contemporaries and posterity), and they also indicate a wider and erroneous and destructive view from older times (and which sadly still persists today in some circles) of women attracted romantically and/or s*xually to other women as "unnatural", "perverted" or "predatory".

Kristina may certainly have had crushes on some women, such as on Madame la comtesse de Brégy (Charlotte de Saumaize), some of them intense but fleeting or of varying duration and/or intensity levels, but ultimately she is known or confirmed to have had only two serious relationships in her life: the first was with her lady-in-waiting Countess Ebba Sparre, and the other was with a man, Cardinal Decio Azzolino. It is possible that Kristina was also either as*xual or demis*xual, the latter meaning that she may have needed to have or form a strong emotional bond or attachment to someone to be able to have or feel any s*xual attraction or desire for them; and if so, she only ever experienced this feeling for those two people.

The two letters attributed to Kristina, the one to the Marquise de Ganges and the other concerning her refusal to marry, are both fake. They were fabricated in 1761 by François Lacombe.