Showing posts with label Queen Elizabeth I. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Queen Elizabeth I. Show all posts

Friday, October 24, 2025

Sidney Dark's biography of Kristina, year 1929, part 3

Source:

Twelve Royal Ladies, pages 166 to 168, by Sidney Dark, illustrations by Mabel Pugh, 1929; original at the University of California


The account:

Christina was crowned in 1650, and four years afterwards this remarkable young woman abdicated. Europe was astounded. The abdication, which was as unexpected as Elizabeth's would have been after the destruction of the Spanish Armada, or Queen Victoria's in the year of the Great Exhibition, was due to a combination of circumstances reacting on an original and, in some respects, an abnormal character.

The internal affairs of Sweden were in a peculiarly difficult position. Christina understood the sufferings of the poor caused by the war, and she unquestionably resented the arrogance of the nobles. But she did nothing either to alleviate or to check, and her own personal extravagance stimulated discontent. She was confronted by a problem that she could not solve, and she ran away from it. Rather than confess to failure, she preferred to surrender what was becoming an untenable position, made the more tiresome by the folly and incapacity with which she was surrounded.

Moreover, she was determined never to marry. Like Elizabeth, she had a morbid horror of the action of s*x. Elizabeth hated it, but, as Mr. Lytton Strachey says, "she would play with it nevertheless." The English Queen never at any time had any real intention of marrying, but she delighted in coarse philanderings, and negotiations for marriage were the trump card in her crooked diplomacy until she was an old woman. Christina was more honest and more direct. She disliked women. All her friends were men, but from her girlhood she scorned the idea of marriage, because, perhaps, it meant reckoning herself with the sex which she despised. She would have no master. She was determined to die a free woman. But Christina realised that a childless monarch is a national nuisance. The succession remains doubtful. Dangerous ambitions are stimulated. A party among the Swedish nobles was perfectly content with a maiden Queen, and there was a suggestion that after her death an elected monarchy should be established in Sweden. But Poland was the object lesson of the futility of such a system. In abdicating, therefore, and in making way for her cousin, Prince Charles, Christina certainly acted as a patriotic Swede. It had long been supposed that she would marry her cousin, and, when she first broached the subject of abdication to the Senate, it was urged that, if she would not marry Charles, he would never marry anyone else. "But he will", said the Queen. "Love burns not for one alone. The crown is a pretty girl."


Above: Kristina.


Above: Sidney Dark.

Saturday, August 30, 2025

Arthur Henry Hardinge's essay on Kristina, year 1880, part 13

Source:

Queen Christina of Sweden: Lothian Prize Essay for 1880, pages 71 to 74, by Arthur Henry Hardinge, 1880; original at the University of Michigan


The essay:

In 1668 she returned to Rome, where the new pope gave her a splendid reception. She continued to reside there during the remaining twenty years of her life, and witnessed the election of two more Popes, Clement X. and Innocent XI. She now gradually became less restless and eccentric; an abortive scheme, in 1668, to obtain possession of the vacant throne of Poland, closed her series of attempts to regain that royal power which she had thrown away, and to the loss of which she became[,] as she advanced in years, more and more resigned. At Rome she spent her time almost entirely in literary pursuits; and the learned society which she established there for the cultivation of the poetry of Italy, became the foundation of the "Academy of Arcadian Shepherds", famous in afterdays as an artistic and literary club. Amongst the men of science and letters who frequented her palace, were Church dignitaries like Albani (afterwards Clement XI.) and Pallavicini, and poets such as Alessandro Guidi and Vincenzio Filicaia, who, though now hardly known out of Italy, were looked upon at that time as some of the most accomplished men of the day. All these men were treated by Christina with that liberality and kindness which redeemed many of her eccentricities. Thus she educated the two sons of Filicaia at her own cost, but would not allow it to be talked of, that she might not have to blush for doing so little for a man whom she so highly esteemed.

Engrossed in these pursuits, Christina, as she advanced in age, ceased more and more to take, or wish to take, a part in the troubled politics of Europe. She had long given up all ideas of ever returning to Sweden, and lived to see that country reduced, under Charles XI., to the condition of an absolute monarchy. On rare occasions, however, she still have signs that her interest in the great events of her age, though less active, was not less deep than formerly. When John Sobieski relieved Vienna in 1683, she wrote to him a letter, which recalls her old correspondence with Condé; and a few years later, her old hatred of intolerance and persecution, the fruit, perhaps, to a great extent, of the teaching of Matthiæ, broke out again on the occasion of the persecution of the Protestants in France, and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., an act, the cruelty and faithlessness (deloyauté) of which she denounced in bold, unsparing terms.

But, on the whole, her latter years especially, if compared with her former life, were singularly peaceful; the only trouble which ever disturbed them being a quarrel with the Pope (Innocent XI.), on the subject of her right to the "franchise" or "liberty" of the square surrounding her palace. This quarrel resulted in her being deprived of the pension of 12,000 scudi, which she had drawn from the Papal coffers ever since the time of Alexander VII. She still, however, enjoyed great consideration at Rome, and got to be regarded there as the next person in rank to the Pope: strangers of distinction made their first visit to the Vatican, and their second to Queen Christina's palace. This position she continued to enjoy till, in 1689, at the age of sixty-three, she closed her strange career.

The affected simplicity of the inscription on Christina's tomb "vixit Christina annos lxiii." has been ridiculed by D'Alembert, but in truth it would have been difficult to present within the narrow compass of an epitaph a just or fitting summary of her life. Her character has been as loudly praised by admirers as attacked by hostile critics; and each have been able to shew a plausible case for their views of it; in fact, it presents throughout a series of contradictions. Christina had many great qualities, but they were all neutralized by the fantastic used to which she applied them, and by the exaggerated contempt for conventionality and public opinion, which was one of her chief defects, and a principal element in the failure of her career. Her encouragement of literature, which was not, as is often the case with sovereigns, a mere ostentatious parade, is one of her best titles to respect; yet, in this capacity, she furnished the character of Philaminte to Moliere's "femmes Savantes", and it must be confessed that she sometimes out-did the patroness of Trissotin in pedantry and eccentric caprice. As a political figure she was a failure; her abdication, though partly forced on her by her difficulties, and therefore no proof of a calm indifference to worldly dignities, was the greatest mistake of her life, and to compare her[,] as some have done, on the ground of a few striking resemblances in character, with Elizabeth of England, is in the highest degree absurd. It is true that she lacked the training which the struggles and dangers of her early life afforded Elizabeth; a nominal queen almost from her birth, and from the age of eighteen practically supreme, she was raised above ambition, and above the experience which those who strive to realise ambition must sooner or later acquire. It is this which explains her readiness to throw away a position which was the only one that she had ever known, and which induced her to apply her talents, to the acquisition of frequently pedantic accomplishments, rather than to the discharge of her legitimate duties as a queen. Indeed, except for the revival or rise of learning in Sweden, for her promotion of which she deserves all praise, her direct influence on the course of her country's history was less than that of almost any other sovereign of the House of Vasa: yet her reign will always be associated with the climax of Swedish greatness; not[,] indeed[,] for any share which she herself had in it, but because it was during her occupation of the throne, that the harvest sown by her great predecessors was reaped, and because within a few years after her abdication began that great and lasting change in the relations of the Powers of the North — the decline of the ascendancy of Sweden and the gradual transfer to the rising monarchy of Prussia, of that championship of Protestantism and German freedom which had been the strength and the glory of Gustavus.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Queen Elizabeth I, in the Darnley portrait, painted by an unknown artist in circa 1575.

Note: Kristina died at age 62, not 63. It seems that even as late as at the 17th century, at least when writing in Latin, that some people used the ancient Roman age reckoning system that one was already one year old at birth, similar to traditional Chinese age reckoning both in the past and still today.

Tuesday, August 12, 2025

William Henry Davenport Adams' biography of Kristina, 1890s, part 3

Source:

Some Historic Women; or, Biographical Studies of Women Who Have Made History, pages 280 to 282, by William Henry Davenport Adams, 1890-1899; original at the University of Toronto - Robarts Library



Above: Kristina.

The biography:

A young and clever queen was not long without suitors for her hand, and Christina's subjects, like our English Elizabeth's, were anxious that she should marry. Whether because she loved to imitate Elizabeth's example, though she had not Elizabeth's weighty reasons, or because she was unwilling to share her power with a husband, or because she felt herself unfitted for conjugal and maternal duties, she resolved on leading a single life, and with some slight occasional wavering, adhered to the resolution. To Chanut she said, on one occasion, that her aversion for the marriage bond was so great that she should prefer death to marriage. When her ministers pointed out that she ought to marry in order to secure the country from the danger of a disputed succession, she retorted that if she married she might as soon become the mother of a Nero as of an Augustus. In her Autobiography, she acknowledges to a warmth of temperament which might have been expected in the daughter of Gustavus, but thanks God that He had gifted her with the power of self-control. And she adds: — "I was born in such a rank that I might have chosen almost any man I preferred, for there was no one who would not have thought himself happy if I had given him my hand. Had I felt any weakness, I should have married, like so many others. I should not have had that unconquerable aversion to marriage, of which I have furnished such remarkable proofs, if it had been necessary to me." She was proud of her celibacy to the last, for one of her latest medals, struck at Rome, bears the emblematical figure of a phœnix, with the inscription, "I was born free, I lived free, and I died free."

Among her suitors were Ferdinand, King of Hungary; the Elector Palatine, Charles Louis; the three sons of Sigismund[,] King of Poland; Frederick William[,] Elector of Brandenburg; two sons of King Christian of Denmark; the Archduke Leopold of Austria; Philip IV. of Spain; our own Charles II., before he came to his throne; and her cousin, the gallant and accomplished Charles Augustus [sic]. Towards this last she at one time showed a marked inclination, and indeed a letter she wrote to him on the 5th of January, 1644, was very warmly worded: — "I see by your letter", she says, "that you fear to trust your thoughts to the pen. We may, however, correspond with entire freedom, if you send me the key to a cipher, arrange your letters in accordance with it, and change your seals as I change mine, so that the letters may be sent to your sister, the Princess Maria. You must adopt my precaution, for never were people here so much opposed to us as they now are. But they shall never succeed, so long as you remain firm. They talk much of the Elector of Brandenburg, but neither he, nor anyone else, however wealthy, shall alienate my heart from you. My love is so strong that it can be overcome only by death, and if, which God forbid, I should survive you, my heart shall remain dead for every other; my mind and affection shall follow you to eternity, there to dwell with you."

Methinks the lady doth protest too much! In the course of a few months Christina changed her mind, and whistled to the winds this love that was to prove everlasting. Her biographers attribute this mutability — one of Christina's few feminine characteristics — to the partiality she had formed for a handsome young noble, Magnus de la Gardie, whom she sent to Paris as her ambassador, apparently in order to secure herself from his attractions. Had she ever married[,] there can be little doubt that her choice would have rested upon him; but she conquered the temporary weakness, and went on her way in maiden meditation, fancy free.

William Henry Davenport Adams' biography of Kristina, 1890s, part 2

Source:

Some Historic Women; or, Biographical Studies of Women Who Have Made History, pages 278 to 280, by William Henry Davenport Adams, 1890-1899; original at the University of Toronto - Robarts Library



Above: Kristina.

The biography:

At Stockholm, on her fifteenth birthday [sic], December 8th, 1644, the States formally invested Christina with the royal authority, consulting her own preference and following ancient custom in addressing her as Rex Suediæ, "King of Sweden." Surrounded by her great officers of State and the members of the Senate, she took her seat on a throne of silver, and addressed the assembled deputies in dignified and well-chosen words. After receiving their oaths of allegiance, she promised that she would always show due consideration for the Council, would not govern without consulting them, nor resent any advice they might deem it their duty to offer. It is but just to admit that the young sovereign assumed her solemn duties with a sincere desire to discharge them faithfully, and for the welfare of her subjects; and that she laboured early and late in their conscientious performance. Almost her first important act was to take steps to bring about peace in the northern countries. She entered into negotiations with Christian of Denmark, and insisted upon modifying the severe terms which her Ministers wished to exact. It was mainly through this wise moderation on her part that the treaty of Bromsdero [sic] was signed in August, 1645; which, if it did not concede all that Oxenstiern would have asked, was exceedingly favourable to Sweden, and made a large addition to her territories. This action on the part of a girl of sixteen [sic] is interesting in many ways, and illustrates the soundness of her judgment as well as the force of her character.

She was still pursuing her studies with assiduity and success. Her command of languages was not inferior to our own Elizabeth's. She spoke Latin, French, German, Dutch, and was able to read Greek. Her acquaintance with patristic literature was extensive and sound; she had read and reflected upon the writings of Augustine, Ambrose, Cyprian, Tertullian, and Gregory Nazienzen. She encouraged the scholars of France, Italy, and Holland to visit her court; entertained them hospitably; and listened to them with charming deference. Every Thursday she held a kind of conversazione, or "at home", at which she heartily welcomed everybody who had any pretension to wit or learning. Fools or bores found no encouragement from the intelligent and vivacious Queen. To gain time for her scholastic pursuits[,] she rose at four in the morning, and devoted to them the first hours of day. She was then free to attend to affairs of State. Over the deliberations of the Council she presided with easy dignity, listening carefully to everything that was advanced, discussing the most difficult questions with wonderful quickness of comprehension, and bringing ministers round to her own opinion by sheer force of argument. With all her respect for her great Chancellor, she refused to yield her judgment to his authority, when she considered him ill-advised.

It is politic, perhaps, in sovereigns to treat men of letters with courtesy, as the compliments they receive in return are of a more permanent character than the panegyrics of courtiers or the acclamations of crowds. Posterity can hardly help to regard with favour the young Queen whom the great astronomer Gassendi praised as having fulfilled Plato's wish that kings should philosophise or that philosophers should reign ("Votum celebre fuit Platonis, ut ad regni felicitatem, aut reges philosopharentur, hoc est sapientiæ studiosi forent, aut philosophi, seu qui forent sapientiæ studiosi, regnarent"). Vossius declared that she began to understand Greek in a shorter time than most people took to learn the alphabet. Heinsius professed to think that the first happiness of his life arose from the accident that he had been born in the same age with this queen of queens; the second was that he had known her; and the third that he had enjoyed some portion of her favour. As for Bochart, he compared her to Solomon's Queen of Sheba, much to the latter's disadvantage; for, while the southern queen went in search of wisdom, wise men went to the northern queen to find it embodied in her.

"Illa docenda suis Salomonem invisit ab oris,
Undique ad hanc docti, quo doceantur, eunt."

And, lastly, even the illustrious Pascal ranked himself among her admirers: — "Your genius, incomparable sovereign, captivates all those who have not submitted to your arms. For my part, not having had the felicity to be born under the first of your empires, I would have the whole world know that I esteem it my glory to live under the second."

Friday, July 25, 2025

Knut Hagberg's biography of Kristina, part 1

Sources:

Av Vasarnas ätt, pages 117 to 128, by Knut Hagberg, 1929; original at the University of Wisconsin - Madison


Christine de Suède: Un roi exceptionnel, page 114, by Bernard Quilliet, 1982

The biography:

KRISTINA.
Förtjänsten är mera värd än tronerna, konstaterade Kristina på äldre dagar. Hon hade för övrigt alltid hyst denna uppfattning; liksom de flesta 1600-talsmänniskor i teorien, var även hon en moralist. Hennes fader kunde ha fällt samma yttrande. Men det finns en betydelsefull skillnad mellan Gustav II Adolfs och Kristinas sätt att fatta begreppet dygd. För Gustav Adolf hade den gudomliga plikten sammanfallit med den patriotiska; som de största av detta århundrades ledande protestanter menade han, att det trogna och raska fullgörandet av dagens praktiska bestyr var den bästa gudstjänsten, att Martas bekymmer icke behövde utestänga människan från delaktighet i Marias lott. Kristina hade aldrig samma styrkande tro på denna världens vikt och betydelse. »Vår sanna ära och lycka», skrev hon en gång, »beror blott på vårt livs sista ögonblick; allt det andra glider undan som en rök, vilken förflyktigas och bortföres av vinden; men det är i det sista, förskräckliga eller lyckliga ögonblicket, som Gud låter oss känna det vi äro och skola vara för evig tid, ansikte mot ansikte med hela universum och Gud själv.» Satsen har fått en katolsk formulering, men dess innehåll kunde i andra ord uttryckts av Kristina, redan innan hon blev katolik. Den dygd, varom den unga drottningen på Stockholms slott vinnlade sig, var icke gärningens utan sinnelagets, icke regentens utan filosofens; hon hörde till dem, som främst vilja räkna sig till godo icke vad de verka utan vad de äro. Ne mi basta, ne mi bisogna, står det graverat runt jordglob på en över Kristina slagen medalj; vill man förstå henne, måste man komma ihåg, att denna stolta devis är absolut allvarligt menad.

Med en hänvisning till hennes kön ansåg sig en av innehavarna av S:t Petri nycklar hava karakteriserat henne till fyllest: è donna. Själv menade Kristina, att skillnaden mellan könen hade betydelse endast i fråga om det oväsentliga, det tillfälliga; det andliga, det bestående, det själsliga, var oberoende av det fysiska. Innocentius XI och drottningen hade väl båda rätt, var på sitt sätt. Det avgörande hos en sådan människa som Kristina är till slut givetvis viljan och principerna; hennes tankar förklara hennes liv bättre än hennes nerver. Men ingen människa är enbart karaktär; mer eller mindre bestämmes man också av sitt temperament, och därav ägde Kristina nog och över nog. Egentligen kan man rätt uppskatta hennes styrka först när man fått blicken öppen för hur mycket hon hade att kämpa mot. Om hon blott endels lyckades realisera sitt klassiska dygdeideal, berodde det icke därpå, att hon ej omfattade det med tillräckligt allvar, men omständigheterna, hennes kön, rasen, miljön och momentet, voro alla lika många hinder, som hon hade att övervinna för att bliva den hon ville vara. Hon kunde säga, att jorden icke brydde henne; det var svårare att göra sig fri från ett patologiskt arv, från en förvänd fostrans alla psykiska konsekvenser.

Redan i den stund hon föddes, blev det beslutat, att hon skulle bliva något annat än hon av naturen var danad till; Gustav Adolf förordnade, att hans dotter skulle fostras till man. Man hade under 1600-talet icke samma respekt för naturen som senare; man menade, att den skulle tuktas och tvingas; men aldrig har man tagit mindre hänsyn till medfödda anlag, till fysiska fakta än i fråga om Kristinas edukation. Hon skrev i sin självbiografi, att det var genom Guds nåd hon »gjorde framsteg i studier och idrotter, som överstego min ålders och mitt köns förmåga». Det kan ifrågasättas, om det egentligen var något att tacka Gud för. Den innestängda flickan med sina lärda folianter var varken frisk eller lycklig. Man kan bära våld på naturen intill en viss gräns, men överskrides den, hämnar sig den tvingade. Man kan bland annat icke ostraffat göra en kvinna till en man.

Det fysiska tvånget motsvarades av en lika skadlig suverän självhävdelse på det andliga området. När Gustav Adolf dog, fanns det ingen, som den lilla flickan kunde betrakta som på något sätt auktoritativ, som hon kunde böja sig för och rätta sig efter. För sin hysteriska mor hade hon intet annat till övers än kallt förakt. De övriga voro bugande undersåtar. Hennes, hennes egendom var det väldiga riket, hennes och endast hennes ära var det, som de segrande svenska arméerna befordrade. Än betydelsefullare var, att hon icke utan en viss rätt kunde säga sig, att hon verkligen förstod allting bättre än andra. Lätt och lekande bemästrade hon de svårlästa skrifterna, de många främmande språken; ingenstädes prövade hon något motstånd. Hennes groteska högmod, som slagit samtid och eftervärld med häpnad, var en naturlig, nödvändig följd av omständigheterna. Det visar kanske snarast besinning, att hon nöjde sig med att hålla Gud för en förtrolig, förståndig vän; ett svagare huvud hade blivit alldeles omtöcknat i samma predikament. Hon var mera begåvad än någon hon mötte, ingen ville bestrida det, ingen vågade bestrida det. Hon var dessutom suverän. I tidigare upplagor av hennes aforismer kan man få läsa satsen: »Furstarna inbilla sig hava suverän rätt över alla som äro dem underordnade.» Det finns ju intet häri som verkar anstötligt; olyckligtvis har emellertid aforismen i originalet en annan lydelse: »Furstarna äga suverän rätt över alla som äro dem underordnade.» Det var något varom Kristina var fullkomligt viss. Det var för henne så självklart, som att 2 och 2 gör 4. Vad man nu än menar om denna doktrins moraliska och politiska betydelse, så är det väl sannolikt, att den rent psykologiskt är en smula skadlig för en ung drottning. Har man lärt sig att betrakta staterna som kungliga leksaker, är det fara värt, att man ibland blir en aning oförsiktig i sitt handlingssätt. Det finns en rad av Kristinas handlingar, som bli förklarliga, ja nödvändiga, om man granskar dem ur denna synpunkt.

Från sin fader hade hon fått geniet; bakom flera av hennes lynnesdrag kan man spåra de äldre Vasarna. Hos den nervösa, intellektuellt överkultiverade kvinnan fanns det något robust, något öppet och kraftigt, som närmast för tanken till Gustav Vasa. Hon hade hans förkärlek för de grova orden, hans slagfärdiga kvickhet, hans intensiva ärlighet. I sin teoretiska iver påminner hon om Johan III, i sin ursinniga häftighet om Karl IX. I sin självbiografi har hon en passus, vilken är den yppersta sammanfattade karakteristik av Vasalynnet: »Jag var misstrogen, misstänksam, därtill ärelysten ända till ytterlighet. Jag var häftig och uppbrusande, övermodig och otålig, överlägsen och fallen för gyckel. Och dessa fel, i stället för att minskas med åren och levnadsödena, hava tilltagit i så hög grad, att de ha starkt övertygat mig om, att de härflyta ur min personlighet och icke ur mina levnadsomständigheter; och, vilket är mycket besynnerligt, jag har livligare och starkare haft känning av dem i motgången än i medgången. Ty det ser ut, som om lugnet i lyckans dagar nedtystar och söver på något sätt de vilda djuren, under det att tvärtom motgången retar och väcker upp dem. Jag vet väl, att jag kan dölja mina fel när jag vill. Men jag vet icke, om jag någonsin har allvarligt bemödat mig om att helt och hållet kuva dem.» Dessa äro de starkas fel, och sådana voro de, Vasarna. Men Kristinas ärvda egenheter komplicerade ytterligare genom omständigheterna; för att förstå det måste man beröra en ömtålig fråga, som är av stor vikt för de flesta män och av ännu större för kvinnor, den s*xuella.

Det finns hos Kristina en egendomlig motsägelse i ställningen till vad som har att göra med könslivet. Hon var mycket road av slippriga historier; man behöver endast erinra om, hur hon vid Salmasius' sjukbädd tvingade den vackra fröken Sparre att läsa högt ur en smutsig bok, som tillhörde den lärde libertinen. Samtidigt hyste hon en intensiv aversion för alla de med födelsen sammanhängande fysiologiska processerna; hon kunde icke tåla att se en kvinna i grossess och var alltid utomordentligt noga med, att hennes omgivning skulle i henne städse se den jungfruliga amazonen. I sin biografi bekänner hon: »Jag skulle utan tvivel hava gift mig, om jag icke hos mig känt styrkan att kunna avstå från kärlekens njutningar.» Det kan sättas i fråga, om icke Kristina har tagit miste på sig själv. Vad som hindrade henne från äktenskap var icke styrkan att avstå från kärleken; hon saknade styrkan att pröva den.

Hon var icke känslolös, långt därifrån; barndomsåren vänskap med Karl Gustav stod förälskelsen nära; förhållandet till gunstlingarna, till De la Gardie och Tott, var obestridligen er*tiskt betonat; hennes brev till Azzolini tala om djup lidelse. Men det var något som stod i vägen. Den monumentala, den gränslösa stoltheten, den manliga självhävdelsen, härsklystnaden och högfärden släppte aldrig taget om Kristina. Men det är nu en gång så, att om kärleken för en man är en erövring, så är det alltid för en kvinna hängivelse. Kristina hade Vasarnas begär att äga, men att ägas... Och att ägas är det fundamentala faktum i varje kvinnas »plaisirs de l'amour». Men Kristina kunde icke böja sig för någon annan än Gud, och icke ens för honom djupare än nödvändigt.

Hundra år före Kristina levde i ett annat land en snillrik drottning, som var ställd inför samma svårigheter. Med sin obscenitet, sina gunstlingar, sina tallösa äktenskapsprojekt höll Englands jungfrudrottning ända in i sin höga ålderdom sin omgivning i spänning och förundran; hon lekte med kärleken, fängslad, road, men det sista, det avgörande steget vågade, kunde hon icke taga; hon var för stolt, för hög och — kanske delvis i följd därav — även för rädd. Man har undrat över Elisabeths svaghet för den vackre, tomme, dumme Leicester. Kristina visade samma excentricitet. Sedan hon upptäckt, att den tjocke och praktiske Karl Gustav var för litet attraktiv, kom De la Gardies, vars företräden voro tämligen uteslutande av yttre art. När han sedan visade sig sakna den egenskap, som varje kvinna dock alltid först och främst kräver av individer av motsatt kön, nämligen manlighet, slösade hon sin gunst på Tott, en stor, vacker, dum och bråkig pojke. Det har ofta blivit anmärkt, att mycket intelligenta män ha utpräglad faiblesse för söta flickor med tomma huvuden. När Kristina lekte med Tott, kan man då göra en liknande anmärkning? Eller fick kanske också, medvetet eller omedvetet, en annan känsla uttryck i förhållandet till dessa gunstlingar; tog kvinnan, som aldrig upphörde att sörja över att hon ej var man, hämnd på det kön, hon föredrog och skydde, när hon, suveränen, mellan viktigare bestyr, regeringsbekymmer och studiemödor, roade sig med att leka med den virila skönhetens representanter? Kunde hon tydligare, allt medan hon smått gav efter för naturens krav, hävda sin frihet, sin överlägsenhet?

En invändning ligger nära till hands: i Kristinas brev till Azzolino talar en kvinna, som givit sig helt hän åt sin känsla, som låtit sin stolthet fara, som förödmjukats och böjts i stoftet, som utan att tveka bekänner en kärlek, vilken aldrig blivit i samma grad besvarad. Men är ej genom en hänvisning till den romerske kardinalens ämbete invändningen besvarad? Den lysande prelaten hade i Kristinas ögon alla förtjänster, alla utom den, för vars skull hon kände sig road av Tott. Hängivelsen till Azzolino behövde icke innebära det som hon ej kunde förmå sig till. Hon hade värjt sin frihet genom en övermodig, nyckfull lek med välskapade män; kardinal Azzolino tillhörde det andliga ståndet, och inför honom, inför honom ensam, vågade hon vara kvinna. Engardeställningen var icke längre nödvändig. Lidelsen kunde få utlopp utan förödmjukande fysiska följder.

Den förträfflige och sunde Johan Ekeblad, vars brev giva så gott besked om livet i Kristinas Stockholm, upphörde icke att förundras över sin drottnings besynnerliga oro; än var hon melankolisk, än bullersam, än fick hon den idén att fara kring på nätterna, gata upp, gata ned. Förvisso var den nervösa kvinnan bra gåtfull för hederliga svenska adelsjunkrar, krigsherrar och krigsråd. De undrade och beundrade. Med samma febrila iver diskuterade hon i rådet, debatterade filosofiska problem med de lärde, dansade och red. Hon kunde nästan allt, blott icke sitta stilla. Den ständiga, aldrig stillade oron var det pris hon betalade för sitt fria oberoende av naturens många krav.

Hon ville vara och hade även förutsättningar för att bliva en god regent. Vad som brast henne var den ihärdighet, som endast lugnet kan skänka. I den engelske ambassadören Whitelockes uppteckningar av sin konversation med drottningen märker man, hur svårt Kristina har för att hålla sig till ett ämne; hon avbryter, kastar om, tar itu med något nytt. Hennes allomfattande kunskaper, hennes klara och skarpa blick fingo aldrig den betydelse för vårt statsliv, de kunde ha fått. Hon var ingen yrkesmänniska; hon var bara människa. I ett brev till Azzolino skriver hon en gång, att pengar och hälsa äro till för att depenseras: dinero y salud para gastarlos, lyder det spanska ordspråk, hon gillande anför. Det är visserligen en människovärdig maxim, men praktiserad av den regerande drottningen fick den betänkliga konsekvenser. En viss köld för det folk, över vilket hon var satt att härska, bidrog ej heller till att entusiasmera henne för regeringsuppgifterna. När bondeståndets talman vid hennes tronavsägelse trohjärtat gav uttryck åt sin rörelse, karakteriserades det av Kristina hånfullt som clowneri. Med Cromwell och kejsaren sökte hon intrigera mot svenska statsintressen; med hennes uppfattning om förhållandet mellan folk och suverän var det väl icke så moraliskt fördömligt, men det får nog anses vittna om någon hårdhet. Hon anför i sin självbiografi, att hon aldrig dödat ett djur utan att ha känt en djup medkänsla med det; hon har rätt däri, att grymhet var hennes natur främmande, men till människor sträckte sig icke medkänslan. Förhållandena hade isolerat henne, gjort henne asocial.

Komplicerat, vint och krokigt ter sig mycket i Kristinas väsen. Och likväl är hennes karaktär sällsynt rak och fast. Hennes böjelser voro besynnerliga, men hennes tankar voro rena och räta. Motsägelsen låter sig förklara. Ty medan Kristina bland människor och i livets alla olika förhållanden gick egendomliga genvägar och krokvägar, fullföljde hon hela tiden utan att förtröttas en annan linje. Vänskap och gunstlingskap och hat och förakt, lek och regemente voro en sak, och trots allt för henne av underordnad betydelse i jämförelse med det viktigaste och nödvändigaste: forskandet efter sanningens och dygdens natur.

För oss moderna människor låter det kanske litet pretentiöst och excentriskt, när Kristina i självbiografien frambär denna tacksägelse till Gud: »Du ensam förlänar detta läraktiga hjärta och denna goda själ, varav en av dina gunstlingar (Salomo) berömmer sig så mycket. Din godhet, Herre, skänkte mig denna oförlikneliga gåva med en frikostighet, värdig dig. Mitt hjärta blev läraktigt. Det blev ädelt och storsint, alltsedan det lärde känna sig självt. Du inneslöt däri en själ av samma slag, du gav den ett omättligt begär till sanning, dygd och ära. Jag känner också i mig lika glödande och levande alla de ädla och värdiga känslor, som du ingav den visaste av människor, den störste av konungar, och som hans penna fordom med så mycket patos gav uttryck åt.» Detta Kristinas tack till Vår Herre för att han gjort henne till Salomos själsfrände är icke endast skrytfri uppriktighet; strängt taget är det icke heller alldeles obefogat. Ty för Kristina har det aldrig rått minsta tvivel därom, att guld och pärlor äro ringa emot visdom.

English translation (my own):

KRISTINA.
Merit is worth more than thrones, Kristina observed in her older days. She had always held this view, by the way; like most 17th-century people in theory, she was also a moralist. Her father might have made the same statement. But there is an important difference between Gustav Adolf's and Kristina's understanding of the concept of virtue. For Gustav Adolf, divine duty had coincided with patriotic duty; like the greatest of the leading Protestants of this century, he believed that the faithful and prompt fulfillment of the practical affairs of the day was the best service to God, that Martha's worries need not exclude man from sharing in Mary's lot.

Kristina never had the same strengthening faith in the weight and significance of this world. "Our true honour and happiness", she once wrote, "depend only on the last moment of our life; all else slips away like smoke, which is evaporated and carried away by the wind; but it is in the last terrible or happy moment that God lets us know what we are and will be for eternity, face to face with the whole universe and God Himself."

The sentence has been given a Catholic formulation, but its content could have been expressed in other words by Kristina, even before she became a Catholic. The virtue that the young Queen at Stockholm Castle strived for was not that of deeds, but of disposition, not that of the ruler, but of the philosopher; she belonged to those who primarily want to be credited not with what they do but with what they are. Nè mi basta, nè mi bisogna, is engraved around the globe on a medal struck over Kristina; if one wants to understand her, one must remember that this proud motto is absolutely seriously meant.

With reference to her sex, one of the holders of the keys of St. Peter considered himself to have characterised her perfectly: è donna. Kristina herself believed that the difference between the sexes had significance only in matters of the inessential, the temporary; the spiritual, the permanent, the spiritual, was independent of the physical. Innocent XI and the Queen were both right, in their own way. The decisive thing in a person like Kristina is ultimately, of course, the will and the principles; her thoughts explain her life better than her nerves.

But no person is just character; more or less one is also determined by one's temperament, and Kristina had more than enough of that. Really, one can only properly appreciate her strength when one has opened one's eyes to how much she had to fight against. If she only partially succeeded in realising her classical ideal of virtue, it was not because she did not embrace it with sufficient seriousness, but the circumstances, her sex, her race, her environment, and her time were all as many obstacles that she had to overcome in order to become what she wanted to be. She could say that the Earth did not care for her; it was more difficult to free herself from a pathological inheritance, from all the psychic consequences of a perverted upbringing.

From the moment she was born, it was decided that she would become something other than what she was made to be by nature; Gustav Adolf decreed that his daughter should be raised as a man. During the 17th century, people did not have the same respect for nature as later; they believed that it should be disciplined and forced; but never has less consideration been given to innate abilities, to physical facts than in the case of Kristina's education. She wrote in her autobiography that it was through the grace of God that she "made progress in studies and sports that exceeded the capacity of my age and my sex".

It can be questioned whether there was really anything to thank God for. The confined girl with her learned folios was neither healthy nor happy. One can subject nature to force up to a certain limit, but if it is exceeded, the forced one takes revenge. Among other things, one cannot turn a woman into a man with impunity.

The physical compulsion was matched by an equally harmful sovereign self-assertion in the spiritual realm. When Gustav Adolf died, there was no one whom the little girl could regard as in any way authoritative, to whom she could bow and obey. For her hysterical mother she had nothing left but cold contempt. The others were bowing subjects. Hers, her property was the vast kingdom, hers and hers alone was the glory that the victorious Swedish armies promoted.

Even more significant was that she could not without a certain right say that she really understood everything better than others. She easily and playfully mastered the difficult writings, the many foreign languages; nowhere did she try any resistance. Her grotesque pride, which has struck contemporaries and posterity with astonishment, was a natural, necessary consequence of the circumstances. It, perhaps, rather shows restraint that she was content to consider God a confidential, intelligent friend; a weaker head would have been completely bewildered in the same predicament.

She was more talented than anyone she met, no one wanted to dispute it, no one dared to dispute it. She was sovereign, moreover. In earlier editions of her aphorisms one can read the sentence: "Princes imagine that they have sovereign rights over all who are subordinate to them". There is nothing in this that seems offensive; unfortunately, however, the aphorism in the original has a different wording: "Princes have sovereign rights over all who are subordinate to them".

It was something of which Kristina was perfectly certain. It was as obvious to her as 2 and 2 make 4. Whatever one may think of the moral and political significance of this doctrine, it is quite probable that it is psychologically a little harmful to a young queen. If one has learned to regard states as royal playthings, it is worth the risk of sometimes becoming a little careless in one's conduct. There are a number of Kristina's actions that become explainable, even necessary, if one examines them from this point of view.

She had inherited her genius from her father; behind several of her temperamental traits one can trace the older Vasas. In the nervous, intellectually over-cultivated woman there was something robust, something open and forceful, which most closely brings to mind Gustav Vasa. She had his fondness for coarse words, his sharp wit, his intense honesty. In her theoretical zeal she resembles Johan III, in her furious vehemence Karl IX. In her autobiography she has a passage which is the supremely summarised characteristic of the Vasa temperament:

"I was distrustful, suspicious and ambitious to the extreme. I was impetuous and ebullient, overconfident and impatient, superior and prone to jesting. And these faults, instead of diminishing with the years and the destinies of life, have increased to such a degree that they have strongly persuaded me that they flow from my personality and not from my circumstances of life; and, which is very strange, I have felt them more vividly and strongly in adversity than in prosperity. For it seems as if the calm of days of happiness somehow silences and lulls the wild animals, while, on the contrary, adversity irritates and awakens them. I know well that I can hide my faults when I want. But I do not know if I have ever seriously endeavoured to completely subdue them."

These are the faults of the strong, and such they were, the Vasas. But Kristina's inherited peculiarities were further complicated by circumstances; to understand this one must touch on a delicate question, which is of great importance to most men and of even greater importance to women, the s*xual one.

There is a strange contradiction in Kristina's attitude toward matters of her s*xual life. She was greatly amused by salacious stories; one need only recall how, at Saumaise's sickbed, she forced the beautiful Lady Sparre to read aloud from a dirty book belonging to the learned libertine. At the same time, she harboured an intense aversion to all the physiological processes connected with birth; she could not bear to see a woman pregnant and was always extremely careful that those around her would always see in her the virginal Amazon. In her biography she confesses: "I would undoubtedly have married if I had not felt the strength within me to be able to abstain from the pleasures of love".

It can be questioned whether Kristina has not mistaken herself. What prevented her from marriage was not the strength to abstain from love; she lacked the strength to try it.

She was not emotionless, far from it; her childhood friendship with Karl Gustav was close to infatuation; her relationship with her favourites, with de la Gardie and Tott, was undeniably er*tically emphasised; her letters to Azzolino speak of deep passion. But there was something standing in the way. The monumental, the boundless pride, the masculine self-assertion, the lust for power and the haughtiness never let go of Kristina. But it is now the case that if love for a man is a conquest, then for a woman it is always devotion. Kristina had the Vasas' desire to possess, but to be possessed... And to be possessed is the fundamental fact in every woman's "plaisirs de l'amour". But Kristina could not bow to anyone other than God, and not even to Him more deeply than necessary.

A hundred years before Kristina, there lived in another country a brilliant queen who was faced with the same difficulties. With her obscenity, her favourites, her countless marriage projects, the Virgin Queen of England kept the people around her in suspense and wonder until her old age; she played with love, captivated, amused, but she could not take the last, the decisive step; she was too proud, too high and — perhaps partly as a result of this — also too afraid.

People have wondered about Elizabeth's weakness for the beautiful, empty, stupid Leicester. Kristina showed the same eccentricity. After she discovered that the fat and practical Karl Gustav was not very attractive, de la Gardie came, whose advantages were rather exclusively of an external nature. When he then proved to lack the quality that every woman always first and foremost demands from individuals of the opposite sex, namely masculinity, she wasted her favour on Tott, a big, handsome, stupid and rowdy boy.

It has often been remarked that very intelligent men have a marked weakness for pretty girls with empty heads. When Kristina played with Tott, can a similar remark be made? Or perhaps another feeling was also expressed, consciously or unconsciously, in relation to these favourites; did the woman who never ceased to grieve that she was not a man take revenge on the sex she preferred and avoided when she, the sovereign, between more important affairs, government concerns and the toils of study, amused herself by playing with the representatives of virile beauty? Could she more clearly, all the while yielding little by little to the demands of nature, assert her freedom, her superiority?

An objection is at hand: in Kristina's letters to Azzolino, a woman speaks who has given herself over completely to her feelings, who has let go of her pride, who has been humiliated and bowed in the dust, who without hesitation confesses a love which has never been reciprocated to the same degree. But is not the objection answered by a reference to the office of the Roman cardinal? In Kristina's eyes, the brilliant prelate had all the merits, all except the one for whose sake she felt amused by Tott. Her devotion to Azzolino did not have to involve what she could not bring herself to do. She had defended her freedom by a presumptuous, capricious game with well-made men; Cardinal Azzolino belonged to the spiritual estate, and before him, before him alone, she dared to be a woman. The en garde position was no longer necessary. Her passion could find an outlet without humiliating physical consequences.

The excellent and sound Johan Ekeblad, whose letters give such a good account of life in Kristina's Stockholm, never ceased to be amazed at his Queen's peculiar restlessness; now she was melancholy, now noisy, now she had the idea to wander around at night, up and down the streets. Certainly the nervous woman was quite a mystery to honourable Swedish nobles, warlords and councilmen of war. They wondered and admired. With the same feverish zeal she discussed in Council, debated philosophical problems with the learned, danced and rode. She could do almost everything, just not sit still. The constant, never-stilled restlessness was the price she paid for her free independence from the many demands of nature.

She wanted to be, and also had the potential to become, a good ruler. What broke her was the perseverance that only calm can bestow. In the English ambassador Whitelocke's notes of his conversation with the Queen, one notices how difficult it is for Kristina to stay on one topic; she interrupts, changes direction, and starts something new. Her comprehensive knowledge, her clear and sharp gaze never had the significance for our state life that they could have had. She was not a professional person; she was just a human being.

In a letter to Azzolino, she once writes that money and health are meant to be spent: dinero y salud para gastarlos, as the Spanish proverb goes, which she quotes with approval. It is certainly a humane maxim, but when practiced by the reigning Queen, it had questionable consequences. A certain coldness towards the people over whom she was appointed to rule did not contribute to her enthusiasm for the tasks of government.

When the speaker of the peasantry at her abdication sincerely expressed his movement, Kristina mockingly characterised it as clownery. With Cromwell and the Emperor she sought to intrigue against Swedish state interests; with her view of the relationship between people and sovereign it was not so morally reprehensible, but it must probably be considered evidence of some harshness. She states in her autobiography that she never killed an animal without having felt a deep compassion for it; she is right in saying that cruelty was foreign to her nature, but that compassion did not extend to people. The circumstances had isolated her, made her asocial.

Much appears complicated, twisted and crooked in Kristina's nature. And yet her character is unusually straight and firm. Her inclinations were peculiar, but her thoughts were pure and straight. The contradiction can be explained. For, while Kristina took peculiar shortcuts and detours among people and in all the different circumstances of life, she constantly pursued another line without tiring. Friendship and favouritism and hatred and contempt, play and regiment were one thing, and, in spite of everything, they were for her of subordinate importance in comparison with the most important and necessary thing: the research into the nature of truth and virtue.

For us modern people it may sound a little pretentious and eccentric when Kristina offers this thanks to God in her autobiography:

"You alone bestow this teachable heart and this good soul, of which one of Your favourites (Solomon) boasts so much. Your goodness, Lord, bestowed this incomparable gift on me with a generosity worthy of You. My heart became teachable. It became noble and magnanimous, ever since it learned to know itself. You enclosed within it a soul of the same kind, You gave it an insatiable desire for truth, virtue and honour. I also feel within me just as ardent and alive all the noble and worthy feelings that You inspired in the wisest of men, the greatest of kings, and which his pen of old expressed with so much pathos."

This thanks from Kristina to Our Lord for making her Solomon's kindred spirit is not only unostentatious sincerity; strictly speaking, it is not entirely unjustified. Because for Kristina, there was never the slightest doubt that gold and pearls are of little value compared to wisdom.



Above: Kristina.

Note: Hagberg uses the word "asocial" in its colloquial and proscribed sense of antisocial, — antagonistic, hostile or unfriendly to society or people, or unwilling or unable to cooperate and associate normally with other people, — when the true meaning of the word "asocial" is unsociable, shy or introverted (and Kristina, most of the time, was none of those three things). This takes on new or further weight and significance in hindsight with the theory that Kristina might have been autistic, since autistic people are often colloquially and wrongly described as "antisocial" or "asocial" in the sense(s) with negative connotations. Hagberg's note on Kristina constantly switching topics during her conversations with Whitelocke also leans towards evidence for the autism theory.

Monday, June 30, 2025

Lyndon Orr on Kristina and Monaldeschi, year 1914, part 2

Source:

Famous Affinities of History, pages 78 to 82, by Lyndon Orr, 1914; original at the University of Virginia


The account:

When her eighteenth year arrived, the demand for her coronation was impossible to resist. All Sweden wished to see a ruling queen, who might marry and have children to succeed her through the royal line of her great father. Christina consented to be crowned, but she absolutely refused all thought of marriage. She had more suitors from all parts of Europe than even Elizabeth of England; but, unlike Elizabeth, she did not dally with them, give them false hopes, or use them for the political advantage of her kingdom.

At that time Sweden was stronger than England, and was so situated as to be independent of alliances. So Christina said, in her harsh, peremptory voice:

"I shall never marry; and why should you speak of my having children? I am just as likely to give birth to a Nero as to an Augustus."

Having assumed the throne, she ruled with a strictness of government such as Sweden had not known before. She took the reins of state into her own hands and carried out a foreign policy of her own, over the heads of her ministers, and even against the wishes of her people. The fighting upon the Continent had dragged out to a weary length, but the Swedes, on the whole, had scored a marked advantage. For this reason the war was popular, and every one wished it to go on; but Christina, of her own will, decided that it must stop, that mere glory was not to be considered against material advantages. Sweden had had enough of glory; she must now look to her enrichment and prosperity through the channels of peace.

Therefore, in 1648, against Oxenstierna, against her generals, and against her people, she exercised her royal power and brought the Thirty Years' War to an end by the so-called Peace of Westphalia. At this time she was twenty-two [sic], and by her personal influence she had ended one of the greatest struggles of history. Nor had she done it to her country's loss. Denmark yielded up rich provinces, while Germany was compelled to grant Sweden membership in the German diet.

Then came a period of immense prosperity through commerce, through economies in government, through the improvement of agriculture and the opening of mines. This girl queen, without intrigue, without descending from her native nobility to peep and whisper with shady diplomats, showed herself in reality a great monarch, a true Semiramis of the north, more worthy of respect and reverence than Elizabeth of England. She was highly trained in many arts. She was fond of study, spoke Latin fluently, and could argue with Salmasius, Descartes, and other accomplished scholars without showing any inferiority to them.

She gathered at her court distinguished persons from all countries. She repelled those who sought her hand, and she was pure and truthful and worthy of all men's admiration. Had she died at this time history would rank her with the greatest of women sovereigns. Naudé, the librarian of Cardinal Mazarin, wrote of her to the scientist Gassendi in these words:

"To say truth, I am sometimes afraid lest the common saying should be verified in her, that short is the life and rare the old age of those who surpass the common limits. Do not imagine that she is learned only in books, for she is equally so in painting, architecture, sculpture, medals, antiquities, and all curiosities. There is not a cunning workman in these arts but she has him fetched. There are as good workers in wax and in enamel, engravers, singers, players, dancers here as will be found anywhere.

She has a gallery of statues, bronze and marble, medals of gold, silver, and bronze, pieces of ivory, amber, coral, worked crystal, steel mirrors, clocks and tables, bas-reliefs and other things of the kind; richer I have never seen even in Italy; finally, a great quantity of pictures. In short, her mind is open to all impressions."

But after she began to make her court a sort of home for art and letters[,] it ceased to be the sort of court that Sweden was prepared for. Christina's subjects were still rude and lacking in accomplishments; therefore she had to summon men of genius from other countries, especially from France and Italy. Many of these were illustrious artists or scholars, but among them were also some who used their mental gifts for harm.

Among these latter was a French physician named Bourdelot — a man of keen intellect, of winning manners, and of a profound cynicism, which was not apparent on the surface, but the effect of which was lasting. To Bourdelot we must chiefly ascribe the mysterious change which gradually came over Queen Christina. With his associates he taught her a distaste for the simple and healthy life that she had been accustomed to lead. She ceased to think of the welfare of the state and began to look down with scorn upon her unsophisticated Swedes. Foreign luxury displayed itself at Stockholm, and her palaces overflowed with beautiful things.

By subtle means Bourdelot undermined her principles. Having been a Stoic, she now became an Epicurean. She was by nature devoid of sentiment. She would not spend her time in the niceties of love-making, as did Elizabeth; but beneath the surface she had a sort of tigerish, passionate nature, which would break forth at intervals, and which demanded satisfaction from a series of favourites. It is probable that Bourdelot was her first lover, but there were many others whose names are recorded in the annals of the time.

When she threw aside her virtue[,] Christina ceased to care about appearances. She squandered her revenues upon her favorites. What she retained of her former self was a carelessness that braved the opinion of her subjects. She dressed almost without thought, and it is said that she combed her hair not more than twice a month. She caroused with male companions to the scandal of her people, and she swore like a trooper whenever she was displeased.

Christina's philosophy of life appears to have been compounded of an almost brutal licentiousness, a strong love of power, and a strange, freakish longing for something new. Her political ambitions were checked by the rising discontent of her people, who began to look down upon her and to feel ashamed of her shame. Knowing herself as she did, she did not care to marry.

Yet Sweden must have an heir. Therefore she chose out her cousin Charles, declared that he was to be her successor, and finally caused him to be proclaimed as such before the assembled estates of the realm. She even had him crowned; and finally, in her twenty-eighth year [sic], she abdicated altogether and prepared to leave Sweden. When asked whither she would go, she replied in a Latin quotation:

"The Fates will show the way."

In her act of abdication she reserved to herself the revenues of some of the richest provinces in Sweden and absolute power over such of her subjects as should accompany her. They were to be her subjects until the end.


Above: Kristina.

Sunday, June 30, 2024

Excerpt and summary of Peder Vibe's letter to the government of Denmark in Copenhagen, dated November 3/13 (Old Style), 1640

Source:

Handlingar rörande Sverges historia, volume 1, page 82, published by Anders Fryxell, 1836
The letter summary:

... [Nyköping] den 3 November 1640. — Regeringen hade befallt, att man skulle läsa Elisabets historia för unga drottningen, för att visa henne ett godt exempel att följa; kanske ock för att ingifva henne obenägenhet för äktenskap. Kristina deremot tycktes under läsningen hämta benägenhet för envälde. ...

With modernised spelling:

... [Nyköping], den 3 november 1640. — Regeringen hade befallt, att man skulle läsa Elisabeths historia för unga drottningen, för att visa henne ett gott exempel att följa; kanske ock för att ingiva henne obenägenhet för äktenskap. Kristina däremot tycktes under läsningen hämta benägenhet för envälde. ...

English translation (my own):

... Nyköping, November 3, 1640. — The government had ordered that Elisabeth's history should be read to the young Queen, in order to show her a good example to follow; perhaps also to instill in her a disinclination for marriage. Kristina, on the other hand, seemed to develop an inclination towards autocracy during the reading. ...


Above: Kristina.


Above: Queen Elizabeth I of England, painted by an unknown artist of the English School after George Gower, between 1580 and 1620.


Above: Peder Vibe.

Tuesday, February 21, 2023

Johannes Matthiæ's diary report entry, year 1641

Source:

Mémoires concernant Christine, reine de Suède, volume 4, page 196, compiled and edited by Johan Arckenholtz, 1760


The diary entry:

Anno 1641. hæc tractata fuerunt. Commentaria C. Julii Cæsaris. Sex Comœdiæ Terentii. Politica Lipsii. Historia Elisabethæ Camdeni. Loci communes Brocmanni & Laurelii.

French translation (my own):

En 1641, ceux-ci ont été traités. Commentaires de Jules César. Six comédies de Terence. Politique de Lipse. L'histoire d'Elizabeth de Camden. Loci communes, par Brockmann et Laurelius.

Swedish translation (my own):

1641 behandlades dessa. Kommentarer av Julius Caesar. Sex komedier av Terentius. Politik av Lipsius. Camdens historia om Elizabeth. Loci communes, av Brockmann och Laurelius.

English translation (my own):

In 1641 these were treated. Commentaries of Julius Caesar. Six comedies by Terence. Politics by Lipsius. Camden's History of Elizabeth. Loci communes, by Brockmann and Laurelius.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Johannes Matthiæ.

Monday, May 27, 2019

The meeting of the virgin queens

Another "new" portrait:


Above: Kristina meets her other hero.

Source:


In this illustration, Kristina meets the other famous virgin queen, Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603). As a child, Kristina read a Latin-language biography of Elizabeth, who had lived recently enough that her life and reign were still in living memory when Kristina was young.