Showing posts with label Charles III de Blanchefort-Créquy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Charles III de Blanchefort-Créquy. Show all posts

Saturday, August 30, 2025

Arthur Henry Hardinge's essay on Kristina, year 1880, part 11

Source:

Queen Christina of Sweden: Lothian Prize Essay for 1880, page 69, by Arthur Henry Hardinge, 1880; original at the University of Michigan


The essay:

Christina remained about a year at Hamburg, and returned to Rome in 1662. Always restless and ambitious, she was at one time trying to induce the great powers to make common cause against the Turks, on behalf of the Republic of Venice; at another, she was engaged in mixing herself up in the quarrel which had arisen between the courts of Rome and France, in consequence of the attack made on the French ambassador, the Duc de Créqui, by the Pope's Corsican guards. But she found that her good offices were despised by those to whom they were offered. Louis XIV. replied that he regretted her having taken the trouble to send her envoy, Alibert, on a mission which did not deserve her attention; and, without paying the least regard to her appeals on behalf of the Pope, occupied Avignon and compelled the Court of Rome to send two Cardinals to apologise at Paris, and to erect a monument commemorating the expulsion of the Corsican guard, the disbanding of which was insisted on by the French.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pope Alexander VII.


Above: King Louis XIV of France.

Sunday, August 10, 2025

Giuseppe Fracassetti on Kristina's letters to Lorenzo Adami and Manuel Texeira, year 1844

Source:

Di alcune lettere inedite di Cristina di Svezia, pages 193 to 204 in Il Saggiatore, giornale Romano di storia, letteratura, belle arti, volume 2, article written by Giuseppe Fracassetti, 1844; original at the Austrian National Library (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)


Kristina's letter of November 20/30 (New Style), 1666 to Lorenzo Adami is here:


Her letter of December 18/28 (New Style), 1666 to him is here:


Her letter of December 28, 1666/January 7, 1667 (New Style) to him is here:


Her letter of March 22/April 1 (New Style), 1667 to him is here:


Her letter of April 9/19 (New Style), 1667 to him is here:


Her letter of October 29/November 8 (New Style), 1664 to Manuel Texeira is here:


The account:

DI ALCUNE LETTERE INEDITE DI CRISTINA DI SVEZIA
La figlia di un eroe che salita fanciulla sul trono degli avi suoi resse per quindici anni con mano virile le redini dello stato, e seguendo per l'ordinario i consigli di un integerrimo ministro seppe prudentemente discostarsi da quelli quando li vide diretti a continuare una guerra che alla gloria del suo nome sacrificava la felicità de' suoi sudditi: una donna che alle cure del regno attese costantemente, come a penoso dovere, e profondamente erudita nelle scienze e nelle lettere, lo studio di queste volonterosa preferse alle lusinghe e allo splendore del soglio: una regina che alla servile compagnia de' cortigiani e de' ministri antepose la conversazione degli scienziati con dolci preghiere chiamandoli, e con generose largizioni retribuendoli perchè illustrassero col nome loro la sua città capitale: e se nel biasimo incorse di spender soverchiamente oltre le forze del proprio erario, a queste spese furon cagione i premî onde fu larga inverso i dotti, e l'incetta che fece per ogni dove di libri, di medaglie, di monumenti: una regale donzella infine che supplicata dal senato, e dal popolo a consolidare il suo potere scegliendosi uno sposo, e circondata dagli omaggi e dalle adulazioni non de' sudditi soltanto, ma di tutta l'Europa, con meditata freddezza, e con filosofica tranquillità sceglie non uno sposo, ma un successore, e nel più bel fiore degli anni suoi scende volonterosa dal trono, per darsi libera e intera al culto della vera religione ed allo studio delle scienze e delle lettere; non è una tal donna degna della fama che la magnifica piuttosto singolare che rara per grandezza di pensieri e di azioni? Sia pure che non insensibile alle lodi onde fu circondata fin dalla cuna Cristina di Svezia cedesse alcun poco a quella passione che domina maggiormente nel suo sesso, e permettesse alla vanità di entrare come elemento di causa nelle magnanime sue risoluzioni. Ma saran per questo d'ammirazione e di plauso men degne le virtù, che la fregiarono e quando cinse la corona cui per sua prudente politica si aggiunsero nuovi gioielli, e quando spontanea seppe deporla per entrare nella condizione privata? Se tali effetti partorisse sempre la vanità delle donne chi non vorrebbe loro perdonarne, anzi desiderarne in esse la colpa? Solo una volta alla fama e alla virtù di Cristina fu fatale la vanità: quando cioè degenerando in orgoglio, la trasse nel viale de' Cervi a Fontainebleau ad abusare di quel potere che aveva deposto, e ad ordinare illegalmente la morte di un suo servitore. Al quale abuso non è da fare difesa, sebbene con esempio di biasimevole compiacenza la tentasse quel grande uomo di Leibnizio: ma dèssi concedere generoso perdono da coloro che della vita della svedese eroina vogliono su giusta bilancia pesare i meriti e le colpe.

Sà ognuno com'ella, morto Gustavo Adolfo suo padre alla battaglia di Lutzen nel 1632, succedesse appena sessenne al regno di Svezia, durante la sua minorità amministrato dalla reggenza e dal gran ministro Oxenstiern che a lei fu maestro della difficile arte del regnare. Il voto de' sudditi a 18 anni chiamolla a reggere le redini del governo ed ella si valse subito della sua autorità per procurare la pace colla Danimarca, e per cooperare alla conclusione del trattato di Westfalia, che guadagnò alla Svezia la Pomerania ed altri paesi, tre voti nella dieta dell'impero, e molti milioni in danaro. Carlo Gustavo suo cugino ne agognava la mano, e forse più che di questa mirava al possesso del trono: ed ella rifiutandolo come sposo, lo elesse e lo fè riconoscere a successore, continuando per poco ancora a regnare. Ma le cure del trono non la distraevano dagli studî a cui era da prepotente natura inchinata. Chiamava alla sua corte Renato Descartes e Isacco Vossio, da questo le greche lettere, da quello apparando la filosofia. A Grozio che aveva avuto in Francia poco cortese accoglienza dal cardinal Richelieu, conferiva la dignità di suo ministro presso la corte di Francia: onde avvenne che Grozio sostenuto dal carattere di ambasciatore si godesse il piacere di trattare alla pari un potente ministro che l'aveva disprezzato. Ed intanto cresceva sempre in Cristina la nausea del regno, a tal che confessava ella stessa che le pareva di vedere il diavolo quando vedea nella sua camera entrare i ministri che le portavano a sottoscrivere gli ordini reali. Cedendo finalmente al pensiero che da tanto tempo l'agitava, e contro il voto de' sudditi che l'amavano oltra ogni dire, effettuò la magnanima sua risoluzione il 16 giugno 1654, rinunciando a Carlo Gustavo il trono di Svezia, e riservandosi molti diritti, e l'usufrutto di molti beni nelle provincie di Gottemburgo [sic], di Pomerania, e sulle isole di Oclandia [sic], e di Gotlandia che si affittavano per l'annua rendita di forse ducento mila risdalleri. Deposto il peso della corona e riacquistata la libertà del vivere a piacer suo ella se ne valse al più nobile fine ch'erasi forse già da lungo tempo proposto. Traversata in abito virile la Danimarca, e l'Alemagna giunse a Bruselles, ed ivi il 24 novembre [sic] di quell'anno stesso nelle camere dell'arciduca Leopoldo governatore de' Paesi Bassi fece privatamente professione del cattolicismo avanti il p. Guiner [sic] domenicano, e risolse di recarsi subito a Roma. Ma morto di que' giorni il pontefice Innocenzo X parve a lei di aspettare l'elezione del successore che fu Alessandro VII, il quale come appena da quella ebbe l'annunzio della sua conversione desiderò che a maggior gloria della Chiesa cattolica solennemente ella abiurasse gli errori dei protestanti. E questo ella fece ad Inspruch con pubblica dimostrazione di pietà calda e sincera.

Cattolica e padrona di sè medesima venne allora a vivere in Roma ove fu ricevuta con pompa regale, ed ivi conobbe il cardinale Decio Azzolino di Fermo già segretario di stato di Innocenzo X e poi di Clemente IX, e verso il quale tanta era la stima della regina ch'ella diceva non aver conosciuto al mondo uomo di mente pari alla sua. E sì che quanti v'erano famosi per ingegno in que' tempi in Europa, tanti Cristina ne avea per certo conosciuti, e trattati. Al cardinale Azzolino affidò la regina la direzione di tutti i suoi affari, e dal suo consiglio volle dipendere in tutte le controversie, e le difficoltà che le si suscitarono dalla invidia, dalla malevoglianza e dalla ingratitudine. E lui morendo ella istituiva erede universale conservando fino alla morte i sentimenti di ammirazione e di stima che per trenta e più anni aveva nutriti per lui. Nato egli di nobilissima famiglia fermana, e non capace di basse invidie, o di pusillanime gelosia fu sollecito di mettere nelle buone grazie della regina diversi suoi concittadini, e fra questi Lorenzo Adami gentiluomo di bella fama per civili virtù e per valore nelle armi. A lui Cristina conferì dapprima l'onorevole officio di suo cavaliere di camera, lo nominò più tardi capitano della sua guardia svizzera, e conosciutane poi la probità e la destrezza nel maneggio de' difficili affari, dell'opera sua si valse inviandolo prima dalla Svezia in Roma, e poscia da Roma a Stokolm[a] come suo ministro straordinario. Il conte Lorenzo Adami di Fermo ultimo erede di questa nobile prosapia conserva nel suo domestico archivio molte lettere autografe della regina di Svezia dirette a quell'illustre suo antenato, e dalla gentilezza di lui ne fu concesso di pubblicarne alcune siccome facciamo in questo giornale.

Colpito da morte subitanea nel febraro del 1660 il re Carlo Gustavo, tornò Cristina nella Svezia, e fuvvi chi scrisse che vi tornasse col segreto desiderio di rimontare sul trono. Giunta a Norkoping ebbe bisogno di mandare a Roma persona che se la intendesse col card. Azzolino, e s'adoprasse a servirla con tutta la destrezza che esigevano i suoi affari. Ed allora mandò Lorenzo Adami suo cavaliere di camera accreditandolo siccome suo ministro con lettera del 16 gennaro 1661. Dopo breve dimora nella Svezia tornò a Roma ella stessa e ben presto ebbe a dolersi delle difficoltà che incontravano in Svezia i suoi ministri per riscuotere e per trasmettere l'entrate ch'ella erasi riservate nel rinunciare alla corona. Risiedeva per lei a Stokolm un governatore generale incaricato di esigere tutte le somme che a lei si spettavano, e di pagare i molti impiegati che sotto i suoi ordini amministravano i beni in Pomerania, a Norkoping, in Gotland, Reland [sic], ed Oeser [sic], e che sommavano al numero di cento e undici. E da un prospetto dello stato attivo e passivo dell'amministrazione nel cominciare del 1665 apparisce che montavan l'entrate a 199,541 talleri di argento, e a 25,881 erano state ridotte le provvisioni dei diversi ministri. Aveva poi la regina un particolare contratto con un Emmanuele Teyxeira [sic] che per suo conto risiedeva in Amburgo, e che avendole imprestate forti somme di danaro, doveva in ogni anno ritirare del governatore generale 107 mila talleri, e pagarne 5 mila in ciascun mese in Roma a Cristina per mezzo di un Nunez, ritenendone 47 mila per anno in isconto del suo credito, e per redimere le gioie e gli oggetti preziosi ch'ella aveva dovuto collocare a pegno prima del suo ritorno a Roma. Ma nè il Teyxeira riesciva ad esigere dal governatore, nè la regina da quello riceveva le somme promesse: ond'è che a cessare il disordine dell'amministrazione, e a porre in regola gli affari suoi, spedì ella in Isvezia Lorenzo Adami già nominato capitano delle sue guardie svizzere dandogli amplissimo mandato di sciogliere e rinnovare gli affitti, di ricevere i conti, di rimuovere i subalterni ministri, di fare insomma quanto giudicasse espediente al buon andamento de' suoi affari.

E a questi interessi hanno relazione quasi tutte le lettere che si conservano nell'archivio Adami, e che veggonsi firmate tutte da Cristina, la quale a molte di esse aggiunse di propria mano alcuni versi ora dichiarando, ora ampliando le cose scritte di sopra dai suoi segretarî. Cinque di queste lettere dirette all'Adami noi pubblichiamo, ed una ne aggiungiamo dirette al Teyxeira perchè tale ci parve da ritrarne l'indole altera e ferma della regina di Svezia.

Giunse l'Adami a Stokolma sul cadere di luglio, o sul cominciare di agosto del 1665, e si dette a tutt'uomo all'adempimento de' suoi doveri. Cristina ricevute sue lettere, «le ho lette», rispondevagli, «con lode della vostra applicazione al mio servigio in codeste parti: ne riceverete la risposta dal signor card. Azzolino con tutti quegli ordini che occorreranno: ond'io rimettendomi all'Eminenza Sua non ho da dirvi se non che vi desidero da Dio prosperità e salute» (11 ottobre 1665). Ma erano appena pochi mesi passati dal suo arrivo, quando in data del 1 maggio 1666 Cristina gli scrisse: «Lo stato de' miei affari costì e la necessità di provvedere alla sicurezza de' miei beni in qualunque evento, mi ha fatto risolvere a venire costà di persona. Partirò a quest'effetto fra pochi giorni ec. Al governatore generale scrivo che pigli per me un'habitazione in Stokolm, e però dovrete ancora voi cooperarvi con ogni diligenza giacchè poco dopo l'arrivo di questa spero che succederà il mio.»

D'onde questa improvvisa risoluzione? Perchè tornare in Svezia a trattar d'interessi, se per lei li trattava con tutta sua soddisfazione l'Adami? Vollero i contemporanei, e ne tenne nota l'istoria, che Cristina tardi pentita della sua rinunzia sperasse di essere richiamata sul trono dagli Svedesi che conservano per lei sentimenti di ammirazione e di affetto, e che ove non potesse riprendere la deposta corona ambisse cingere quella di Polonia che vacillava sul capo a Giovanni Casimiro, e che i Polacchi già destati a guerra civile mostravano di non patir che passasse siccome il loro re proponeva, ad un principe francese. Checche sia del segreto motivo di quel viaggio certo è che Cristina lo intraprese, e sul cominciare di agosto di quell'anno ella era già in Amburgo d'onde tuttodì scriveva di muoversi, ma pur non si mosse mai per girne a Stokolm[a]. E di colà appunto furono scritte all'Adami le cinque lettere che ora pubblichiamo, alla scelta delle quali fra le altre molte che se ne conservano fummo mossi da ciò che da esse si scorge quanto sinceramente Cristina fosse attaccata al culto della cattolica religione: e ciò sia di risposta ai molti pseudo-filosofi del secolo passato che malignamente giudicarono della conversione di lei, asserendo con mirabile, non so se dirmi leggerezza od audacia, ch'ella si era fatta cattolica per vivere più onorata e più gradita in Roma: quasi che in Roma manchi l'onore ed il rispetto ad un personaggio regale che vi dimori, se professi una religione diversa dalla cattolica. E a confermare la sincerità di quei sentimenti religiosi di Cristina, ci piace di riferire un brano delle segrete istruzioni che dava all'Adami nell'atto di accomiatarlo per Isvezia. «Haverebbe», dicono quelle, «S. M. fatto in persona il viaggio che hora commette a lui, perchè amando S. M. la Svezia teneramente, benchè la stanza di Roma le sia riuscita salubre e di gusto: nondimeno haverebbe volentieri preferito a questa quella della sua patria, dove si sente ancora fortemente chiamata dall'amore, che nell'ultima dieta le hanno mostrato così vivo tutti gli Stati concordemente concedendole il libero esercitio della religione cattolica: ma non havendo potuto S. M. ottenere l'intiera esecuzione della buona intenzione degli Stati in modo ch'ella potesse quietamente servirsene, è necessario che la M. Sua moderi con suo disgusto l'impazienza che per altro ella haverebbe di rivedere la Svezia, finchè pienamente e da sua pari ottenga l'intiera libertà dell'esercitio della religione ch'ella professa, PER LA QUALE HAVENDO LASCIATO IL POSSESSO DEL REGNO, non è possibile che nell'incertezza in che siamo ad ogni momento della nostra vita ella si cimenti al pericolo di vivere e di morire in Svezia senza gli aiuti necessarî per la salute dell'anima sua. Il che tanta più facile dovrebbe essere a S. M. d'ottenere quanto ella non ha altra mira che di valersene per soddisfazione della sua coscienza senza dare alcuna soggezione, o occasione ad altri di operare in materia di religione altro che quando sia spirato da Dio.» Eran queste istruzioni segrete, e delle quali non doveva l'inviato far pompa con chicchessia: e quindi è manifesto che non si posson credere dettate da politica ipocrisia, nè da volontà di acquistar grazia presso i potenti della terra, ma sì veramente da profonda persuasione della verità esclusiva della religione per la quale protestava di «aver lasciato il possesso del regno». E questi sentimenti medesimi si veggono ripetuti nelle lettere che noi pubblichiamo, e specialmente nella prima del 30 novembre 1666 cui di sua propria mano la regina aggiunse le calde preghiere, e la protesta di non quietarsi mai, e di non muoversi di Amburgo alla volta di Svezia senza avere ottenuto il libero esercizio della vera religione. Alle quali parole andarono i fatti d'accordo poichè negatale la libertà che chiedeva, ella volse per sempre le spalle alla sua patria, e senza aver toccato Stokolma tornossene a Roma e alle sue predilette abitudini di dotte conversazioni, di studî liberali, di vita riposata e tranquilla.

Sono in queste lettere alcuni tratti scritti, come dicono a cifra: e questi pure noi pubblichiamo fedelmente perchè possano aguzzare su quelli l'ingegno coloro che si conoscon dell'arte d'interpretargli.

La lettera francese diretta al Teyxeira del 1664 è acconcia a dimostrare l'indole costante e nobilissima della regina. Chi conosce le istorie d'Italia sà bene come di quei tempi abusò del suo potere quel Luigi a cui l'adulazione e la bassezza degli scrittori francesi profferiva il nome di Grande. La dignità della repubblica genovese iniquamente da lui vilipesa trovò vendetta nel severo giudizio dell'Istoria; nè minor biasimo si riversò su quell'ambizioso monarca della prepotente condotta che tenne col sovrano pontefice Alessandro VII a cui in apparenza ligio e sommesso, vergognosamente imponeva la legge del più forte.

L'insolenza di un mastro di scherma francese che in una taverna avea ingiuriosamente disarmati alcuni soldati corsi, che stavano allora al servizio del papa, ed erane stato perciò messo al bando della vita dal card. Imperiale governatore di Roma, fu la prima scintilla che il 20 agosto dell'anno suddetto scoppiò in un vastissimo incendio. Poichè avvenutisi due francesi in tre corsi si appiccò fra loro la zuffa: e venuti in aiuto de' francesi i famigli della stalla del duca di Crequi ambasciatore di Francia, ebbero questi la peggio e ne rimase uno ucciso. Or come appena ciò riseppero i corsi che stavano in guardia alla Trinità de' Monti sordi ad ogni comando de' superiori uffiziali presero le armi e corsero in folla a vendicare l'ingiuria al palazzo Farnese ove dimorava l'ambasciatore. Uccisero prima un lacchè, ed un libraio: ferirono il capitano delle guardie, trassero degli archibugi contro le finestre del palazzo: indi ritraendosi sul far della sera incontrate le carrozze dell'ambasciadore, queste pure minacciarono ed assalirono a colpi di archibugio, e uccisero nella prima un paggio, nella seconda un gentiluomo; mettendo così la città tutta in tumulto ed in scompiglio.

Può bene immaginarsi qual fosse lo sdegno ed il risentimente del duca di Crequi, come dice il Muratori «d'umor fiero ed alto, poco amico de' preti, e avvezzo alle bruscherie della guerra non alle manierose qualità che richiede un'ambasceria.» Era giusto che alla Francia si desse una soddisfazione con severo e solenne castigo de' rei: ma ingiustissimo era che dell'avvenuto si desse colpa al pontefice e al suo governo, e si volesse questo tener responsabile del delitto di pochi furfanti provocato dalle millanterie di un francese. Eppure Luigi XIV avuta appena contezza del fatto inviò sotto scorta fino ai confini del regno il nunzio del papa: richiamò da Roma l'ambasciadore: prese a sostenere per complicare l'intrico le pretensioni del duca di Modena sulle Valli di Comacchio, e di quello di Parma su Castro; per futili pretesti di sedizioni avvenute in Avignone occupò militarmente il contado Venosino: fece infine calar per Provenza in Italia fanti e cavalli minacciando rappresaglie e vendette contro il capo di quella chiesa, a cui in voce si protestava primogenito figliuolo obbediente e sommesso.

Or bene: in tutto questo malaugurato affare che si terminò col trattato di Pisa fra monsignor Rasponi plenipotenziario del pontefice, e l'uditor di Rota monsig. Baurlemont plenipotenziario di Francia, ebbe non poca parte Cristina di Svezia, la quale regina e cattolica credè del suo dovere porsi mediatrice fra il papa Alessandro VII e il re di Francia, perchè tutto si finisse senza scandali e senza guerre. E dalle carte dell'Adami sappiamo che il dì seguente all'eccesso de' corsi ella mandò il card. Azzolino dal papa a far istanza espressa per le soddisfazioni del re, e audò in persona visitare l'ambasciatrice di Francia recando a lei l'espressione della buona volontà del pontefice. Per consiglio di lei il card. Chigi fu a visitare e far le scuse coll'ambasciatore, e chiese ben cinque volte inutilmente di visitare eziandio l'ambasciatrice. E sebbene il duca di Crequi con poca cortesia partisse da Roma senza nemmen prendere da lei commiato, ella vedendo che non mancavano mettitori di scandalo, i quali con falsi rapporti cercassero d'inasprire l'animo del re, a lui mandò in Francia il suo segretario di camera Mr. d'Alibert perchè l'informasse delle cose com'erano, e procurasse di placarne il risentimento: «parendo a S. M.», dicono le carte suddette, «che il debito di pia e prudente principessa, e di buona amica delle parti fosse l'impiegarsi col papa per le soddisfazioni del re, e col re per mitigare il suo risentimento che poteva partorire danno universale alla cristianità.» Ma il re che stava sul duro, «rispose a S. M. per Mr. d'Alibert una lettera tutta di suo pugno dichiarandosi obbligato alle civiltà che la regina gli aveva usate dicendo riconoscere che le sue pari non dovevano costringersi e professando che qualunque interesse la regina havesse voluto anteporre al suo non sarebbe però meno stato suo servitore.»

O fosse dunque perchè il re avesse voluto che Cristina avesse a mostrarsi più che non era parziale a favor suo, o fosse che alcuno riuscisse a porgli in sospetto le intenzioni di lei, poichè col trattato di Pisa furono conciliate le vertenze con Roma, l'ambasciatore di Francia ebbe ordine dal re di più non visitare Cristina. E sì disse che il re fosse sdegnato col lei perchè ella avesse fatto vedere una sua lettera scritta al re, la quale veniva a dare a lui come una mentita mentre faceva conoscere falso quello che il re scriveva al decano de' cardinali, cioè avergli la regina scritto che da Roma non gli si sarebbe data mai soddisfazione. Ed era il vero che Cristina avesse fatto vedere quella lettera: ma di ciò si scusava assai bene considerando che se la lettera diceva quello che il re aveva scritto non era dargli mentita, e se non lo diceva, perchè la regina doveva soggiacere al concetto di aver scritto quello che nella sua lettera non si diceva? E poteva far meno per sua sincerazione col mondo che lasciar vedere la lettera puramente com'ella era?

A torre queste grossezze si adoperò il cardinale Imperiali che per condizione posta nel trattato di Pisa era andato a Parigi: e della parte del re fugli risposto che si sarebbe fatto l'accomodamento colla regina ove questa lo avesse o per speciale ambasciata, od anche per lettera al re espressamente richiesto. Questo stesso disse alla Regina in Roma l'ambasciadore De Crequi, e in Svezia al Teyxeira il cavaliere Ferlon [sic] ministro di Francia. E su tal proposito rispondendo al Teyxeira Cristina di Svezia scriveva la lettera che noi pubblichiamo delli 8 novembre 1666 [sic], la quale dimostra quanto nobile e fermo fosse l'animo di questa donna preclara, che sdegnando il favore de' grandi, ed ambiziosa di quella lode soltanto che viene dall'ingegno, e dalla virtù, visse tranquilla in Roma fino al 1689, e dalla munificenza d'Innocenzo XI ottenne splendida tomba in Vaticano rimpetto a quella della contessa Matilde.
GIUSEPPE FRACASSETTI

English translation (my own):

OF SOME UNPUBLISHED LETTERS FROM KRISTINA OF SWEDEN
The daughter of a hero who, having ascended the throne of her ancestors as a girl, held the reins of state with a virile hand for fifteen years, and, usually following the advice of an upright minister, prudently distanced herself from it when she saw it directed at continuing a war that sacrificed the felicity of her subjects to the glory of her name; a woman who constantly devoted herself to the cares of the kingdom, as if it were a painful duty, and profoundly erudite in the sciences and letters, willingly preferred the study of these to the flattery and splendour of the throne; a queen who preferred the conversation of scholars to the servile company of courtiers and ministers, calling them with sweet prayers and rewarding them with generous largesses so that they would illumine her capital city with their name; and, if she incurred the blame for spending excessively beyond the limits of her own treasury, these expenses were due to the rewards with which she was generous towards the learned, and the hoarding she made everywhere of books, medals, and monuments; a regal maiden, finally, who, beseeched by the Senate and the people to consolidate her power by choosing a husband, and surrounded by the homage and flattery not only of her subjects, but of all Europe, with meditated coldness and philosophical tranquility chooses not a husband, but a successor, and in the most beautiful flower of her years willingly descends from the throne, to devote herself freely and entirely to the cult of the true religion and to the study of science and lettres; is not such a woman worthy of the fame that is celebrated as singular rather than rare for the greatness of her thoughts and actions?

Be it true that, not insensible to the praise with which she was surrounded from the cradle, Kristina of Sweden ceded somewhat to that passion which most dominates her sex and allowed vanity to enter as a causal element in her magnanimous resolutions. But will the virtues that adorned her be any less worthy of admiration and applause, both when she wore the crown to which, through her prudent policy, new jewels were added, and when she spontaneously renounced it so as to enter private life? If women's vanity always produced such effects, who would not forgive them, indeed, desire their guilt?

Only once was vanity fatal to Kristina's fame and virtue: when, degenerating into pride, it led her to the Galerie des Cerfs in Fontainebleau to abuse the power she had relinquished and to illegally order the death of one of her servants. This abuse needs no defense, even though that great man Leibniz tempted her with an example of reprehensible complacency; but generous forgiveness must be granted by those who wish to weigh the merits and faults of the life of the Swedish heroine in a fair balance.

Everyone knows that, after her father Gustav Adolf died at the Battle of Lützen in 1632, she succeeded to the kingdom of Sweden at the age of six, which during her minority had been administered by the regency and by the grand minister Oxenstierna, who taught her the difficult art of ruling. The vote of her subjects at the age of 18 called her to hold the reins of government, and she immediately used her authority to secure peace with Denmark and to cooperate in the conclusion of the Treaty of Westphalia, which gained Sweden Pomerania and other lands, three votes in the Reichstag of the Empire, and many millions in money.

Her cousin Karl Gustav coveted her hand, and, perhaps more than that, he sought possession of the throne. And while she refuted him as a husband, she elected and recognised him as her successor, continuing to reign for a short while longer.

But the cares of the throne did not distract her from the studies to which her overbearing nature inclined her. She summoned René Descartes and Isaac Vossius to her court, from the latter Greek literature, from the former philosophy. To Grotius, who had received a less than courteous reception from Cardinal Richelieu in France, she conferred the dignity of her minister at the French court. Thus it happened that Grotius, supported by the character of an ambassador, enjoyed the pleasure of treating as an equal a powerful minister who had despised him.

Meanwhile, Kristina's nausea for the kingdom grew, so much so that she herself confessed that she thought she saw the Devil when she saw the ministers enter her room with the royal orders for her to sign them. Finally ceding to the thought that had long troubled her, and against the wishes of her subjects who loved her beyond measure, she carried out her magnanimous resolution on June 16, 1654, renouncing the throne of Sweden to Karl Gustav and reserving for herself many rights and the usufruct of much property in the provinces of Gothenburg [sic], Pomerania, and on the islands of Öland [sic] and Gotland, which were rented for an annual income of perhaps two hundred thousand riksdalers.

Having deposed herself of the burden of the crown and having reacquired the freedom to live as she pleased, she availed herself of it for the nobler goal that she had perhaps long intended. Having crossed Denmark and Germany in virile dress, she reached Brussels, and there on November 24 [sic] of that same year, in the chambers of Archduke Leopold, governor of the Netherlands, she privately professed her Catholicism before the Dominican Father Güemes and resolved to go immediately to Rome.

But when Pope Innocent X died within those days, it seemed to her that it would be best to await the election of his successor, Alexander VII, who, as soon as he heard from her the announcement of her conversion, desired that, for the greater glory of the Catholic Church, she should solemnly abjure the errors of the Protestants. And this she did at Innsbruck, with a public demonstration of warm and sincere piety.

A Catholic and mistress of herself, she then came to live in Rome, where she was received with regal pomp. There she met Cardinal Decio Azzolino of Fermo, former secretary of State to Innocent X and later to Clement IX, and for whom the Queen held such esteem that she said she had never met a man in the world with a mind equal to hers. Indeed, Kristina had certainly known and treated as many men as were famous for their genius in Europe at that time. The Queen entrusted Cardinal Azzolino with the direction of all her affairs, and she chose to depend on his advice in all the controversies and difficulties that arose from envy, malevolence and ingratitude. And upon her death, she appointed him her universal heir, preserving until her death the feelings of admiration and esteem that she had nurtured for him for thirty years or more.

Born into a very noble family of Fermo, and incapable of base envy or pusillanimous jealousy, he was eager to win the Queen's favour with several of his fellow citizens, including Lorenzo Adami, a gentleman renowned for his civil virtues and military valour. Kristina first conferred upon him the honourable office of her cavalier of the chamber, later appointing him captain of her Swiss Guard. Recognising his integrity and skill in handling difficult affairs, she availed herself of his services by sending him first from Sweden to Rome, and then from Rome to Stockholm as her extraordinary minister.

Count Lorenzo Adami of Fermo, the last heir of this noble lineage, preserves in his private archives many autographed letters from the Queen of Sweden addressed to his illustrious ancestor, and through his kindness, he has conceded to publish some of them, as we do in this journal.

Following the sudden death of King Karl Gustav in February 1660, Kristina returned to Sweden, and some wrote that she was secretly seeking to regain the throne. Arriving in Norrköping, she needed to send someone to Rome to consult with Cardinal Azzolino and to serve her with all the dexterity her affairs required. So she sent Lorenzo Adami, her cavalier of the chamber, accrediting him as her minister in a letter dated January 16, 1661. After a brief stay in Sweden, she returned to Rome herself and soon complained about the difficulties her ministers in Sweden were encountering in collecting and transmitting the revenue she had reserved for herself when she renounced the crown.

A governor general resided for her in Stockholm, charged with collecting all the sums due to her, and with paying the many officials who, under his orders, administered the estates in Pomerania, Norrköping, Gotland, Öland [sic] and Ösel, and which amounted to one hundred and eleven. And from a statement of the active and passive state of the administration at the beginning of 1665 it appears that the income amounted to 199,541 silver dalers, and the provisions of the various ministers had been reduced to 25,881.

The Queen also had a particular contract with one Manuel Texeira, who resided on her behalf in Hamburg, and who, having lent her large sums of money, had to withdraw 107 thousand dalers from the governor general each year, and pay 5 thousand each month in Rome to Kristina through a Nuñez, retaining 47 thousand per year as a discount on her credit, and to redeem the jewels and precious objects that she had had to pawn before her return to Rome.

But neither Texeira was able to demand from the governor, nor did the Queen receive from him the promised sums; so, in order to put an end to the disorder in the administration and to put her affairs in order, she sent Lorenzo Adami, already appointed captain of her Swiss Guards, to Sweden, giving him a very broad mandate to dissolve and renew the rents, to receive the accounts, to remove the subordinate ministers — in short, to do whatever she deemed expedient for the good progress of her affairs.

And almost all the letters preserved in the Adami archive are related to these interests, and they are all signed by Kristina, who added some verses to many of them in her own hand, sometimes explaining, sometimes expanding on the things written above by her secretaries. We publish five of these letters addressed to Adami, and we add one addressed to Texeira because it seemed to us to portray the haughty and firm nature of the Queen of Sweden.

Adami arrived in Stockholm at the end of July or at the beginning of August 1665, and he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the fulfillment of his duties. Kristina, having received his letters, replied, "I have read them, praising your dedication to my service in these parts; you will receive a response from Cardinal Azzolino with all the necessary orders. Therefore, submitting myself to His Eminence, I have nothing to say to you except that I wish you prosperity and health from God" (October 11, 1665).

But barely a few months had passed since his arrival when, on May 1, 1666, Kristina wrote to him:

"The state of my affairs there and the need to provide for the security of my goods in any event has made me resolve to come there in person. I will leave for this purpose in a few days, etc. I am writing to the governor general to take a place for me in Stockholm, and you must also cooperate with me with all diligence, as I hope that my own will succeed you shortly after your arrival."

Where did this sudden resolution come from? Why return to Sweden to negotiate her interests if Adami was dealing with them for her to her complete satisfaction? Her contemporaries claimed, and history has recorded it, that Kristina, having belatedly regretted her resignation, hoped to be recalled to the throne by the Swedes, who retained feelings of admiration and affection for her, and that if she could not resume the resigned crown, she aspired to assume that of Poland, which was tottering on the head of Jan Kazimierz, and which the Poles, already awakened to civil war, showed they could not tolerate if it were to be handed over, as their king proposed, to a French prince.

Whatever the secret motive for that journey, it is certain that Kristina undertook it, and at the beginning of August of that year she was already in Hamburg, from where she wrote every day about leaving, but nevertheless she never set out to go to Stockholm. And it was from there that the five letters we are now publishing were written to Adami. We have chosen these from among the many others that have survived because they reveal how sincerely Kristina was attached to the Catholic religion.

This was in response to the many pseudo-philosophers of the past century who maliciously judged her conversion, asserting with admirable — I do not know whether to call it frivolity or audacity — that she had become a Catholic to live more honoured and more welcome in Rome. As if Rome lacked honor and respect for a royal personage residing there if he professed a religion other than Catholicism. And, to confirm the sincerity of Kristina's religious sentiments, we are pleased to quote a passage from the secret instructions she gave to Adami in the act of dismissing him to Sweden.

"Her Majesty", they say, "would have made the journey she now orders him to make in person, because she loves Sweden dearly, although the residence in Rome has proved healthy and pleasant to her; nevertheless, she would have willingly preferred to this one that of her fatherland, where she still feels strongly called by the love that all the Estates have shown her so strongly in the last Riksdag, in agreement by granting her the free exercise of the Catholic religion.

But since Her Majesty has not been able to obtain the complete execution of the good intention of the Estates in such a way that she could quietly make use of it, it is necessary that Her Majesty moderate with her disgust the impatience that she would otherwise have to see Sweden again, until she fully and as an equal obtains the complete freedom of the exercise of the religion that she professes, FOR WHICH SHE HAS LEFT THE POSSESSION OF THE KINGDOM, it is not possible that, in the uncertainty in which we are at every moment of our lives, she should risk the danger of living and dying in Sweden without the aid necessary for the salvation of her soul. This should be all the easier for Her Majesty to obtain, as she has no other aim than to use it to satisfy her conscience without giving any subjection or occasion to others to act in matters of religion except when inspired by God."

These were secret instructions, and the envoy was not to publicise them to anyone; and so it is clear that they cannot be believed to have been dictated by political hypocrisy, nor by a desire to gain favour with the powerful of the world, but rather by a profound conviction of the exclusive truth of the religion for which she claimed to have "left the possession of the kingdom."

These same sentiments are repeated in the letters we publish, and especially in the first one, of November 30, 1666, to which the Queen herself added her fervent prayers and her pledge never to rest nor to leave Hamburg for Sweden without having obtained the free exercise of the true religion. These words were borne out by facts, for, denied the freedom she sought, she turned her back on her fatherland forever, and without having touched Stockholm, she returned to Rome and to her beloved habits of learned conversation, liberal studies, and a restful and tranquil life.

In these letters there are some passages written, as they say, in cipher; and we also faithfully publish these so that those who know the art of interpreting them can sharpen their wits on them.

The French letter to Texeira in 1664 is apt to demonstrate the Queen's constant and most noble nature. Those familiar with Italian history are well aware of the abuse of power in those times by Louis, whom the flattery and baseness of French writers called the Great. The dignity of the Genoese Republic, unjustly vilified by him, was vindicated in the harsh judgement of History; no less blame was heaped on that ambitious monarch than on his overbearing conduct toward the Sovereign Pontiff Alexander VII, upon whom, seemingly dutiful and submissive, he shamefully imposed the law of the strongest.

The insolence of a French fencing master who had insultingly disarmed some Corsican soldiers in a tavern, who were then in the Pope's service, and had therefore been banned for life by Cardinal Imperiale, governor of Rome, was the first spark that erupted into a widespread fire on August 20 of the aforementioned year. Two Frenchmen met three Corsicans, and a fight broke out between them. When the servants from the stable of the Duke de Créquy, the ambassador of France, came to the Frenchman's aid, they were defeated, and one of them was killed.

As soon as the Corsicans on guard at the Trinità de' Monti learned of this, deaf to every command from their superior officers, they took up arms and rushed en masse to avenge the insult at the Palazzo Farnese, where the ambassador was staying. They first killed a lackey and a bookseller; they wounded the captain of the guards and fired arquebuses at the windows of the Palazzo. Then, retreating towards evening, they encountered the ambassador's carriages, which they also threatened and attacked with arquebus shots, killing a page in the first and a gentleman in the second; thus throwing the whole city into tumult and confusion.

One can well imagine the indignation and resentment of the Duke de Créquy, as Muratori says, "of a proud and haughty disposition, little friend of priests, and accustomed to the roughness of war, not to the mannered qualities required by an embassy." It was right that France should be given satisfaction with severe and solemn punishment of the guilty, but it was most unjust to place the blame for what had happened on the Pope and his government and to hold them responsible for the crime of a few scoundrels provoked by the boasting of a Frenchman. Yet Louis XIV, as soon as he learned of the fact, sent the papal nuncio under escort to the borders of the kingdom; he recalled the ambassador from Rome; and, to complicate the intrigue, he began to support the claims of the Duke of Modena over the Valli di Comacchio, and of the Duke of Parma over Castro; on the basis of trivial pretexts of seditions which had taken place in Avignon, he militarily occupied Venosa County. Finally, he sent infantry and cavalry through Provence into Italy, threatening reprisals and vengeance against the head of that Church, to whom he vocally protested himself to be the firstborn, obedient and submissive son.

Well, in this whole unfortunate affair that ended with the Treaty of Pisa between Monsignor Rasponi, the Pontiff's plenipotentiary, and Monseigneur Bourlemont, the auditor of the Rota, the plenipotentiary of France, Kristina of Sweden played no small part. As a Catholic queen, she believed it was her duty to mediate between Pope Alexander VII and the King of France, ensuring that everything would be resolved without scandal or war. And from Adami's papers, we know that the day after the excess of the prices, she sent Cardinal Azzolino to the Pope to make a specific request for the King's satisfaction, and she personally heard the ambassadress of France visit her, conveying to her the Pontiff's goodwill. On her advice, Cardinal Chigi went to visit and apologise to the ambassador, and asked five times in vain to visit the ambassadress as well.

And, although the Duke de Créquy left Rome with little courtesy without even taking leave of her, she, seeing that there was no lack of scandalmongers who were trying to embitter the King's spirits with false reports, sent her secretary of the chamber, Monsieur d'Alibert, to him in France to inform him of the state of things and to try to calm his resentment.

"It seemed to Her Majesty", say the aforementioned documents, "that the duty of a pious and prudent princess, and of a good friend of the parties, was to work with the Pope for the King's satisfaction, and with the King to mitigate his resentment which could cause universal harm to Christianity."

But the King, who was on the hard line, "replied to Her Majesty through Monsieur d'Alibert with a letter entirely in his own hand, declaring himself obliged to the civilities that the Queen had used towards him, saying that he recognised that his peers should not be constrained and professing that, whatever interest the Queen might have wanted to put before his, he would not have been less her servant."

Either it was because the King wanted Kristina to show more than partiality in his favour, or it was because someone managed to make him suspicious of her intentions, since the disputes with Rome were reconciled with the Treaty of Pisa, the French ambassador received orders from the King not to visit Kristina again. And it was said that the King was indignant with her because she had shown a letter of hers to the King, which he was supposed to consider a lie while declaring as false what the King had written to the dean of the cardinals, namely that the Queen had written to him that satisfaction would never be given from Rome.

And it was true that Kristina had shown that letter, but she excused herself very well for this, considering that if the letter said what the King had written, it was not lying to him, and if it did not say so, why should the Queen succumb to the idea of having written what was not said in her letter? And could she do less for her sincerity with the world than to let the letter be seen simply as it was?

Cardinal Imperiali, who had gone to Paris as per the conditions set out in the Treaty of Pisa, worked to remove these grievances. He received a reply from the King that an agreement would be reached with the Queen if she had requested it either through a special embassy or even through a letter expressly requested by the King. Ambassador de Créquy told the Queen this same thing in Rome, and the Chevalier de Terlon, the French minister, told Texeira in Sweden.

And on this subject, responding to Texeira, Kristina of Sweden wrote the letter we publish, of November 8, 1666 [sic], which demonstrates how noble and firm was the soul of this illustrious woman, who, disdaining the favour of the great, and ambitious for that praise only that comes from genius and virtue, lived peacefully in Rome until 1689, and from the munificence of Innocent XI obtained a splendid tomb in the Vatican, opposite that of Countess Matilde.
GIUSEPPE FRACASSETTI


Above: Kristina.

Notes: Ösel is the old German and Swedish name for the Estonian island of Saaremaa.

Fracassetti's prediction of the ciphers being decoded someday by someone else has come true. They can be decoded thanks to the key to the Cifra grande, which Baron Carl Bildt published in 1899, 54 years after this article was written. I have decoded them with its help in my posts of these letters (links above).

An arquebus is an obsolete matchlock firearm and long gun. It first appeared in Europe and the Ottoman Empire in the mid-late 15th century. The name arquebus referred to many different forms of firearms from the 15th to 17th centuries and was the first to have a trigger. It is considered the forerunner to the flintlock musket (in use from 1660 to 1840) and successor to the hand cannon (in use from 13th to 15th centuries in China and Eurasia), the latter of which was the first true firearm.

Countess Matilde = Matilde of Tuscany, or Matilde of Canossa (born circa 1046, died 1115), also known as la Gran Contessa (the Great Countess), was a member of the House of Canossa (also known as the Attonids) in the second half of the eleventh century. Matilde was one of the most important governing figures of the Italian Middle Ages. She reigned in a time of constant battles, political intrigues, and excommunications by the Church. She was the first woman to be buried in St. Peter's Basilica. Kristina was the third, with the second being Queen Karlotta of Cyprus (1444-1487).

Saturday, August 9, 2025

Kristina's letter to Manuel Texeira, with a postscript in her own handwriting, dated October 29/November 8 (New Style), 1664

Source:

Di alcune lettere inedite di Cristina di Svezia, pages 209 to 210 in Il Saggiatore, giornale Romano di storia, letteratura, belle arti, volume 2, article written by Giuseppe Fracassetti, 1844; original at the Austrian National Library (Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)


The letter (with Kristina's handwritten postscript in italics):

Mr. Teixera. Le rapport que vous me faites des discours du Chevalier Ferlon [sic] m'a fait connoistre en mesme temps vostre prudente attention et vostre zele pour mon service. En response Je vous diray que vous me rendrez un tres grand service de faire connoistre au dit Ferlon [sic] que J'ay de la reconnoissance pour l'affection qu'il me temoigne, mais que Je ne puis ny dois consentir à ses propositions, n'estant ny de condition ny d'humeur a rendre conte des mes actions ny d'entrer en exclairsissement avec personne: car quelque cas que Je fasse de l'amitié du Roy de France Je ne me resoudray jamais à l'acheter au prix d'une bassesse. Tenez vous en tous vos discours dans ces termes et fuiez toutes les apparances de negotiations a fin que l'on ne se vante pas qu'on leur fait la cour de ma part. Escoultez neantmoins tout ce qu on vous dira, et faictes moy votre raport afin que Je n'ignore rien de ce qui se passe. Je ne scay quelles sont les ordres de Ferlon [sic], mais il est certain que l'on me faict accroire qu'il les auroit prejudiciables à mes interets: mais quand cela seroit J'en suis peu en peine, car Je suis asseurée qu'il n'y reussira pas, et son maitre le scait aussi bien que moy al heure qu'il est. Asseurez neantmoins Ferlon [sic] que J'ay de la reconnaissance pour ses soins, et que Je lui veux estre redevable de son affection de mesme que s'il avoit deja fait cett'accomodement, an [sic] quel Je me disposeray toutes les fois que Je le pourrais avec honneur. Je n'ay rien de plus a vous dire, si non de vous asseurer de la satisfaction que J'ay de vostre conduite priant Dieu qu'il vous tienne en sa sainte Garde. Rome ce 8 Nov. 1664.
CHRISTINE ALEXANDRE

Tout ce que Mr. De Crequi rapportera a son maistre de ma fierté est veritable et je ne la dissimule pas: au contraire Je fais profession ouverte de la faire connoistre a toute la terre, et serais bien faschée qu'elle fut ignorée du Roy, et ce n'est que me rendre un agreable office que de l'asseurer que quand ma vie et tout mon bien depanderoit de lui Je ne m'abbasseray jamais jusqu'a me les conserver par le moindre compliment que J'estimerois bassé dans l'estat ou sont les choses entre nous.

Vous pouvez aussi envoyer la copie de cette mesme lettre francoise a Ferlon [sic] affinque ces Messieurs ne puissent pas doubter que mes sentiments ne soient telles que Je les dois avoir.

With modernised spelling:

Monsieur Teixera,
Le rapport que vous me faites des discours du chevalier Terlon m'a fait connaître en même temps votre prudente attention et votre zèle pour mon service. En réponse, je vous dirai que vous me rendrez un très grand service de faire connaître audit Terlon que j'ai de la reconnaissance pour l'affection qu'il me témoigne, mais que je ne puis ni dois consentir à ses propositions, n'étant ni de condition, ni d'humeur à rendre compte de mes actions, ni d'entrer en éclaircissement avec personne; car, quelque cas que je fasse de l'amitié du roi de France, je ne me résoudrai jamais à l'acheter au prix d'une bassesse.

Tenez-vous en tous vos discours dans ces termes, et fuyez toutes les apparences de négociations, afin que l'on ne se vante pas qu'on leur fait la cour de ma part. Écoutez néanmoins tout ce qu'on vous dira, et faites moi votre rapport afin que je n'ignore rien de ce qui se passe.

Je ne sais quelles sont les ordres de Terlon, mais il est certain que l'on me fait accroire qu'il les aurait préjudiciables à mes intérêts; mais, quand cela serait, j'en suis peu en peine, car je suis assurée qu'il n'y réussira pas, et son maître le sait aussi bien que moi à l'heure qu'il est. Assurez néanmoins Terlon que j'ai de la reconnaissance pour ses soins et que je lui veux être redevable de son affection de même que s'il avait déjà fait cet accommodement, auquel je me disposerai toutes les fois que je le pourrais avec honneur.

Je n'ai rien de plus à vous dire, sinon de vous assurer de la satisfaction que j'ai de votre conduite, priant Dieu qu'il vous tienne en sa sainte garde. Rome, ce 8 novembre 1664.
Christine Alexandre.

Tout ce que M. de Créquy rapportera à son maître de ma fierté est véritable, et je ne la dissimule pas; au contraire, je fais profession ouverte de la faire connaître à toute la terre et serais bien fâchée qu'elle fut ignorée du roi; et ce n'est que me rendre un agréable office que de l'assurer que, quand ma vie et tout mon bien dépenderait de lui, je ne m'abasserai jamais jusqu'à me les conserver par le moindre compliment que j'estimerais basse [sic] dans l'état où sont les choses entre nous.

Vous pouvez aussi envoyer la copie de cette même lettre française à Terlon, afin que ces messieurs ne puissent pas douter que mes sentiments ne soient telles que je les dois avoir.

Swedish translation (my own):

Herr Texeira,
Den rapport Ni ger mig om chevalier de Terlons diskurser har samtidigt visat mig Er försiktiga uppmärksamhet och Er iver för min tjänst. Som svar vill jag säga Er att Ni kommer att göra mig en stor tjänst genom att låta sagde Terlon veta att jag är tacksam för den tillgivenhet han visar mig, men att jag inte kan och inte får samtycka till hans förslag, ty jag varken är i stånd eller i humör att avlägga redogörelse för mina handlingar eller att inleda en förklaring med någon; ty hur mycket jag än värdesätter Frankrikes konungs vänskap, kommer jag aldrig att besluta mig för att köpa den till priset av låghet.

Håll Er till dessa villkor i alla Era diskurser och undvik allt som tyder på förhandlingar, så att ingen skryter med att göra dem kur för min räkning. Ändå, lyssna på allt som man säger till Er och ge mig en rapport om det så att jag inte är okunnig om något som helst som försiggår.

Jag vet inte vad Terlons befallningar är, men det är säkert att man får mig att tro att de skulle vara skadliga för mina intressen; men även om så vore fallet, så ligger det mig inte så tungt på sinnet, ty jag är säker på att han inte kommer att lyckas, och hans herre vet det lika väl som jag gör vid denna tidpunkt. Ändå, försäkra Terlon om att jag är tacksam för hans omsorger och att jag vill stå i tacksamhetsskuld till honom för hans tillgivenhet, precis som om han redan hade gjort denna anpassning, vilket jag med heder kommer att göra så snart jag kan.

Jag har inget mer att säga Er förutom att försäkra Er om den tillfredsställelse jag känner med Ert uppförande, bedjande Gud att han håller Er i sitt heliga skydd. Rom, den 8 november 1664.
Kristina Alexandre.

Allt som monsieur de Créquy kommer att rapportera till sin herre om min stolthet är sant, och jag dissimulerar den inte; tvärtom, jag bekänner öppet att jag gör det känt för hela världen och skulle bli mycket upprörd om det ignorerades av konungen; och det gör mig bara en behaglig tjänst att försäkra honom om att, även om mitt liv och alla mina gods hängde på honom, skulle jag aldrig förödmjuka mig själv med att bevara dem genom den minsta komplimang som jag skulle anse vara låg i det tillstånd som saker och ting är mellan oss.

Ni kan också skicka en kopia av samma franska brev till Terlon, så att dessa herrar inte tvivlar på att mina känslor är som jag måste ha dem.

English translation (my own):

Mr. Texeira,
The report you give to me of the Chevalier de Terlon's discourses has made known to me at the same time your prudent attention and your zeal for my service. In response, I will tell you that you will do me a very great service by letting the said Terlon know that I have gratitude for the affection he testifies to me, but that I cannot and must not consent to his propositions, being neither in a condition nor in the humour to render an account of my actions, nor to enter into clarification with anyone; for, however much I value the King of France's friendship, I will never resolve myself to buy it at the price of baseness.

Hold yourself in all your discourses to these terms, and avoid all appearances of negotiations, so that no one boasts that one pays them court on my behalf. Nevertheless, listen to everything that one says to you, and give a report of it to me so that I am not ignorant of anything that is happening.

I do not know what Terlon's orders are, but it is certain that one makes me believe that they would be prejudicial to my interests; but, even if that were the case, I am in little pain about it, for I am sure he will not succeed, and his master knows it as well as I do by this hour. Nevertheless, do assure Terlon that I have gratitude for his cares and that I want to be indebted to him for his affection, just as if he had already made this accommodation, to which I will dispose myself every time I can with honour.

I have nothing more to say to you except to assure you of the satisfaction I have with your conduct, praying God that He hold you in His holy keeping. Rome, this November 8, 1664.
Kristina Alexandre.

Everything that Monsieur de Créquy will report to his master about my pride is veritable, and I do not dissimulate it; on the contrary, I openly make profession of making it known to the whole world and would be very upset if it were ignored by the King; and it is only doing me an agreeable office to assure him that, even if my life and all my goods depended on him, I would never abase myself to preserving them by the least compliment that I would consider base in the state in which things are between us.

You may also send a copy of this same French letter to Terlon, so that these lords may have no doubt that my feelings are as I ought to have them.


Above: Kristina.


Above: King Louis XIV of France.

Tuesday, December 13, 2022

Kristina's letter to Charles III de Blanchefort-Créquy, dated October 31/November 10 (New Style), 1662

Source:

Histoire des démeslez de la cour de France avec la cour de Rome, au sujet de l'affaire des Corses, page 98, by Abbé François-Séraphin Régnier-Desmarais, 1707


Kristina's letter of the same day to King Louis XIV:


The letter:

MON COUSIN, Le Sieur d'Alibert que j'envoye en France, a ordre de vous demander vos bons offices auprès du Roy, pour luy persuader la sincerité de l'amitié que je luy professe: je vous prie de ne luy refuser pas ce service que je vous demande, & dont je vous seray infiniment obligée, estant,
Vostre bonne Amie,
CHRISTINE ALEXANDRA.
A Rome, le 10.
Novembre 1662.

With modernised spelling:

Mon cousin,
Le sieur d'Alibert, que j'envoie en France, a ordre de vous demander vos bons offices auprès du Roi, pour lui persuader [de] la sincérité de l'amitié que je lui professe. Je vous prie de ne lui refuser pas ce service que je vous demande, et dont je vous serai infiniment obligée, étant
votre bonne amie
Christine Alexandra.
A Rome, le 10 novembre 1662.

Swedish translation (my own):

Min kusin,
Monsieur d'Alibert, som jag sänder till Frankrike, har order att be Er om Era goda tjänster hos konungen, för att övertyga honom om uppriktigheten i den vänskap som jag bekänner till honom. Jag ber Er att inte vägra honom denna tjänst som jag ber Er om och för vilken jag kommer att vara oändligt skyldig Er, varande
Er goda vän
Kristina Alexandra.
Rom, den 10 november 1662.

English translation (my own):

My cousin,
Monsieur d'Alibert, whom I am sending to France, has orders to ask you for your good services with the King, to persuade him of the sincerity of the friendship which I profess to him. I beg you not to refuse him this service which I ask of you, and for which I shall be infinitely obliged to you, being
your good friend
Kristina Alexandra.
Rome, November 10, 1662.


Above: Kristina.


Above: King Louis XIV of France.

Note: In accordance with the nobility's ideals in the early modern era, kings and queens considered themselves siblings; when talking to someone of a lower rank than their own, they would refer to that person as "my cousin", regardless of whether or not they were related.

Pope Alexander VII's brief to King Louis XIV of France, dated August 18/28 (New Style), 1662

Source:

Histoire des démeslez de la cour de France avec la cour de Rome, au sujet de l'affaire des Corses, page 11, by Abbé François-Séraphin Régnier-Desmarais, 1707


The letter:

ALEXANDER Papa VII.
Carissime in Christo Fili noster salutem & Apostolicam benedictionem. Ingenti molestaque adeo amaritudine replevit animum nostrum gravis excessus, quem hic proxime perpetrarunt aliqui ex militibus Corsis, insultibus à familiâ dilecti filii nobilis viri Ducis Crequii, Majestatis tuæ Oratoris, provocati, ut vix satis nobis ipsis & assiduis paternæ dilectionis ergà te stimulis satisfacere possimus, nisi majores & insigniores ejus rei declarationes jugiter exhibuerimus. Hinc est quod post injuncta statim districteque mandata Nuncio penes Majestatem tuam Apostolico, jussimus codem tempore dilecto filio nostro Cardinali Chisio, nostro secundam carnem ex fratre nepoti, ut tam ad Oratorem quam ad Oratricem, cui profectò, ob atrocis casus horrorem, precipuè compassi sumus, nomine nostro quanto citius accederet, & doloris quo afficiebamur luculentam significationem illis afferret. Et quamvis Cardinalis in eis adeundis difficultatem non modicam expertus fuerit; tamen sola respectus tui ratio, & ei satisfaciendi studium omnia posthabenda persuasit ut hujusmodi sensus nostri eo modo, qui magis conspicuus esse posset, Oratori pervenirent. Imo cum Nepos idem noster invisendæ Oratricis ægritudine aliqua impeditæ aditum invenire minime potuisset, eum carissimam in Christo Filiam nostram Reginam Suetiæ oratum misimus, ut utrisque vellet ea officia perferre, quæ alia ratione adhuc penetrare nequiverant, credentes nimirum quod Regina quæ semper erga te præcipuam amicitiam professa fuerit, quæque in hoc negotio prima penès nos pro Majestatis tuæ satisfactionibus institit, posset etiam ob amplitudinem regiam locupletior & dignior promptitudinis nostræ ejusque quod effecissemus testis accedere. Et nihilominus nondum etiam plane contenti Majestatem tuam coram complecti posse vellemus, & eximiæ voluntatis ostensione, præ oculis tuis paternum amorem & simul cordis nostri molestiam exhibere. Sed quoniam his plane locus esse non potest; animo saltem caritatis Apostolicæ brachia vel hinc extendimus, ut hujus officii testificatione te certum omnino reddamus nos injuriam Oratori tuo factam propriam existimare & tanquam talem, à nobis jam demandatam, & mox exequendam esse omnem justam severæ ultionis animadversionem. Huic rei hominum doctrinâ & virtute spectatorum congregationem deputavimus, inter quos Prælatum etiam posuimus, qui clientelæ tuæ characterem habet: prætereà ex sacro Cardinalium Collegio, viros integritate & prudentia longe conspicuos selegimus consultandis rationibus, quibus Majestati tuæ satisfieri plane possit. Porro de singulari judicio & prudentia tua nobis pollicemur, eam sane minus fidei præbituram esse sinistris & alienis interpretationibus ab omni veritate abhorrentibus & in sola calumnia, & passionum malignitate fundatis, quam ipsis nobis qui paterno & animo & loco tibi sumus, & in Oratoris tui persona æque ac tu ipse læsi: nec dubitamus quin sanctam hanc Sedem tanquam matrem tuam sensibus pietatis in Regia domo tua hæreditariis respicere velis. Hac sane confidentiâ freti te in Domino amantissimè complectimur, rogamusque ut nos agnitione sensuum tuorum solari velis: tum pollicemur quod si quid remanet quod justè desiderare possis, id sane à nobis paterne auditum omni cum animi promptitudine prorsus excipietur. In eandem sententiam loquetur venerabilis Frater Archiepiscopus Cæsaræ, Nuncius noster, cui fidem habere cupimus. Majestati tuæ benedictionem Apostolicam interim ex omni corde profectam impertimur. Datum Romæ apud sanctam Mariam majorem sub annulo piscatoris die vigesima-octava Augusti 1662. Pontificatus nostri anno octavo. ...

With modernised spelling:

Alexander Papa VII.
Carissime in Christo fili Noster, salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Ingenti molestaque adeo amaritudine replevit animum Nostrum gravis excessus, quem hic proxime perpetrarunt aliqui ex militibus Corsis, insultibus à familiâ dilecti filii nobilis viri Ducis Crequii, Majestatis Tuæ oratoris, provocati, ut vix satis Nobis ipsis et assiduis paternæ dilectionis ergà te stimulis satisfacere possimus, nisi majores et insigniores ejus rei declarationes jugiter exhibuerimus. Hinc est quod post injuncta statim districteque mandata Nuncio penes Majestatem Tuam Apostolico, jussimus codem tempore dilecto filio Nostro Cardinali Chisio, Nostro secundam carnem ex fratre nepoti, ut tam ad oratorem quam ad oratricem, cui profecto, ob atrocis casus horrorem, precipue compassi sumus, nomine Nostro quanto citius accederet, et doloris quo afficiebamur luculentam significationem illis afferret. Et quamvis cardinalis in eis adeundis difficultatem non modicam expertus fuerit; tamen sola respectus tui ratio, et ei satisfaciendi studium omnia posthabenda persuasit ut huiusmodi sensus Nostri eo modo, qui magis conspicuus esse posset, oratori pervenirent. Imo cum nepos idem Noster invisendæ oratricis ægritudine aliqua impeditæ aditum invenire minime potuisset, eum carissimam in Christo filiam Nostram Reginam Sueciæ oratum misimus, ut utrisque vellet ea officia perferre, quæ alia ratione adhuc penetrare nequiverant, credentes nimirum quod Regina quæ semper erga te præcipuam amicitiam professa fuerit, quæque in hoc negotio prima penes Nos pro Majestatis Tuæ satisfactionibus institit, posset etiam ob amplitudinem regiam locupletior et dignior promptitudinis Nostræ ejusque quod effecissemus testis accedere. Et nihilominus nondum etiam plane contenti Majestatem Tuam coram complecti posse vellemus, et eximiæ voluntatis ostensione, præ oculis tuis paternum amorem et simul cordis Nostri molestiam exhibere. Sed quoniam his plane locus esse non potest; animo saltem caritatis Apostolicæ brachia vel hinc extendimus, ut huius officii testificatione te certum omnino reddamus Nos injuriam oratori tuo factam propriam existimare et tanquam talem, a Nobis iam demandatam, et mox exequendam esse omnem justam severæ ultionis animadversionem. Huic rei hominum doctrinâ et virtute spectatorum congregationem deputavimus, inter quos prælatum etiam posuimus, qui clientelæ tuæ characterem habet; prætereà ex sacro Cardinalium Collegio, viros integritate et prudentia longe conspicuos selegimus consultandis rationibus, quibus Majestati Tuæ satisfieri plane possit. Porro de singulari judicio et prudentia tua Nobis pollicemur, eam sane minus fidei præbituram esse sinistris et alienis interpretationibus ab omni veritate abhorrentibus et in sola calumnia, et passionum malignitate fundatis, quam ipsis Nobis qui paterno et animo et loco tibi sumus, et in oratoris tui persona æque ac tu ipse læsi; nec dubitamus quin sanctam hanc sedem tanquam matrem tuam sensibus pietatis in regia domo tua hæreditariis respicere velis. Hac sane confidentiâ freti te in Domino amantissimè complectimur, rogamusque ut Nos agnitione sensuum tuorum solari velis, tum pollicemur quod si quid remanet quod juste desiderare possis, id sane a Nobis paterne auditum omni cum animi promptitudine prorsus excipietur. In eandem sententiam loquetur venerabilis frater Archiepiscopus Cæsaræ, nuncius Noster, cui fidem habere cupimus. Majestati Tuæ benedictionem Apostolicam interim ex omni corde profectam impertimur. Datum Romæ apud Sanctam Mariam Majorem sub Annulo Piscatoris die vigesima-octava Augusti 1662. Pontificatus Nostri anno octavo. ...

French translation (my own):

Pope Alexandre VII.
Notre fils bien-aimé en Christ, salutations et bénédiction apostolique. Notre cœur a été rempli de tant de douleur et d'amertume par les graves excès que certains soldats corses ont récemment commis, provoqués par des insultes à la famille du fils bien-aimé du noble duc de Créquy, ambassadeur de Votre Majesté, que Nous ne pouvons guère satisfaire Nous-mêmes et les encouragements constants de l'amour paternel envers vous, sauf que Nous exhiberons régulièrement les déclarations les plus importantes et les plus significatives à ce sujet. C'est pour cette raison qu'après avoir été immédiatement enjoints et ordonnés par le Nonce Apostolique auprès de Votre Majesté, Nous avons ordonné un code à temps à Notre fils bien-aimé le Cardinal Chigi, Notre seconde chair du neveu de Notre frère, tant à l'ambassadeur qu'à à l'ambassadrice, avec qui, en effet, à cause de l'horreur des accidents atroces, Nous avons particulièrement sympathisé. Il viendrait dès que possible en Notre nom, et leur apporterait un sens clair de la douleur dont Nous étions affligés. Et quoique le cardinal n'éprouvât aucune petite difficulté à les approcher; pourtant la seule raison de votre respect, et le désir de le satisfaire, Nous ont persuadés de tout laisser derrière Nous, afin que Nos sentiments de ce genre parviennent à l'ambassadeur d'une manière plus visible. Non, puisque Notre même neveu n'a pas du tout trouvé accès à l'ambassadeur en visite, étant empêché par une maladie, Nous l'avons envoyé pour supplier Notre fille bien-aimée en Christ, la reine de Suède, que tous deux veuillent exécuter ces services qu'ils n'avaient pas encore pu pénétrer, croyant bien sûr que la Reine, qui a toujours professé pour vous la plus grande amitié, et qui dans cette affaire a d'abord insisté sur nous pour les satisfactions de Votre Majesté, pourrait aussi être plus riche et plus digne de Notre empressement et de ce que Nous avions fait un témoin d'approcher, à cause de l'étendue royale. Et pourtant, n'étant pas encore pleinement satisfaits, Nous voudrions pouvoir embrasser Votre Majesté en votre présence, et avec une démonstration de volonté exceptionnelle, pour présenter sous vos yeux l'amour paternel et en même temps le trouble de Notre cœur. Mais comme il ne peut y avoir de place pour ceux-ci, du moins dans un esprit de charité apostolique, Nous tendons les bras de ce bureau afin que, par le témoignage de ce bureau, Nous puissions vous donner la certitude absolue que Nous considérons le tort fait à votre ambassadeur comme le Nôtre, et en tant que tel, nous avons déjà exigé, et que tout avis juste de vengeance sévère sera bientôt exécuté. A cette affaire, Nous avons délégué une congrégation d'hommes de doctrine et de vertu, parmi lesquels nous avons également placé un prélat, qui a le caractère de votre clientèle; de plus, dans le sacré Collège des Cardinaux, Nous avons choisi des hommes très remarquables par leur intégrité et leur prudence, en consultant les raisons dont Votre Majesté peut être pleinement satisfaite. De plus, Nous Nous promettons de votre jugement unique et de votre prudence qu'il sera certainement moins dépendant d'interprétations sinistres et étrangères, répugnant à toute vérité et fondées uniquement sur la calomnie et la méchanceté des passions, que Nous-mêmes, qui sommes paternels d'esprit et en place auprès de vous, et dans votre interlocuteur une personne aussi blessée que vous-même; Nous ne doutons pas non plus que vous voudriez considérer ce saint siège comme votre mère avec des sentiments de piété dans votre maison royale héréditaire. Confiants dans cette confiance, Nous vous embrassons dans le Seigneur le plus aimant, et Nous vous demandons de Nous plaire avec la reconnaissance de vos sensibilités, et Nous promettons que s'il reste quelque chose que vous pouvez justement désirer, il sera certainement reçu de Nous paternellement, avec toute la facilité d'esprit. Le vénérable frère archevêque de Césarée, Notre messager, en qui Nous désirons avoir foi, parlera dans le même sens. En attendant, Nous transmettons à Votre Majesté la bénédiction apostolique du fond du cœur. Donné à Rome à St. Marie Majeure sous l'Anneau du Pêcheur, le vingt-huit août 1662. La huitième année de Notre Pontificat. ...

Swedish translation (my own):

Påve Alexander VII.
Vår älskade son i Kristus, hälsningar och apostolisk välsignelse. Vårt hjärta har fyllts av så mycket smärta och bitterhet av de allvarliga överdrifter som några av de korsikanska soldaterna nyligen har begått, provocerade av förolämpningar mot familjen till den älskade sonen till adelsmannen hertig Créquy, Ers Majestäts ambassadör, att Vi knappt kan tillfredsställa familjen, Oss själva och de ständiga uppmuntran av faderlig kärlek till Er, förutom att Vi regelbundet kommer att visa upp de större och mer betydelsefulla förklaringarna i denna fråga. Det är av denna anledning som Vi, efter att omedelbart ålagts och beordrats av den apostoliske nuntien till Ers Majestät, har beställt en kod i tid till Vår älskade son kardinal Chigi, Vårt andra kött från Vår brors nevö, som både till ambassadören och till ambassadrisen, med vilken Vi verkligen, på grund av de fruktansvärda olyckornas fasa, sympatiserade med. Han skulle komma så snart som möjligt i Vårt namn och ge dem en klar mening om den smärta som Vi drabbades av. Och även om kardinalen upplevde inte ringa svårighet att närma sig dem; men bara orsaken till din respekt och önskan att tillfredsställa honom övertalade oss att lägga allt bakom oss, så att våra känslor av detta slag kunde nå ambassadören på ett sätt som kunde vara mer synligt. Nej, eftersom Vår samme nevö inte alls kunde finna tillträde till den besökande ambassadören, hindrad av någon sjukdom, sände Vi honom för att be Vår älskade dotter i Kristus, Sveriges drottning, att de båda skulle vara villiga att utföra dessa tjänster, som de ännu inte kunnat tränga igenom, förstås i troendet, att drottningen, som ju alltid har förkunnat den största vänskapen för Er, och som i denna affär först insisterade på Oss för Ers Majestäts tillfredsställelse, också kunde bli rikare och mera. värdig Vår beredskap och vad Vi gjort vittne att närma sig, på grund av den kungliga omfattningen. Och likväl, eftersom Vi ännu inte är helt nöjda, skulle Vi vilja kunna omfamna Ers Majestät i Er närvaro, och med en uppvisning av exceptionell vilja, att framföra Era ögon den faderliga kärleken och på samma gång vårt hjärtas besvär. Men eftersom det inte kan finnas utrymme för dessa, åtminstone med en anda av apostolisk välgörenhet, sträcker Vi ut armarna till detta ämbete så att Vi genom vittnesmålet från detta ämbete kan göra Er helt säker på att Vi anser att skadan som åsamkats Er ambassadör är Vår egen, och som sådan, har Vi redan krävt, och att alla bara meddelanden om svår hämnd snart kommer att verkställas. Till denna sak har Vi deputerat en församling av män av lära och dygd, bland vilka Vi också har placerat en prelat, som har karaktären av Ert klientel; dessutom, från det heliga Kardinalkollegiet, har Vi valt män som är mycket iögonfallande för deras integritet och försiktighet, efter att ha rådfrågat de skäl med vilka Ers Majestät kan vara helt nöjd. Vidare lovar Vi Oss om Ert unika omdöme och försiktighet att den säkerligen kommer att vara mindre beroende av olycksbådande och främmande tolkningar som är avskyvärda från all sanning och endast bygger på förtal och passionernas illvilja, än Vi själva, som är ju faderliga i sinnet och på plats med Er, och i Er högtalare en person lika skadad som Ni själv; Vi tvivlar inte heller på att Ni skulle vilja betrakta denna heliga stol som Er moder med fromhetskänslor i Ert ärftliga konungahus. I tillit till detta förtroende, omfamnar Vi Er i den mest kärleksfulle Herren, och Vi ber Er att behaga Oss med erkännandet av Era känslor, och Vi lovar att om det finns något kvar som Ni med rätta kan önska, kommer det säkert att tas emot från oss faderligt, med all beredskap i sinnet. Den ärevördige brodern ärkebiskopen av Caesarea, vår budbärare, på vilken Vi önskar tro, kommer att tala i samma åsikt. Emellertid förmedlar Vi till Ers Majestät den apostoliska välsignelsen från djupet av Vårt hjärta. Givet i Rom vid Santa Maria Maggiore under Fiskarringen, den tjugoåttonde dagen i augusti 1662. I det åttonde året av Vårt pontificat. ...

English translation (my own):

Pope Alexander VII.
Our beloved son in Christ, greetings and apostolic blessing. Our heart has been filled with so much pain and bitterness by the serious excesses which some of the Corsican soldiers have recently committed, provoked by insults to the family of the beloved son of the nobleman Duke Créquy, Your Majesty's ambassador, that We can scarcely satisfy Ourself and the constant encouragements of paternal love to you, except that We will regularly exhibit the greater and more significant declarations of this matter. It is for this reason that, after having been immediately enjoined and ordered by the Apostolic Nuncio to Your Majesty, We have ordered a code in time to Our beloved son Cardinal Chigi, Our second flesh from Our brother's nephew, as both to the ambassador and to the ambassadress, with whom, indeed, because of the horror of the atrocious accidents, We especially sympathised. He would come as soon as possible in Our name, and bring to them a clear meaning of the pain with which We were afflicted. And although the cardinal experienced no small difficulty in approaching them; yet the reason alone of your respect, and the desire to satisfy him, persuaded Us to put everything behind Us, so that Our feelings of this kind might reach the speaker in a way which might be more visible. Nay, since Our same nephew could not at all find access to the visiting ambassador, being hindered by some illness, We sent him to beg Our beloved daughter in Christ, the Queen of Sweden, that both of them would be willing to carry out those services which they had not yet been able to penetrate, believing, of course, that the Queen, who always has professed the greatest friendship for you, and which in this affair first insisted upon Us for Your Majesty's satisfactions, might also be richer and more worthy of Our readiness and of what We had made a witness to approach, on account of the royal extent. And nevertheless, being not yet fully satisfied, We would like to be able to embrace Your Majesty in your presence, and with a show of exceptional will, to present before your eyes the paternal love and at the same time the trouble of Our heart. But as there can be no room for these, at least with a spirit of apostolic charity, We extend the arms of this office so that by the testimony of this office We may make you absolutely certain that We consider the injury done to your ambassador as Our own, and as such, We have already demanded, and that all just notice of severe vengeance will soon be executed. To this matter We have deputed a congregation of men of doctrine and virtue, among whom We have also placed a prelate, who has the character of your clientele; moreover, from the sacred College of Cardinals, We have chosen men greatly conspicuous for their integrity and prudence, consulting the reasons with which Your Majesty may be fully satisfied. Furthermore, We promise Us about your unique judgment and prudence that it will certainly be less reliant on sinister and alien interpretations that are abhorrent from all truth and based only on slander and the malice of passions, than We Ourself, who are fatherly in mind and in place with you, and in your speaker a person equally injured as you yourself; nor do We doubt that you would like to regard this holy seat as your mother with feelings of piety in your hereditary royal house. Trusting in this confidence, We embrace you in the most loving Lord, and We ask you to please Us with the acknowledgment of your sensibilities, and We promise that if there is anything left that you can justly desire, it will certainly be received from Us paternally, with all the readiness of mind. The venerable brother Archbishop of Caesarea, Our messenger, in whom We desire to have faith, will speak in the same opinion. In the meantime, We convey to Your Majesty the Apostolic blessing from the bottom of Our heart. Given at Rome at Santa Maria Maggiore under the Ring of the Fisherman on the twenty-eighth day of August, 1662. In the eighth year of Our Pontificate. ...


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pope Alexander VII.


Above: King Louis XIV of France.

Kristina's letter to Charles III de Blanchefort-Créquy after an attack by Corsican terrorists, dated August 10/20 (New Style), 1662

Source:

Histoire des démeslez de la cour de France avec la cour de Rome, au sujet de l'affaire des Corses, page 3, by Abbé François-Séraphin Régnier-Desmarais, 1707


The letter:

Mon Cousin. J'ay ressenti un extréme déplaisir de l'accident qui vous est arrivé ce soir, & suis tres-marrie de ne me pas trouver en estat de vous offrir mon assistance en cette fascheuse rencontre: ce que je puis est de vous prier de tout mon cœur de n'escouter pas vos premiers sentiments en cette occasion, ni ceux qui voudront vous aigrir l'esprit à la vangeance. Ce malheureux accident n'est pas une chose prémeditée, & je m'asseure que l'on vous donnera toute la satisfaction que vous pouvez desirer; car vostre cause est trop juste pour pouvoir vous la refuser. Je vous offre mes offices pour l'obtenir, quoy-que je croye qu'ils ne vous seront pas necessaires; car le respect que l'on porte en cette Cour au Roy vostre Maistre, & l'estime que l'on doit à une personne de vostre qualité, vous fera obtenir sans doute la justice qui vous est deuë, & que l'on vous doit rendre avec usure. Je vous prie de prendre en bonne part le conseil que je vous donne de ne p[r]écipiter pas vos résolutions, & d'user de la moderation que vostre prudence vous inspirera, pour user de toute les précautions qui sont necessaires à ne vous embarquer pas dans une affaire qui pourroit avoir de mauvaises suites. Je vous demande pardon de la liberté que je prends, & vous prie de la souffrir de la personne du monde qui a le plus de zele pour l'interest du Roy vostre Maistre, & plus d'estime pour vous. Je suis, mon Cousin,
Vostre trés-affectionnée amie CHRISTINE ALEXANDRA.

A mon Cousin, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur de France.

With modernised spelling:

Mon cousin,
J'ai ressenti un extrême déplaisir de l'accident qui vous est arrivé ce soir, et suis très marrie de ne me pas trouver en état de vous offrir mon assistance en cette fâcheuse rencontre; ce que je puis est de vous prier de tout mon cœur de n'écouter pas vos premiers sentiments en cette occasion, ni ceux qui voudront vous aigrir l'esprit à la vengeance. Ce malheureux accident n'est pas une chose préméditée, et je m'assure que l'on vous donnera toute la satisfaction que vous pouvez désirer, car votre cause est trop juste pour pouvoir vous la refuser. Je vous offre mes offices pour l'obtenir, quoique je croie qu'ils ne vous seront pas nécessaires, car le respect que l'on porte en cette cour au Roi votre maître, et l'estime que l'on doit à une personne de votre qualité, vous fera obtenir sans doute la justice qui vous est dûe, et que l'on vous doit rendre avec usure. Je vous prie de prendre en bonne part le conseil que je vous donne de ne précipiter pas vos résolutions, et d'user de la modération que votre prudence vous inspirera, pour user de toute les précautions qui sont nécessaires à ne vous embarquer pas dans une affaire qui pourrait avoir de mauvaises suites. Je vous demande pardon de la liberté que je prends et vous prie de la souffrir de la personne du monde qui a le plus de zèle pour l'intérêt du Roi votre maître et plus d'estime pour vous.
Je suis, mon cousin,
Votre très affectionnée amie
Christine Alexandra.

A mon Cousin, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur de France.

Swedish translation (my own):

Min kusin,
Jag har känt ett extremt missnöje över olyckan som hände Er i kväll, och jag är mycket ledsen över att jag inte kan erbjuda Er min hjälp i detta olyckliga möte; vad jag kan göra är att be Er av hela mitt hjärta att inte lyssna på Era första känslor vid detta tillfälle, och inte heller till dem som skulle vilja sörja Ert humör med hämnd. Denna olyckliga olycka är inte en överlagd sak, och jag är säker på att Ni kommer att få all den tillfredsställelse Ni kan önska Er, eftersom Er sak är för rättvis för att någon skall kunna vägra Er den. Jag erbjuder Er mina tjänster för att erhålla den, även om jag tror att de inte kommer att vara nödvändiga för Er, för den respekt som visas i detta hov för konungen, Er herre, och den aktning som tillkommer en person av Er kvalitet, kommer att otvivelaktigt få Er att erhålla den rättvisa som tillkommer Er, och som måste återlämnas till Er med ocker. Jag ber Er att ta del av det råd som jag ger Er att inte skynda på Era beslut, och att använda den måttlighet som Er försiktighet kommer att inspirera Er, att använda alla de försiktighetsåtgärder som är nödvändiga för att inte inleda ett fall som kunde ha dåliga konsekvenser. Jag ber Er om ursäkt för den frihet jag tar och ber Er att lida den av den person i världen som har mest iver för konungen Er herres intresse och mest aktning för Er.
Jag är, min kusin,
Er tillgivnaste vän
Kristina Alexandra.

Till min kusin, monsieur l'ambassadeur de France.

English translation (my own):

My cousin,
I have felt an extreme displeasure at the accident that happened to you this evening, and am very sorry not to find myself in a position to offer you my assistance in this unfortunate encounter; what I can do is to beg you with all my heart not to listen to your first feelings on this occasion, nor to those who would like to sour your spirits with vengeance. This unfortunate accident is not a premeditated thing, and I am sure that you will be given all the satisfaction you can desire, because your cause is too just for anyone to be able to refuse it to you. I offer you my services to obtain it, although I believe that they will not be necessary to you, for the respect that is shown in this court to the King your master, and the esteem that is due to a person of your quality, will undoubtedly make you obtain the justice which is due to you, and which one must return to you with usury. I beg you to take into good part the advice that I give you not to rush your resolutions, and to use the moderation that your prudence will inspire in you, to use all the precautions that are necessary not to embark on a case that could have bad consequences. I beg your pardon for the liberty I take and beg you to suffer it from the person in the world who has the most zeal for the interest of the King your master and the most esteem for you.
I am, my cousin,
Your most affectionate friend
Kristina Alexandra.

To my cousin, Monsieur l'Ambassadeur de France.


Above: Kristina.

Note: In accordance with the nobility's ideals in the early modern era, kings and queens considered themselves siblings; when talking to someone of a lower rank than their own, they would refer to that person as "my cousin", regardless of whether or not they were related.