Showing posts with label Pope Innocent XI. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Pope Innocent XI. Show all posts

Friday, October 31, 2025

Corrado Ricci on Kristina's life in Italy, part 7

Sources:

Cristina di Svezia in Italia, article written by Corrado Ricci for Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti, volume 41 (125), pages 40 to 42, published by the Direction of Nuova antologia, 1892; original at the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek)


Roma, visioni e figure: con 29 illustrazioni, pages 156 to 158, by Corrado Ricci, 1925; original at Cornell University


Kristina's letter of July 19/29 (New Style), 1687 to the Papal treasurer Imperiali is here:


The article:

Tutti gli atti più energici compiuti da Innocenzo fino a questo momento parvero un nonnulla in confronto all'abolizione delle franchigie d'asilo nei palazzi delle Legazioni estere in Roma, dentro ai quali i peggiori arnesi potevano sfuggire alla legge e ai castighi. Il decreto fu seguìto dall'azione energica, e, in molti quartieri, si fece un largo repulisti di birbanti. Dapprima sembrò che Cristina accettasse la volontà del Papa, ma poi fece violentamente strappare agli sbirri un giovino truffatore che, fuggendo, era giunto ad attaccarsi ad una porta della rimessa di Cristina. Innocenzo ordinò, senza riguardi di sorta, che si formasse processo. Risultò la condanna a morte, affissa per la città, del capitano Landini e d'un valletto, amendue ai servizi della regina; la quale, montata sulle furie, prese la penna e scrisse a monsignor Imperiali, tesoriere papale, un biglietto che il Claretta chiama sconveniente e l'Arckenholtz grand et fameux: «Il vituperar voi ed il vostro padrone si chiama oggidì far giustizia nel vostro Tribunale. Io vi compatisco assai, ma molto più vi compatirò quando sarete cardinale. Intanto vi do parola che quelli, che voi avete condannato a morte, camperanno, se piace a Dio, un pezzo e se pure averanno da morire d'altra morte, che della naturale, non moriranno soli. Da Palazzo 24 luglio 1687 [sic].»

Il papa e l'Imperiali la lasciarono sbraitare a suo talento, ond'ella vie più inferocita chiamò a raccolta i suoi servi e volle che si dicessero pronti ad ubbidire ad ogni suo cenno ed a giurarle fedeltá. A cette proposition, tutti dal primo all'ultimo si gettarono ai piedi di lei, aïant les larmes aux yeux e dissero di voler versare dalla prima all'ultima goccia di sangue. Fatto questo, la regina uscì due volte per Roma con grande seguito e coi due condannati papali. Innocenzo replicò le minaccie e le consigliò a mutar Stato se non voleva mutar vita. Seguirono allora per parte di lei tentativi di sommissione; ma le risposte del papa furono sempre risolute e crude. In ciò l'astio di Cristina cresceva sempre, e, per rappresaglia riprendeva nelle sue grazie il marchese d'Ornano che, lei insciente, avea cercato di far male a monsignor Imperiali, come riceveva fra le sue braccia e nominava sua dama un'avvenente e facile marchesa sfuggita al monastero di San Francesco di Sales.

Così, in casa sua, cresceva il numero delle canaglie; così la sua corte diveniva un nido di banditi, i quali commettevano ratti, stupri e violenzi d'ogni sorta. — E bisogna veramente convenire che il Governo, pur dimostrando severità, faceva uso di una grande pazienza certo per non dimostrare che una regina, che si era convertita, era una mezza matta, irresponsabile degli atti suoi e giuocata da' suoi cortigiani e da indovine da strapazzo.

A proposito del decreto sulle franchigie d'asilo, tutta Roma era indignata contro il marchese di Lavardin, ambasciatore di Francia, che non voleva assoggettarsi agli ordini d'Innocenzo. Da questo suo diniego derivavano proibizioni di teatri e di feste cui i Romani tenevano molto. Manco a dirlo, Cristina credette bene di sostenere la parte del ribelle, propalando ovunque che il re di Francia non avrebbe potuto far scelta più bella. Si stabilirono quindi relazioni intimissime fra il Lavardin e Cristina e una serie di visite solennemente... in incognito con seguiti di sei o più carrozze e con sommo fastidio d'Innocenzo.

English translation (my own):

All the more energetic measures undertaken by Innocent up to this point seemed like nothing compared to the abolition of the franchises of asylum in the palazzi of the foreign Legations in Rome, where the most depraved could escape law and punishment. The decree was followed by energetic action, and in many quarters a widespread purge of scoundrels took place. At first, Kristina seemed to accept the Pope's will, but then she violently had the Sbirri rescue a young swindler who, while fleeing, had managed to cling to a door of Kristina's coach. Innocent ordered, without any regard whatsoever, a trial.

The result was the death sentence, posted throughout the city, of Captain Landini and a valet, both in the service of the Queen, who, in a rage, took up her pen and wrote to Monsignor Imperiali, the Papal treasurer, a note that Claretta calls improper and Arckenholtz grand et fameux [great and famous]:

"To vituperate you and your master is now called doing justice in your Tribunal. I pity you greatly, but I will pity you even more when you are a cardinal. In the meantime, I give you my word that those whom you have condemned to death will live, God willing, for a long time; and if they must die a death other than a natural one, they will not die alone. From the Palazzo, July 24, 1687 [sic]."

The Pope and Imperiali let her rant to her heart's content, whereupon she, growing even more furious, called together her servants and demanded that they declare themselves ready to obey her every command and swear fealty to her. A cette proposition [At this proposition], everyone, from first to last, threw themselves at her feet, aïant les larmes aux yeux [with tears in their eyes], and declared that they wanted to shed every drop of blood [for her].

This done, the Queen marched out twice through Rome with a large entourage and the two papal condemned. Innocent repeated his threats and advised her to change her state or change her life. Attempts at submission then followed on her part; but the Pope's responses were always resolute and cruel.

At this Kristina's hatred continued to grow, and in retaliation she regained her favour with the Marquis d'Ornano, who, unknowingly, had tried to harm Monsignor Imperiali, just as she welcomed into her arms and named as her lady a beautiful and easy marquise who had escaped from the monastery of San Francesco di Sales.

Thus the number of scoundrels in her house grew; thus her court became a nest of bandits, who committed abductions, r*pes and acts of violence of all kinds. — And it must truly be admitted that the Government, while demonstrating severity, certainly used great patience in not demonstrating that a queen who had converted was half mad, not responsible for her actions, and fooled by her courtiers and second-rate fortunetellers.

Regarding the decree on the franchises of asylum, all of Rome was outraged against the Marquis de Lavardin, the ambassador of France, who refused to submit to Innocent's orders. This refusal resulted in bans on theaters and feasts, which were very important to the Romans. Needless to say, Kristina thought it best to play the rebel, spreading the word everywhere that the King of France could not have made a better choice. Thus a very close relationship was established between Lavardin and Kristina, and a series of solemn visits were made... incognito, with entourages of six or more carriages, much to Innocent's annoyance.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pope Innocent XI.


Above: Corrado Ricci, painted by Ettore Tito in 1913.

Corrado Ricci on Kristina's life in Italy, part 6

Sources:

Cristina di Svezia in Italia, article written by Corrado Ricci for Nuova antologia di scienze, lettere ed arti, volume 41 (125), pages 38 to 40, published by the Direction of Nuova antologia, 1892; original at the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek)


Roma, visioni e figure: con 29 illustrazioni, pages 153 to 156, by Corrado Ricci, 1925; original at Cornell University


Kristina's letter of January 30/February 9 (New Style), 1669 to Galleazzo Marescotti, the Apostolic Nuncio to Poland, is here:


Her letter written sometime in either 1682 or 1687 (most likely the former) to Cardinal Decio Azzolino is here:


This letter from Azzolino to Cardinal Alderano Cybo, written January 1/11 (New Style), 1683 strongly suggests the former year:


The article:

Il suo ritorno in Roma fu solennizzato dal nuovo papa con tutta cordialità. Fece sparare l'artiglieria e mandò a Cristina ogni sorta di leccornie per cento servitori seguìti da sessanta palafrenieri con torcie accese. Sorpresa di così bel principio, essa sollecitò ed ottenne da Clemente alcuni privilegi di cerimoniale invano richiesti sotto Alessandro. In carnevale potè anche, senza tanti scrupoli, spassarsela in commedie e conversazioni.

Delle relazioni di Cristina con la Polonia e della proposta mossa da Roma ai Polacchi perchè l'accettassero per regina, già scrisse Arvède Barine. Dopochè Casimiro Giovanni, odiatissimo, rimasto vedovo, ebbe rinunziato alla corona di Polonia, la Corte Romana s'adoperò tosto a dargli un successore e propose la regina di Svezia con istudio forse che se ne andasse di Roma e liberasse la città dalle sue stramberie e dalle sue pazze esigenze. Ella però condusse con avvedutezza la pratica di quel difficile negozio. In alcune cose si mostrò risolutissima: «Dichiaro che quando si volesse da me questa obbligazione di maritarmi a gusto loro, io eleggo piuttosto di ricusare alla loro corona, che di accettare mai una così iniqua e crudele cosa». Fra le opposizioni sollevatele contro, ci fa anche quella d'aver fatto trucidare il Monaldeschi; ma ella persistette sempre a sostenerla come una cosa ben fatta. Il risultato del progetto papale e delle brighe di Cristina è noto. Nel giugno del 1669 saliva al trono di Polonia Michele Koribut Wiesnowiski.

Poco dopo moriva Clemente IX, al quale successe il cardinale Emilio Altieri romano, col nome di Clemente X. Decrepito d'anni ed ultimo del suo ramo, si sperava che non avrebbe fatto nepotismo aiutando lontani parenti. Ma il vizio nei pontefici era troppo inveterato. Cristina non trovò fortuna presso di lui. Quando per favorire il conte d'Alibert pregò il papa di concedere si recitasse al Tordinona per tutto l'anno, il papa rispose con un diniego reciso, cui ne seguirono altri non meno risoluti, tanto che per qualche tempo la regina dovette consolarsi unicamente alle sedute della sua accademia.

Clemente moriva presto, ed Innocenzo XI, detto altrimenti il papa Minga, riusciva eletto dal conclave (31 settembre 1676) con sorpresa di tutti i cardinali, perchè ciascuno d'essi, dandogli il voto, credeva che gli altri se ne astenessero. Ma il successo è sempre stato ammirato e gli avversari corsero ad inchinarlo e fra costoro Cristina che gli baciò il piede.

Papa Minga era un uomo giusto, severo, amante dell'ordine, risoluto di porre una remora a tutti gli abusi e alla viltà del nepotismo. Cristina, mancando d'aiuti economici, se n'accorse ben presto. Per un momento anzi fu così scorata che quasi pensò di entrare nel monastero di Santa Cecilia, mentre il suo d'Alibert si disperava per le disposizioni prese dal pontefice contro il teatro, disposizioni che dovevano spingerlo a tentar fortuna altrove.

Innocenzo un giorno, passando dal palazzo di Cristina, salì a visitarla. Se costei concepì qualche speranza da tanta degnazione, dovè tosto disilludersi, perchè, recatasi a chiedergli tre cose che il corrispondente di Savoia dice lecite, ebbe per tutta risposta tre alzate di spalla. Non molto dopo lo stesso Innocenzo faceva imprigionare il teologo di lei, e la rimproverava strapazzandola d'aver intrigato per la nomina dell'auditore di Rota. Essa allora cominciò a stridere come un pipistrello inchiodato; ma poi finì per consolarsi trovando nuovo modo di litigare pel titolo d'eccellenza che voleva fosse dato al marchese Del Monte suo cavallerizzo maggiore. Questa singolare pretesa, per poco, in grazia de' dispetti del cardinal d'Estrées, non diventò un affare di Stato.

D'altra parte Innocenzo doveva rendersi novellamente odioso alla regina per le sue leggi suntuarie, leggi contro le mode di Francia e il soverchio lusso. Veramente Cristina faceva moda da sè, stancando sempre il cervello ad escogitare nuovi costumi, l'uno più strano, anzi, più strambo dell'altro, con svolazzi e piume e fascie e zone d'ogni colore che le dovevano mascherare la gobba. Pure questa volta volle ostentare obbedienza, e vestì e fece vestire alle due dame certo abito che copriva piedi, polsi e collo gelosissimamente ed era d'un colore fosco, e di una stoffa da lei chiamata innocentiana.

Le dame romane ne risero a crepapelle, e il Papa non ci badò; ricorse invece a nuovi mezzi per mortificarla, facendola anche avvisare che intendeva di sopprimerle la pensione annua di dodici mila scudi. Allora ella scrisse al cardinal Azzolini una lettera rigurgitante di sarcasmo: «Li dodici mila scudi che il Papa mi dava eran l'unica macchia di mia vita, et io li riceveva dalla mano di Dio come la più gran mortificazione colla quale poteva umiliare il mio orgoglio.» Che storie! E continuava: «Io vi prego di ringraziare il Papa da parte mia della grazia che mi ha fatto». Così colei che aveva tante volte frenate le ire sue contro il pontefice per non danneggiare le proprie finanze! — Ma anche l'ironia non serviva più a nulla. Innocenzo era di un rigore spaventoso. Volle il supplizio di due giovani, nonostante la mite decisione della Congregazione criminale, ed eccitò il Sant'Ufficio ad incarcerare e processare Michele Molinos, secondo l'accusa del cardinale d'Estrées e contro la protezione di Cristina.

Per tal modo i rapporti fra Papa e regina divenivano peggiori. Innocenzo finì per rifiutarsi lungamente di riceverla, ed ella si sfogò avanzando la pretesa che i cardinali, in certe visite, dovessero presentarsi a lei col rocchetto!

English translation (my own):

Her return to Rome was celebrated with great cordiality by the new Pope. He ordered artillery fire and sent Kristina all sorts of delicacies for a hundred servants, followed by sixty grooms with lighted torches. Surprised by such a splendid beginning, she requested and obtained from Clement certain ceremonial privileges she had requested in vain under Alexander. During Carnevale, she was also able, without further qualms, to indulge in comedies and conversation.

Arvède Barine has already written about Kristina's relations with Poland and the proposal made by Rome to the Poles to accept her as queen. After the much-hated Jan Kazimierz, a widower, renounced the crown of Poland, the Roman court quickly set about providing him with a successor and, perhaps intently, proposed that the Queen of Sweden leave Rome and free the city from his eccentricities and his mad demands. However, she handled this difficult matter with shrewdness. On some matters, she was resolute:

"I declare that if they demand of me this obligation to marry according to their wishes, I would rather refuse their crown than ever accept such an iniquitous and cruel thing."

Among the accusations leveled against her, she also cited the murder of Monaldeschi; but she always persisted in maintaining this as a good thing. The outcome of the papal plan and Kristina's intrigues is well known. In June 1669, Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki ascended the throne of Poland.

Shortly afterward, Clement IX died and was succeeded by Cardinal Emilio Altieri of Rome, who took the name Clement X. Decrepit in years and the last of his branch, it was hoped that he would not indulge in nepotism by helping distant relatives. But the vice among pontiffs was too inveterate. Kristina found no success with him. When, to favour the Count d'Alibert, she begged the Pope to allow performances at Tor di Nona throughout the year, the Pope responded with a firm refusal, which was followed by others no less resolute, so much so that for some time the Queen had to console herself only at the sessions of her Academy.

Clement died early, and Innocent XI, otherwise known as Papa Minga [Pope No], was elected by the conclave (September 31, 1676) — to the surprise of all the cardinals, because each of them, in giving him their vote, believed that the others would abstain. But his success has always been admired, and his opponents rushed to bow down to him — among them Kristina, who kissed his foot.

Pope Minga was a just, severe man, a lover of order, determined to put a stop to all abuses and the cowardice of nepotism. Kristina, lacking economic support, soon realised this. For a moment, she was so discouraged that she almost considered entering the monastery of Santa Cecilia, while her d'Alibert despaired over the Pontiff's measures against the theater, measures that were to push him to try his luck elsewhere.

One day, Innocent, passing by Kristina's palazzo, went up to visit her. If he had any hope from such condescension, he must have quickly been disappointed, for when he went to ask her three things that the Savoyard correspondent calls licit, he received only three shrugs of the shoulders. Not long afterward, Innocent himself had her theologian imprisoned and reproached her for having intrigued in the appointment of the auditor of the Rota. She then began to screech like an immobilised bat; but then she consoled herself by finding a new way to argue over the title of Excellency she wanted awarded to the Marquis del Monte, her chief cavalier. This singular pretension, thanks to the spite of Cardinal d'Estrées, almost became a matter of State.

On the other hand, Innocent was to make himself hated by the Queen once again with his sumptuary laws, laws against French fashions and excessive luxury. Kristina truly set the fashions herself, constantly tiring her brain by devising new costumes, each one stranger, nay, more bizarre than the last, with flourishes and feathers and sashes and patches of every colour that were supposed to disguise her hump. This time, too, she wanted to show obedience, and she dressed and had the two ladies dress in a certain dress that most jealously covered her feet, wrists and neck, and that was of a dark colour and made of a fabric she called innocentiana.

The Roman ladies laughed themselves to bursting, and the Pope paid no attention; instead, he resorted to new means to humiliate her, even informing her that he intended to abolish her annual pension of twelve thousand scudi. Then she wrote Cardinal Azzolino a letter brimming with sarcasm:

"The twelve thousand scudi that the Pope gave me were the only stain on my life, and I received them from the hand of God as the greatest mortification with which He could humble my pride."

What nonsense! And she continued:

"I beg you to thank the Pope on my behalf for the grace he has granted me."

So said she who had so often restrained her anger against the Pontiff, so as not to damage her own finances! —

But even irony was no longer of any use. Innocent was frighteningly rigorous. He wanted the torture of two young men, despite the lenient decision of the Criminal Congregation, and urged the Holy Office to imprison and try Miguel Molinos, according to the accusation of Cardinal d'Estrées and against the protection of Kristina.

Thus, relations between the Pope and the Queen worsened. Innocent ended up refusing to receive her for a long time, and she vented her anger by demanding that the cardinals, on certain visits, present themselves to her wearing a rochet!


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pope Innocent XI.


Above: Corrado Ricci, painted by Ettore Tito in 1913.

Note: rochet = a white vestment, worn by a bishop, similar to a surplice but with narrower sleeves, extending to below the knee in the Catholic Church.

Saturday, August 23, 2025

Faith Compton Mackenzie on Kristina's health, on her constant defiance of Pope Innocent XI (formerly Cardinal Benedetto Odescalchi), and on the affair of the Quarters (1687)

Source:

The Sibyl of the North: The Tale of Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 247 to 250, by Faith Compton Mackenzie, 1931; original scan at the Universal Digital Library


The account:

... When Clement X died, Christina was fifty [sic], but Azzolino's surmise when he was working for her election to the throne of Poland was correct. She showed no sign of age, and her health was better than ever before. Bourdelot was giving her good advice from Paris, but, when he told her not to eat so much, she was justly indignant. "A man may be as temperate as he likes — he can't eat less than I do. You say I have done well to give up wine, which I have not given up, because I never drank it." Christina's taste was still simple, and she enjoyed eating chestnuts with her maids a great deal more than sitting down to a solemn meal. To Bourdelot she also wrote her indignation at the publication of Chanut's alleged Memoirs, which contained pages of disgraceful slander about herself. It was proved later that, as she thought, not Chanut her good friend, but the venomous French Minister who followed him, Picques, had added the slanders to Chanut's own work.

She was never to leave Rome again. There were to be no more agitating journeys and heartbreaking absences. Azzolino, less occupied than she could wish at the Vatican, was yet on that account more than ever at the Riario, and their friendship grew and flourished with never a withering leaf. She worked, but only a little, for the Conclave of 1676. She was interested in Cardinal Conti, because he was a relation of the Duke of Poli, one of her gentlemen. But it was a half-hearted business, because it was a foregone conclusion that Odescalchi really would be Pope this time. As Innocent XI he ruled severely, being especially hard on those diversions which he had enjoyed in his cardinal days. Experience had cured Christina of reverence for the wearer of the fisherman's ring. "I have known", she wrote, "four Popes, not one of whom had common sense." When the edict went forth that décolletée for ladies was to be strictly forbidden — it was said that the Pope's spies confiscated too deeply-cut garments — she arrived with her ladies for an audience clothed in angelic white garments, innocenti run riot, and convulsed the Court with mirth. Public festivities were forbidden at carnival time, therefore Christina organized an enormous fête at the Riario. So it went on — she defied the Pope on every possible occasion.

The scandal of freedom of Quarters was a very real one, and the Pope attempted with a bold hand to sweep away the privilege of ambassadors of immunity from Roman law. This immunity had been abused by foreigners who took up residence in the neighbourhood of their ambassadors, so that the greater part of Rome became sanctuary for all sorts of criminals, male and female. All the embassies submitted to the Pope's new decree except France, and Christina, who had been given the same privilege as the embassies, was, surprisingly, one of the first to accept it. But on the first possible occasion she defied it. A seller of contraband spirits, caught by the Papal police on Easter Day, hiding in a church, escaped from his captors, and tried to find refuge in one of Christina's coaches, which was standing near by. It was locked, so he clung on to the padlock with such strength that it was impossible to drag him away. The police were obliged to get him off by putting a rope round his neck and nearly strangling him. Such an act of violence and disrespect to the royal carriage brought an excited and indignant crowd to the spot. The Queen herself came out from Mass, and when she heard what had happened sent Landini with one of her valets and commanded the police to release the prisoner, "or she would know what to do". Such a vague threat alarmed them, and they delivered him up without more ado. The result of this affair was that Landini and the valet were condemned to death by the Pope. Christina declared that if they died they should not die alone. It was a long business, but nobody died, and in the end the Pope merely said in explanation of Christina's conduct, "È donna", which annoyed her more than anything that had gone before.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pierre Bourdelot.


Above: Cardinal Decio Azzolino.


Above: Pope Innocent XI.


Above: Faith Compton Mackenzie.

Wednesday, June 11, 2025

Baron Carl Bildt on Kristina's last days, part 1

Sources:

Drottning Kristinas sista dagar, article written by Baron Carl Bildt for Ord och Bild, femte årgången: 1896, part 1, pages 20 to 34, 1896; original from a library in Växjö (other issues were donated to Projekt Runeberg from there and from the University Library in Linköping)


Drottning Kristinas sista dagar, pages 5 to 25, by Baron Carl Bildt, 1897 (standalone publication); original at Harvard University













Above: Baron Carl Bildt.

The account (original Ord och Bild version):

DROTTNING KRISTINAS SISTA DAGAR.
AF C. BILDT.
Med 9 bilder.

Det betyder intet hur man födes;
det betyder mycket hur man dör.
Kristinas aforismer XII, 50.

DET är svårt att åldras. Lyckliga äro de få, som naturen låter behålla spänstighet i kropp och själ, medan håret grånar, och som kunna förena mannens styrka och ynglingens glada mod med gubbens lugna klokhet. Lyckliga också de, som stiga ned för branten i med vetandet om uppfylld plikt och fullbordadt arbete, stödda af kärlek och aktning. Klaga kunna ej heller de, hos hvilka hösten kommer långsamt och harmoniskt med sinnenas ro och själens lugn, på samma gång musklerna slappas och lederna styfna. Men ve dem, som gå ålderdomen till mötes utan samvetets tröst, utan troende hopp, med bräckta kroppskrafter och mattad viljekraft, men ännu med oroligt brinnande eld i sinnen och själ, utan älskande vördnad ikring sig, i bitter maktlöshet och pinande saknad af hvad som varit och ej mer kan bli. De öfverlefva lätt sig själfva, som lefvat blott för sig själfva. De kunna ännu dö med mod, men åldras värdigt är dem omöjligt. Ålderdomen är dem en bitter fiende, som blott tager och intet gifver, döden är åtminstone en förlossare.

Kristina har själf sagt oss, huru hon såg det stora problemet. Redan vid femtiofyra år skref hon i sina »Lediga stunder»:

»Naturen har underkastat människan två förfärliga extremiteter, ålderdomen och döden. Ålderdomen är mer fruktansvärd än döden. Lyckliga de, som dö utan att åldras. Ålderdomen tröstar människorna öfver döden.»

Hon vågade då ännu tillägga: »Man är sjuk, gammal och fattig endast genom sitt eget fel» och: »Det finnes folk, som ej åldras, hvarken till själ eller kropp» samt: »Ålderdom, sjukdom och fattigdom äro okunnighetens arfslott. Ålderdom och fattigdom äro löjliga endast emedan de drabba människan genom hennes eget fel». Hon hade då ännu ej känt de första angreppen af den sjukdom, som skulle föra henne till grafven, och var just då midt uppe i studiet af alkemi, magi och nekromanti, jagande i sällskap med sina lif-charlataner efter de vises sten och receptet för evig ungdom. På fullt allvar skref hon: »Sanningen tvingar oss att tro, att det funnits män, som vetat att undgå döden.» Måhända föresväfvade henne tanken att hon själf skulle hitta odödlighetsreceptet. Hvarför icke? Hon var fullt öfvertygad att hon lyckats göra guld.

Våren 1686 blef hon emellertid allvarsamt sjuk, och det onda återkom därefter ständigt, fast med tämligen långa mellantider. Samtiden kallade det erysipelas, emedan det åtföljdes af svullnader och utslag på benen, men i själfva verket synes sjukdomens egentliga säte hafva varit magen och lefvern. Den var i alla händelser svår nog för att öfvertyga Kristina, att krämpor och ålderdom ej kunna undvikas. Hon bekände sig öfvervunnen och visste att göra det med sin vanliga kvickhet. I september 1687 skref hon till m:lle de Scudéry:

»Jag har af naturen en stark ovilja mot ålderdomen och vet ej, hur jag skall kunna vänja mig vid den. Om man gifvit mig valet mellan den och döden, hade jag, tror jag, utan tvekan valt den senare. Likvisst, eftersom man ej rådfrågar oss, hur jag vant mig att lefva med nöje. Också oroar mig icke döden, som närmar sig och aldrig förfelar sitt ögonblick. Jag väntar den utan att önska den och utan att fruka den.»

Det var icke något tomt skryt. Bland Kristinas fel var icke feghet ett. Icke ett ord, icke en rad, icke en handling under den följande tiden, sedan tanken på döden vunnit insteg hos henne, tyder på den minsta fruktan. Tyvärr synas icke heller några tecken af ökadt allvar och värdighet i hennes lif. I öfver trettio år, alltsedan sin tronafsägelse, hade Kristina egentligen blott sysselsatt sig med intriger och nöjen, ledd af infall och nycker; så skulle det bli till slutet.

Främlingen, som på nyåret 1689 kom till Rom, försummade ej gärna att låta föreställa sig för la regina di Svezia, om rang eller rekommendationer berättigade honom därtill. Hon hörde till stadens märkvärdigheter, och hennes hus var dessutom ett af de få i Rom, där man roade sig under Innocentius XI:s regering. Denne påfve hade många förträffliga egenskaper och var visst icke af naturen någon misantrop. Då han ännu var kardinal Odescalchi, var han ingen sällspord gäst i Kristinas loge på teatern i Via Tordinona, där hennes sekreterare d'Alibert var impressario, eller på den stora balkongen på Piazza Venezia (då S. Marco), hvarifrån Kristina brukade åse karnevalen. Men sedan han 1676 efterträdt den ålderdomsslöe, half-[i]diotiske Clemens X, som i sex år låtit allt i påfvestaten gå vind för våg, fann han sig gent emot ett sådant kaos af själfsvåld och missbruk, att han måste ingripa med stränghet för att ej ryckas med i syndafloden, och därvid gick han från en ytterlighet till den andra. När han trampade ned ingrodd nepotism, falhet och slöseri i förvaltningen eller rensade staten från brottslingar och äfventyrare af båda könen, hade han sina goda romares hjärtan med sig, men de knotade högt, då han lät stänga teatrarne, förbjöd fruntimmer att sjunga på offentliga ställen eller dansa vissa ej nog allvarliga danser eller bära låghalsade dräkter, samt — värst af allt — då han ej fruktade att kringskära själfva karnevalen. Bland dem, som knotade värst, var Kristina, som begagnade sig af sin undantagsställning som kunglig person till öppen olydnad. Hon fortfor att i sitt palats gifva både komedier och konserter och lät sina hofdamer, sångerskor och skådespelerskor visa sina axlar och tråda lifliga danser, alldeles som om Petri nycklar aldrig funnits. Sådana nöjen fann man annars blott undantagsvis hos de franska och spanska ambassaderna. Men äfven de, som sökte annat än roa sig, gjorde gärna den gamla drottningen sin uppvaktning. Hos henne kunde man få nyheter både från den lärda världen och från det politiska lifvet, åtminstone för hvad angick Sverige, Tyskland och Polen, och slutligen voro hennes samlingar en lockelse för alla, som sysselsatte sig med konst eller vetenskap.

Låtom oss följa besökaren till Kristinas residens Palazzo Riario på högra Tiberstranden mellan Porta S. Spirito och Porta Settimania vid Lungara'n. Så hette en lång gata, som förband förstaden Borgo, d. v. s. näjden kring Vatikanen och S. Peter, med Trastevere, den andra förstaden trans Tiberin. Sedan Urban VIII:s tid omslöts Lungara-trakten af den nya ringmuren men ansågs dock ligga utanför själfva staden och var fri från accisen, som i stället började upptagas vid de nämnda portarne, en omständighet, hvilken vi skola finna spela en roll i det följande. Midt emot Palazzo Riario låg Baldassare Peruzzi's mästerverk, det lilla slottet Farnesina, på ömse sidor voro obetydliga hus, där Kristinas lifvakt och tjänstfolk bodde, bakom sträckte sig en härlig trädgård om ej mindre än 185,000 kv.-m. uppför sluttningen af Janiculus. Nu tillhör den staten, som i en vrå däraf inrättat vrångbilden af en botanisk trädgård och hyr ut resten till vigner och kålland, men på Kristinas tid var den smakfullt anlagd och ypperligt underhållen med tre långa täckta gångar af järnek och lager från palatsets gård ända upp till krönet af kullen, med rika springbrunnar, skuggiga löfsalar och den härligaste utsikt öfver Rom. Själfva palatset var uppfördt omkring 1477 af Sixtus IV:s son Girolamo Riario i ungrenässansens enkla majestätiska stil, efter ritning, säges det, af själfva Bramante. Det hade upplefvat blodiga scener under Riariernas tid, och i källaren lågo ännu kvar dödskallar och högar af människoben. Sedan 1587 var det förhyrdt af slägten Sforza, tills Kristina 1662 köpte besittningsrätten därtill för sin lifstid. Clemens XII inköpte det sedermera 1732 för sin brorson kardinal Corsini och lät utvidga det af Fuga, som tillade en ny flygel och gaf det den nuvarande stillösa granna fasaden. Det behåller ännu namnet Corsini men tillhör sedan 1884 staten, som där inlogerat vetenskapsakademien dei Lincei, ett tafvelgalleri, ett bibliotek m. m. På Kristinas tid var palatset föga mer än hälften så stort som nu, men det var i alla fall fullt tillräckligt för hennes behof. Hon kunde där gifva konserter med 150 musikanter på estraden och hela Roms societet såsom åhörare, och utom det egentliga hofvet hade flere af hennes artister och andra skyddslingar där sin bostad. Vi gifva här (sid. 23, 24) teckningar af palatset efter de enda kända afbildningar, som bevarats, ett träsnitt af fasaden åt Lungaran och en vy af trädgårdsfasaden på ett panorama öfver Rom, båda från 1600-talet, samt bifoga för jämförelses skull äfven en bild af det nuvarande palatset. — Palazzo Riario var Kristinas fjärde bostad i Rom: hon hade förut bott i Vatikanen (tre dagar), i Palazzo Farnese och i kardinal Mazarins palats vid Quattro Fontane.

Utanför palatset och i själfva porten hölls vakt af drottningens garde, de s. k. Svizzeri, med stålhattar och långa hillebarder, och i förstugan paraderade ett par drabanter, lancie spezzate (stympade lansar) kallade, emedan de till tecken af sin värdighet stundom förde ett kort paradspjut. De hade värja och plymagerad hatt, ansågos hafva officers rang och kallade sig gärna kapten. Befälet öfver schweizarne med titeln capitano della guardia fördes af den unge markisen Mathias Bourbon del Monte S:ta Maria, son af Kristinas 1688 aflidne öfverhofstallmästare, factotum och rolighetsminister markis Horazio samt gift genom Kristinas bemedling med Anna Maria Monaldeschi, brorsdotter till den i Fontainebleau aflifvade Gian Rinaldo Monaldeschi. Han var dock nu, i början af 1689, frånvarande på en beskickning till Sverige, och under tiden fördes befälet af Markis Ornani. Öfverbefälhafvare för hela den lilla styrkan var Kristinas syssling Vladislaus Constantin Vasa, grefve af Wasenau, naturlig son till konung Vladislaus IV, en man af förnämt fast icke fördelaktigt utseende, hvars utmärkande drag voro en djup melankoli och medvetandet om en genomgående otur.

Styrkan synes ha varit ganska fåtalig, schweizarne omkring trettio och drabanterna ett tiotal. I förbigående må sägas, att namnet svizzeri alls icke betyder att knektarne voro af schweizisk nationalitet, utan blott att de hade samma funktioner hos drottningen som påfvens schweizergarde i Vatikanen. Bland dem tjänade en svensk, Nils Malmbergh, som var korpral, och flere fransmän, men de fleste voro italienare. Detsamma var fallet med drabanterna. — Hur liten än truppen var, så vållade den dock stora bekymmer, och från den kom all den split med Vatikanen, som oroade drottningens sista år. Kristinas finanser tilläto icke att bjuda någon hög sold, men hon rådde i stället öfver ett privilegium, som för många var värdt mera än pengar, il quartiere, d. v. s. rätt till frihet mot häktning icke blott för sina tjänare, utan äfven för alla, som befunno sig inom det kvarter, där hennes palats låg. Denna rätt, som äfven utöfvades af alla ambassader i Rom, hade småningom urartat till det gröfsta missbruk. Gränserna för kvarteren utsträcktes allt mera, så att slutligen den påfliga polisen var maktlös i en stor del af Rom, till stort men naturligtvis för den allmänna säkerheten. Värst af allt var det just hos Kristina. Den beskedlige Wasenau var till namnet chef för kvarteret, d. v. s. den, som skulle ha uppsikten öfver privilegiets tillämpning, men den, som egentligen skötte det, var intill sin död markis Horazio del Monte. Får man tro monsignor Governatores och hans sbirrers klagomål, — och all sannolikhet tyder på att de voro grundade — dref han en formlig affär med kvartersfriheten. Löst folk, som hade något otaldt med polisen, särskildt kärlekens prästinnor, fingo hyra in sig i husen omkring palatset, och till yttermera visso antecknades de såsom tillhörande drottningens tjänstepersonal. Vapenföra karlar, som hade något mord eller rån på sitt samvete, sökte som en gunst att bli upptagna bland schweizarne. Var solden knapp, så voro de säkra för galge och galerer, och dessutom hade de tillfälle till en särskild liten biförtjänst. Lungaran låg, som vi sett, utanför Roms accis-område med en af de portar, där accisen skulle betalas, vid hvar ända af gatan, och genom dessa portar hade drottningens vagnar rätt till fri passage utan undersökning.

Bättre operationsbas för smuggling kunde ej gifvas, och den begagnades också i stor skala af kuskar, schweizare och drabanter i broderlig förening.

Voro monsignor Governatores klagomål öfver slöddret i kvarteret högljudda, så voro monsignor Tesorieres verop öfver smugglingen vid Porta Settimania det icke mindre, och som det kändes i pungen, gjorde de sig bättre hörda. Påfven beslöt slutligen att afskaffa kvartersrätten: den var ett privilegium, som han gifvit och således ansåg sig kunna återtaga. Ambassadörerna åberopade folkrätten, Kristina kunglighetens prerogativ. Det blef en bitter strid, och den redan ljumma vänskapen förbyttes till öppen fiendskap. Kristinas skarpa tunga sparade ej den helige fadern. Innocentius, som var från Como, brukade på lombardisk dialekt svara »minga» (visst icke), då han afslog en supplik, hvilket hände oftare än att den beviljades, och hade däraf fått öknamnet Papa Minga. Kristina döpte honom nu till Mingone (minchione, dumbom). Hon roade sig också med att säga, att det väl måste var den helige ande som styrde kyrkan, ty af de fyra påfvar hon kännt hade ingen haft sundt förnuft, och andra elakheter af samma slag.

Skvallret, som var stort i sextonhundratalets Rom, frambar allt detta till Vatikanen, och fastän Innocentius tog det tämligen filosofiskt, bidrog det naturligtvis icke att återställa vänskapen. Slagsmål mellan drottningens schweizare och guvernörens sbirrer, som vanligen slutade med smörj för de senare, ledde till mera revendikationer, gräl och obehag, och det såg ut, som om det skulle komma till en öppen brytning, då Kristina med en af sina vanliga nycker helt plötsligt kastade om och afsade sig il quartiere med undantag endast för sitt palats och sina tjänare.

Dette skedde i februari 1687, men friden och försoningen skulle icke vara långvariga. Kristina hade föreställt sig, att ambassaderna skulle följa exemplet — i själfva verket var det just ambitionen att spela ledare för dem som föranledde hennes raska beslut —, men franska regeringen tillkännagaf genast, att den icke uppgåfve det minsta af privilegiet, och den nye franske ambassadören markis de Lavardin, som på hösten ankom till Rom, gjorde anspråk på dess allra vidsträcktaste utöfning. Kristina förklarade då, att hennes afsägelse var beroende på att privilegiet äfven afstods af alla andra, men redan dessförinnan hade hon åtrat sig. Förbehållet om undantag för palatset och tjänstepersonalen var alltför elastiskt för att att [sic] ej bereda svårigheter, hvilket också visade sig så godt som genast.

Några veckor efter det Kristina afstått från »il quartiere» blef en känd smugglare arresterad af de påfliga sbirrerna ej långt från palatset men lyckades slita sig lös och hängde sig fast vid låset till drottningens vagnshus. Kristinas uppmärksamhet väcktes af bullret, och när hon fått klart för sig, hvarom fråga var, befallde hon ögonblickligen sina drabanter att befria fången, hvilket också skedde. Främst i leken var en viss »kapten» Landini, en af dem som trettio år förut dödade Monaldeschi. Lyckligtvis flöt icke något blod, men påfven tog illa vid sig och lät börja rättegång mot Landini och en lakej, som också varit med om de första handgripligheterna. Kristina å sin sida gaf icke vika. Ingenting roade henne mera än bravader, och när domen öfver de båda anklagade fallit, fick hon ett ypperligt tillfälle att visa sin uppfinningsförmåga i den vägen. Hon åkte i full parad till kyrkan il Gesù, omgifven af hela sin lifvakt, beväpnad till tänderna, och med de både dömde bland de andra. Dessa voro både bleka och oroliga, ty det kunde gälla deras lif, ifall påfven händelsevis skulle få det infallet att visa, att han var den starkaste. Men Innocentius var ingen vän af våldsamheter; när man underrättade honom om upptåget, nöjde han sig med att rycka på axlarna och säga: »E donna» (»hon är kvinna»). Han visste nog, att ingenting kunde sticka Kristina värre. Dessutom förklarade han henne förlustig den pension af tusen scudi i månaden, som hon hittills åtnjutit af den heliga stolen, men detta tog Kristina lugnt. Sedan Olivekrantz 1681 öfvertagit förvaltningen af hennes underhållsländer, inflöto hennes inkomster tämligen ordentligt, så att hon kunde undvara den påfliga pensionen. Van som hon var vid penningtrassel och absolut oförmögen att bilda sig en klar föreställning om huru hennes affärer stodo, lät hon ej imponera på sig af några tusen scudi mer eller mindre. Stickordet kvinna kändes hvassare.

Denna strid om kvarteret och den däraf följande ovänskapen fortfor ännu år 1689. Två fridens män, kardinal Azzolini och monsignor Giovan Francesco Albani (sedermera Clemens XI), lade sig visserligen emellan och lyckades med sina välmenta mäklingar att förhindra utbrottet af formliga fientligheter, men någon försoning mäktade de ej åstadkomma. Stillestånd, icke mera.

Men vi hafva länge nog lämnat besökaren bland schweizare och drabanter i förstugan eller vaktsalen. Därifrån inträdde han i en sal, där drottningens kammartjänare uppehöllo sig. Dessa, aiutanti di camera kallade, voro ett mellanting mellan uppvaktning och betjäning, ty gränserna mellan dessa funktioner voro på sextonhundratalet ingalunda så skarpa som nu. Bland dem voro äfven två svenskar, bröderna Carl och Decius Lefevre af hvilka den senare fått sitt latinska namn efter kardinal Azzolini vid sin öfvergång till den allena saliggörande kyrkan. I nästa sal uppehöllo sig kammarherrarne gentiluomini della camera eller camerieri, ett ganska talrikt sällskap, ty det ansågs då för tiden som det bästa sättet för en ung man att lära sig skick och seder att några timmar om dagen få kråma sig i en furstlig salong, och att tillhöra ett hof, hur litet det än var, medförde sociala fördelar, som ej voro att förakta. Titeln af cameriere eller scudiere (stallmästare) hos Kristina var därföre, ehuru befattningen blott undantagsvis var betald, ganska eftersträfvad bland den italienska adeln, till och med bland de förnämsta romerska släkterna. Dessutom funnos en mängd gentiluomini della regina, som icke hade annan tjänst än att vid högtidliga tillfällen utgöra hennes eskort. Främst bland kammarherrarne var grefven af Warwick, äldste son till den landsflyktige hertigen af Northumberland, en vacker karl med förnäm hållning och förbindligt sätt. Någon egentlig hofchef fanns för tillfället icke. Denna befattning hade i flera år utöfvats af hertigen af Poli och efter honom af markis del Monte. Den söktes nu, efter dennes död, af hertig Lante, men Kristina uppsköt att tillsatta platsen, som han ämnade åt den unge Mathias del Monte vid hans återkomst från Sverige, och under tiden uppehölls tjänsten af grefven af Warwick och markis Pompeo Azzolini, en broder till kardinalen af samma namn.

Den kvinnliga hofpersonalen var fåtalig. Familjen del Monte var där representerad af markis Horazios dotter Clarice, som tjänstgjorde som hoffröken. Hon representerade också ensam ungdomen, ty de två andra hofdamerna, markisinnan Ottavia Capponi och hennes ogifta syster Portia Giustiniani Passaglia, tillhörde redan den ålder, som kallas viss. De voro af en anspråkslös släkt från Pesaro — fadern säges hafva varit fältskär —, men de hade genom sin fägring ersatt hvad som felades dem i börd. Kristina prisade för öfrigt hos sin kvinnliga omgifning utseendet öfver allt annat; hon umgicks desto lättare med kvinnor, ju lägre de stodo på den sociala rangskalan, och frågade hvarken efter börd eller bildning. Hvilken kvinna skulle väl i alla fall vara nog bildad för henne? Högdragen mot furstinnor och förnäma damer, var hon däremot i högsta grad förtrolig med sina hofdamer och kammarjungfrur, och hennes nedlåtenhet mot dem gick ofta till svaghet. De vackra systrarna från Pesaro hade ibland satt Kristinas öfverseende på hårda prof genom små äfventyr, för hvilka gud Amor ej var alldeles främmande, men det hade glömts och förlåtits, och de hade efter hand avancerat från toalettrummet till salongen. Ottavia hade blifvit gift med en markis Capponi, men trots titeln var det icke något godt parti. Hon behöll sin tjänst hos drottningen, och Kristina fick föda markisen på köpet.

Om besökaren redan varit någon tid i Rom, innan han gjorde Kristina sin uppvaktning, hade han kanske hört åtskilligt glunkas om de skatter af kvinnlig skönhet, som palatset gömde, men om han väntat sig att få stå ansikte mot ansikte med dem, kände han sig säkert litet bedragen, då han presenterades för Clarice del Monte eller »le signore» Ottavia och Portia med de mogna behagen. Hade ryktet kanske narrats? Funnos de omtalade tjuserskorna blott i inbillningen? Nej, de existerade nog också i kött och blod, men de voro ej lätta att få se. Kristinas svaghet för unga och sköna kvinnor tilltog visserligen med åren, men icke så hennes öfverseende med de små snedsprång dylika intressanta varelser ibland tillåta sig. Hon visste godt att det brukade komma surt efter. Dessutom, i fall hon gjorde sig möda att uppsöka unga, söta flickor med vackra röster, så var det för att de skulle spela och sjunga på hennes teater och för henne själf, men alls icke för nyfikna herrars skull. Hon var därför försiktig och höll sina sångfåglar under god bevakning. Buren var inredd i andra våningen just öfver drottningens egna rum, och dit slapp ingen främling upp. Det var ett slags gyllene fångenskap hon höll sina skyddslingar i, men det stötte ingen, ty sådan var seden i Rom då för tiden. Hennes sångerskor voro för tillfället tre: Maria Landini, dotter till den redan nämde kaptenen eller åtminstone till hans fru, samt systrarna Angelina och Barbara Georgini. Af dessa var Angelina en strålande skönhet, smärt, högväxt, fyllig och blond, som redan satt många hjärtan i brand. Hennes eget hjärta hade också talat och, som vanligt, för olämplig person. Den lycklige var en ung fransk bildhuggare Jean Théodon, elev vid den nyligen inrättade franska konstakademien, rik på kärlek men fattig på mynt och därför illa sedd af flickans mamma, som drömde om något bättre för sin tös. Detta bättre kom i formen af anställning hos drottningen för de båda systrarna, som voro skickliga sångerskor och lutspelerskor, och så låstes dörrarne i Palazzo Riario mellan Théodon och hans flamma. Vi skola återkomma till Angelinas öden, men det är nu tid att vi införa främlingen till drottningen själf.

Innan dubbeldörrarne öppnades, fick han sig likväl af kammarherren en välment varning att icke kalla drottningen för Serenissima. Det var då för tiden det vanliga adjektivet för krönta hufvud, men Kristina hade mot det stackars ordet fattat en djup antipati. Det användes till andra vanliga drottningar, som ej voro annat än kungagemåler, kunde således ej passa den, som själf regerat och varit stor nog att kunna nedstiga från tronen och ändå förbli drottning. Intet »Serenissima» således, hvarken i tal eller skrift, för den som ej ville få sig en läxa.

Där satt hon nu, den beryktade drottningen: en liten, tjock, fet gumma med af långa skäggstrån prydd isterhaka, väldig örnnäsa under buskiga blonda ögonbryn, utskjutande underläpp, kortklippt gråsprängdt bakåtstruket hår, stora ljusa lifliga blå ögon och ett gladt, ytterst förbindligt sätt. Dräkten var enkel och alldeles oberoende af modet; en vid svart sidenkofta af manligt snitt föll ned till knäna, därunder en slät svart kjol, kort nog att visa skorna, äfven de af karlfason, en svart bandrosett vid halsen, och öfver koftan ett skärp, som stödjande löpte under magen och förrådde dess ansenliga dimensioner. Denna enkla toalett förhöjdes ej genom någon omsorg om personen. Kristina älskade renlighet, påstod en samtida — »mais pas jusqu'au scrupule». När en artist skulle afbilda henne, aktade han sig emellertid för att vara alltför realistisk. Se t. ex. bilden å sid 31. Där är Kristinas sista porträtt, graveradt 1675 af Pietro dell'Aquila, och är ungefär lika likt som drottning Viktorias bild å de engelska postmärkena. Hur föga tilltalande än Kristinas yttre föreföll, var det sällan att ej främlingen gick förtjust från audiensen. Det var svårt att träffa en person, som förenade mer naturlig kvickhet med vidsträckt beläsenhet och erfarenhet samt gladlynt öppenhjärtighet. Därtill en osökt förmåga att till hvar och en säga något smickrande, just idealet för furstar som »gifva kur».

Lika enkel, naturlig och intagande Kristina kunde vara, när hon tog emot i hvardagslag, lika tråkig och oresonlig visade hon sig däremot vid officiela tillfällen. Hon kände på fem fingrar tidens krångliga etikett men begagnade sig helst af sin kunskap för att bryta med gifna regler. Ingen titel var nog fin, ingen stol nog hög, ingen bugning nog djup, ingen salut nog lång, då hermelinsmanteln kom på och hon uppträdde som drottning. Hon var alla ceremonimästares skräck och fasa, ty hur de än styrde och ställde, var det sällan hon ej fann något att beklaga sig öfver, och hon skrädde då inga ord, vare sig i tal eller skrift.

Utom den egentliga uppvaktningen syntes i drottningens dagliga omgifning hennes tre sekreterare: italienaren abbé Santini, svensken Andreas Brovall Galdenblad, fanatisk katolik och ifrig proselytmakare, och fransmannen grefve d'Alibert samt två vetenskapsmän af något underlig typ, matematikern Domenico Quartarono från Messina och kemikern Giacomo Bandiera. Med dem tillbrakte drottningen sin mesta tid. Hon hade på sista åren ledsnat något på att göra i politik, men hon kunde icke i sin brefväxling förbigå tidens stora händelser, och hvad hon skref därom vittnar om stor skarpsynthet och fördomsfrihet, när hennes egna intressen icke skymde blicken. Hon hade t. ex. uttalat sitt ogillande af Ludvig XIV:s förföljelse mot protestanterna och länge förutsett, att Jakob II:s bigotteri skulle störta honom från Englands tron, tack vare, tvekade hon ej att skrifva, »det fördömda släktet jesuiter och munkar, som fördärfva allt de lägga sig uti». De klara tankarna äro klädda i lika klara uttryck: enkel, logisk, lättläst flyter stilen, en sällspord egenskap i detta krumelurernas tidehvarf. Drottningens egna affärer voro få: de rörde sig egentligen om utfåendet från Sverige af restantierna å hennes inkomster och utbytet af hennes rättigheter öfver underhållsländerna mot full suveränitet öfver Bremen. Därom pågick ständig brefväxling med hennes generalguvernör Olivekrantz och med den till Sverige afsände unge markisen del Monte. En trägen korrespondens underhölls också med hennes bankir i Hamburg, en portugisisk jude vid namn Diego Manuel Texeira, en man som hjälpt henne ur mången klämma, till icke ringa båtnad för sig själf, såsom man lätt kan tänka sig. Dessutom bedrefs under Kristinas sista dagar en underhandling med brandenburgska hofvet. Sedan hon uppgifvit hoppet om att erhålla Bremen från Sverige, hade hon nämligen fattat planen att af kurfursten få suveränitet öfver Halle och Halberstadt eller Magdeburg i utbyte mot sina rättigheter öfver Pommern och testamente af sina dyrbarheter. Dessa underhandlingar, hvilka afbrötos af hennes död, föranleddes af Kristinas längtan att lämna Rom och komma ifrån alla de krångligheter hon där iråkat. Åtminstone sade hon det själf, men det är svårt att säga om hennes ord voro återspeglingen af en djupt rotad afsikt eller blott uttrycken af tillfälliga misstämningar.

Vid sidan af denna allvarliga brefväxling pågick mellan Kristina och andra furstliga personer, isynnerhet i Italien, det vanliga utbytet af komplimenter och ceremoni-bref samt från hennes sida ett flitigt rekommenderade af sina skyddslingar. I allmänhet var det icke svårt att bli rekommenderad af henne: litet smicker var allt som behöfdes. Lägg härtill de täta förbindelserna med lärde och konstnärer, och man skall finna, att sekreterarne icke hade någon sinekur. Santini skötte den största delen af brefväxlingen; den öfriga ombestyrdes af Galdenblad, som dessutom ägde att biträda Kristina vid redaktionen af hennes egna litterära arbeten. Dessa hafva icke alltid vunnit därpå. Hennes samling af aforismer, »Lediga stunder» kallad, skrefs först 1680; stilen är då kort, kärnfull och frisk. Några år därefter har hon omredigerat den med Galdenblads biträde: resultatet är långtrådigt och tillgjordt. Kristinas akademi, som ännu lefver under namnet Gli Arcadi, upptog också mycket af hennes och sekreterarnes tid. Om detta lärda sällskap vore mycket att säga, som skulle intressera den svenska allmänheten, men utrymmet tillåter mig blott nämna, att när drottningen utdelade de ämnen, öfver hvilka de vittra herrarne skulle skrifva granna krior, så rörde de sig företrädesvis om kärleken.

Grefve d'Alibert hade endast att göra med societetslifvet och dess nöjen; allvarligare ämnen fick han blott undantagsvis befatta sig med. Matematikern Quartarono och kemikern Bandiera voro mycket viktigare personer, i hvilkas arbeten Kristina personligen deltog med det allra lifligaste intresse; den förste var nämligen astrolog och den senare guldmakare. Visserligen skref hon: »Man måste känna tillräckligt medicin och astrologi för att ej låta lura sig af läkare och astrologer», men det betydde icke, att hon ej trodde på svartkonstens makt. Ända till sin död fortsatte hon sina experiment, som slukade högst betydliga summor. I Rom fortlefva ännu minnen och sägner om hennes guldmakeri, hvilka väl äro värda att bevaras, men därom törs jag ej berätta nu, liksom jag äfven måste förbigå hvad som rör hennes förhållande till vetenskap och konst, hennes arkeologiska funderingar, hennes bibliotek och samlingar m. m. Vare det nog sagdt, att om Kristinas intresse för vetenskap var ytligt och hennes sinne för konst osjälfständigt, fel som lågo i tidsandan lika mycket som hos henne själf, så var hon däremot som samlare och kännare oöfverträffad. Huru skulle det ej vattnas alla världens samlare och musei-styresmän i munnen, om det nu kunde hållas auktion på blott hälften af hvad hon ägde!

Så förrann tiden i Palazzo Riario mellan politik, vitterlek, svartkonst, musik, audienser och en och annan större lustbarhet, men det rådde ändå tomhet kring den åldrande drottningen, i trots af de många plymagerade herrarne i förmaket och de svartklädda sekreterarne i kansliet. De, som ännu trängdes kring henne, sökte något att förtjäna eller betraktade henne som en kuriositet. Lätt räknade voro de, som hjärtat drog öfver hennes tröskel. Med de flesta förnäma romerska familjerna stod hon ohjälpligt på spänd fot. Hon hade varit ohöflig mot deras damer, lagt sig i deras enskilda affärer, isynnerhet då det varit fråga om giftermål och kärleksäfventyr, sagt kvicka elakheter om dem, sårat deras fåfänga och slutligen kommit i strid med påfven, af hvilken de alla mer eller mindre berodde. De utländske diplomaterna drogo sig för henne af fruktan att få sig något tråkigt etiketts-trassel på halsen. Den religiösa världen kände sig kränkt af hennes själfsvåldiga lif och fria tunga. Kristina var likväl mycket noga i fullgörandet af alla yttre andaktsplikter; hvarje morgon hörde hon messan i det lilla kapellet, som gränsade till sofrummet, hon biktade, fastade och skriftade så ordentligt som trots någon; hon hade till och med hösten 1686 pilgrat till madonnans hus i Loreto, men hur ofta hade hon icke också gycklat med mycket, som var de troende kärt! Förr i världen kunde man ibland i palatsets trappor möta en fransiskanerbroder med snälla vänliga ögon och ett gladt, förbindligt sätt, drottningens biktfader frater Laurentius a Divo Paulo. Ryktet berättade, att innan han blef munk i Araceli-klostret uppe på Kapitolium hade han varit högboren och rik och tjänat sin drottning som sändebud vid ett främmande hof — och ryktet talade sannt. Han hette en gång Lars Skytte och var Sveriges resident i Portugal, men djup, brinnande öfvertygelse hade för länge sedan fört honom till katolicismen och klostret. För Kristina hade han alltid hyst den största tillgifvenhet och beundran, och i åtta år hade han hört hennes säkert ganska underliga bikt, men hon hörde i stället föga på hans förmaningar, så att han till slut förtviflade om henne och bad att bli befriad från sitt otacksamma uppdrag. En böhmisk karmelitermunk, fader Slavata, blef efter Skytte Kristinas biktfader, och så syntes den gamle svenske klosterbroderns bruna kåpa icke längre i palatset.

En vän, en ljuspunkt fanns dock kvar i Kristinas lif. Kardinal Azzolini, den ende man, för hvilken hon någonsin hyst en ömmare känsla, stod fortfarande troget vid hennes sida. Vänskapen mellan dem hade begynnt genast vid hennes ankomst till Rom och hade aldrig lidit något afbräck. Ännu nitton år efter deras första möte skref den annars så ombytliga Kristina: »Kardinalen är en gudomlig, oförliknelig man. Han är mig kärare än mitt lif; han förmår allt hos mig.»

Om honom har hennes tunga eller hennes penna aldrig haft annat än godt att säga — den enda troligen, med hvilken detta varit fallit. Azzolini förtjänade också verkligen denna hängifna beundran. Han hade sökt bringa reda i hennes finanser, ordning i hennes hus, stadga i hennes lefnadssätt, allvar i hennes ord, och ständigt stått henne bi med råd och dåd. Han har beskyllts för egennytta, isynnerhet emedan drottningen gjorde honom till sin universalarfvinge, men anklagelsens vikt förringas väsentligt däraf, att Azzolini bättre än någon annan visste hur litet arfvet var värdt. Kanske var det fåfänga som först fäste honom vid drottningen, och det egendomliga behag, som ligger i det dagliga umgänget med intelligenta kvinnor, höll honom kvar. På någon fysisk tjusningskraft från henne till honom är det svårt att tro; från honom till henne snarare, ty Azzolini var en fruntimmerskarl som få, och då Kristina först mötte honom, var den trettiotvåårige kardinalen i fulla glansen af sin manliga skönhet och kraft.

Var han hennes älskare? Och har Kristina haft någon älskare alls? Dessa frågor får den, som forskar i hennes historia, ofta höra. Samtidens skvaller besvarade dem båda med ja och hånskrattade tvärsäkert åt allt tvifvel. Den kritiska forskningen åter måste svara: det är mycket möjligt, men något verkligt bevis därpå ha vi icke. När man läser hvad hon skrifvit, har men [sic] svårt att värja sig mot tanken, att så kan endast den tala, för hvilken kärleken icke har några hemligheter kvar. Men å andra sidan är det att märka, det Kristina själf, på samma gång hon talat om sitt eldiga temperament, också uttryckligen sagt, att hon aldrig gifvit vika därför. Det är sannt att kvinnor i allmänhet icke göra dylika bekännelser, men Kristina var tillräckligt öfvertygad om att allt var henne tillåtet för att ej rygga tillbaka för någon öppenhjärtighet, och en sådan korrespondent som t. ex. Bourdelot var tillräckligt fördomsfri att höra hvad som helst. Ingen skrifven rad, intet ögonvittne intygar, att Kristina verkligen öfverskridit kärlekens Rubicon, och hon hade för många vakna ögon omkring sig för att länge kunna dölja något.

Tyvärr har det dock icke varit känslans renhet som fäst jungfrulighetens krona på detta nyckfulla hufvud. Hade ordet demi-vierges varit uppfunnet på sextonhundratalet, hade det säkert passat till Kristina. Orsaken låg antagligen i något omildt naturens tvång, ty utan tvifvel har hennes konstitution varit abnorm; hon har själf låtit undfalla sig ett par antydningar därom, och om hon skref: »Jag högaktar alla, som äro kyska af dygd, men de, som blott äro det af ett kyligt temperament, duga aldrig till något», så gjorde hon kanske detta i hopp att hennes eget fall skulle räknas dygden till godo.

Längre än till förmodan, om än till en mycket stark sådan, lära vi nog ej komma. En sak synes likväl säker: har Kristina någonsin älskat någon, så har det varit Decio Azzolini.
(Slut i nästa häfte.)

English translation (my own):

QUEEN KRISTINA'S LAST DAYS.
BY C. BILDT.
With 9 pictures.

It matters not how one is born;
it matters much how one dies.
Kristina's Aphorisms XII, 50.

IT is hard to grow old. Happy are the few whom nature allows to retain suppleness in body and soul while the hair turns gray, and who can unite the strength of a man and the cheerful courage of a youth with the calm wisdom of an old man. Happy also are those who descend the steep slope with the knowledge of fulfilled duty and accomplished work, supported by love and respect. Nor can they complain, those for whom the autumn comes slowly and harmoniously with the peace of mind and the tranquility of the soul, at the same time the muscles relax and the joints stiffen.

But woe to those who go to meet old age without the consolation of conscience, without believing hope, with broken physical strength and weakened willpower, but still with a restless burning fire in the mind and soul, without loving reverence around them, in bitter powerlessness and aching longing for what has been and can no longer be. They easily outlive themselves who have lived only for themselves. They can still die with courage, but to grow old with dignity is impossible for them. Old age is to them a bitter enemy, which only takes and gives nothing; death is at least a redeemer.

Kristina herself has told us how she saw that great problem. Already at the age of fifty-four she wrote in her "L'Ouvrage de Loisir":

"Nature has subjected man to two terrible extremes: old age and death. Old age is more terrible than death. Happy are those who die without growing old. Old age consoles men over death."

She then dared to add: "One is sick, old and poor only through one's own fault", and: "There are people who do not age, neither in soul nor body", and: "Old age, illness and poverty are the inheritance of ignorance. Old age and poverty are ridiculous only because they afflict man through one's own fault".

She had not yet felt the first attacks of the illness that would lead her to the grave, and she was just then in the midst of the study of alchemy, magic and necromancy, hunting in the company of her physician-charlatans for the philosopher's stone and the recipe for eternal youth. In all seriousness she wrote: "The truth forces us to believe that there have been men who have known how to avoid death."

Perhaps the thought crossed her mind that she herself would find the recipe for immortality. Why not? She was fully convinced that she had succeeded in making gold.

In the spring of 1686, however, she became seriously ill, and the illness returned constantly thereafter, though with rather long intervals. Her contemporaries called it erysipelas, because it was accompanied by swellings and rashes on the legs, but in reality the real seat of the disease seems to have been the stomach and liver. It was in any case severe enough to convince Kristina that ailments and old age could not be avoided. She confessed herself defeated and knew how to do it with her usual wit. In September 1687 she wrote to Mademoiselle de Scudéry:

"I have by nature a strong aversion to old age and do not know how I shall be able to get used to it. If I were given the choice between it and death, I think I would undoubtedly choose the latter. Also because one does not consult us on how I have got used to living with pleasure. Nor does death worry me, which approaches and never misses its moment. I await it without wishing for it and without fearing it."

It was no empty boast. Among Kristina's faults was not cowardice. Not one word, not one line, not one action during the following period, after the thought of death had entered her, indicates the slightest fear. Unfortunately, there are no signs of increased seriousness and dignity in her life. For over thirty years, ever since her abdication, Kristina had really occupied herself only with intrigues and pleasures, led by whims and caprices; so it would be to the end.

The foreigner who came to Rome in the New Year of 1689 did not neglect to have himself introduced to la regina di Svezia, if rank or recommendations entitled him to do so. She was one of the city's notables, and her house was, moreover, one of the few in Rome where people entertained themselves during the reign of Innocent XI.

This Pope had many excellent qualities and was certainly not a misanthrope by nature. When he was still Cardinal Odescalchi, he was no rare guest in Kristina's box at the theater on Via Tordinona, where her secretary d'Alibert was impresario, or on the great balcony on Piazza Venezia (then San Marco), from which Kristina used to watch the Carnevale. But after he succeeded in 1676 the senile, half-idiotic Clement X, who for six years had let everything in the Papal States go astray, he found himself confronted with such a chaos of self-violence and abuse that he had to intervene with severity in order not to be swept away by the deluge, and in doing so he went from one extreme to the other.

When he trampled down ingrained nepotism, corruption and waste in the administration or purged the State of criminals and adventurers of both sexes, he had the hearts of his good Romans with him, but they grumbled loudly when he had the theaters closed, forbade women from singing in public places or dancing certain not-serious-enough dances or wearing low-necked costumes, and — worst of all — when he did not fear to circumscribe the Carnevale itself.

Among those who grumbled the most was Kristina, who took advantage of her exceptional position as a royal person to openly disobey. She continued to give both comedies and concerts in her palazzo and let her court ladies, songstresses and actresses show their shoulders and dance lively dances, just as if the keys of Peter had never existed. Such entertainment was otherwise only exceptionally found at the French and Spanish embassies. But even those who sought something other than amusement were happy to pay their attendance to the old Queen. From her one could get news both of the learned world and of political life, at least as far as Sweden, Germany and Poland were concerned, and finally her collections were an attraction for everyone who occupied themselves with art or science.

Let us follow the visitor to Kristina's residence, Palazzo Riario, on the right bank of the Tiber between the Porta Santa Spirito and the Porta Settimania at the Lungara. This was the name of a long street which connected the suburb of Borgo, i. e. the area around the Vatican and St. Peter's, with Trastevere, the other suburb trans Tiberin. Since the time of Urban VIII, the Lungara district was enclosed by the new ring wall but was nevertheless considered to lie outside the city proper and was free from the excise tax, which instead began to be collected at the aforementioned gates, a circumstance which we shall find to play a role in what follows.

Opposite the Palazzo Riario lay Baldassare Peruzzi's masterpiece, the small Palazzo Farnese; on either side were insignificant houses where Kristina's bodyguard and servants lived; behind stretched a lovely garden of no less than 185,000 square miles up the slope of the Janiculum.

Now it belongs to the State, which has set up a semblance of a botanical garden in one corner and rents out the rest for vineyards and cabbage fields, but in Kristina's time it was tastefully laid out and excellently maintained, with three long covered passages of holly and maple from the palace courtyard right up to the crest of the hill, with rich fountains, shady leafy halls and the most glorious view over Rome.

The palazzo itself was built in around 1477 by Girolamo Riario, the son of Sixtus IV, in the simple majestic style of the young Renaissance, after a design, it is said, by Bramante himself. It had experienced bloody scenes during the time of the Riarios, and in the basement there were still skulls and piles of human bones. From 1587 it was rented by the Sforza family, until Kristina bought the right of possession for her lifetime in 1662.

Clement XII later purchased it in 1732 for his nephew Cardinal Corsini and had it enlarged by Fuga, who added a new wing and gave it the present unstylish, narrow facade. It still retains the name Corsini but has belonged to the State since 1884, which has housed the Academy of Sciences dei Lincei, a painting gallery, a library, etc.

In Kristina's time the palazzo was little more than half as large as it is now, but it was at least fully sufficient for her needs. She could give concerts there with 150 musicians on the stage and the whole of Roman society as an audience, and besides the court proper, several of her artists and other protégés had their residence there. We give here (pages 23, 24) drawings of the palazzo after the only known depictions that have been preserved, a woodcut of the facade facing the Lungara and a view of the garden facade in a panorama of Rome, both from the 17th century, and also enclose for comparison a picture of the present palace. —

Palazzo Riario was Kristina's fourth residence in Rome: she had previously lived in the Vatican (three days), in the Palazzo Farnese, and in Cardinal Mazarin's palace at Quattro Fontane.

Outside the palazzo and in the gate itself, the Queen's guard, the so-called Svizzeri, with steel hats and long halberds, kept watch, and in the vestibule paraded a pair of drabantes, lancie spezzate (truncated lances), so called because, as a sign of their dignity, they sometimes carried a short parade spear. They had swords and plumed hats, were considered to have the rank of officers, and liked to call themselves captains.

The command of the Swisses, with the title capitano della guardia, was held by the young Marquis Mattia Bourbon del Monte Santa Maria, son of Kristina's 1688 deceased grand equerry, factotum and minister of peace Marquis Orazio, and married through Kristina's mediation to Anna Maria Monaldeschi, niece of Gian Rinaldo Monaldeschi, who had been executed at Fontainebleau. He was now, however, absent on a mission to Sweden at the beginning of 1689, and in the meantime the command was held by the Marquis Ornani.

The commander-in-chief of the whole small force was Kristina's cousin Władysław Konstanty Waza, Count of Wasenau, natural son of King Władysław IV, a man of distinguished, though not advantageous, appearance, whose distinguishing features were a deep melancholy and the consciousness of a constant misfortune.

The force seems to have been quite small, the Swisses about thirty and the bodyguards about ten. In passing it must be said that the name svizzeri does not at all mean that the knights were of Swiss nationality, but only that they had the same functions with the queen as the Pope's Swiss Guard in the Vatican. Among them served a Swede, Nils Malmbergh, who was a corporal, and several Frenchmen, but most were Italians. The same was the case with the bodyguards. —

Small as the troop was, it nevertheless caused great trouble, and from it came all the rift with the Vatican that troubled the Queen's last years. Kristina's finances did not allow her to offer a high salary, but she instead had a privilege that was worth more than money to many, il quartiere, i. e. the right to freedom from arrest not only for her servants, but also for everyone who was within the quarter where her palazzo was located. This right, which was also exercised by all the embassies in Rome, had gradually degenerated into the grossest abuse. The boundaries of the quarters were extended more and more, so that finally the Papal police were powerless in a large part of Rome, to a large extent but of course for the public safety. Worst of all, it was precisely with Kristina.

The modest Wasenau was nominally the head of the quarter, i. e. the one who was supposed to have supervision over the application of the privilege, but the one who actually took care of it until his death was the Marquis Orazio del Monte. If we are to believe the complaints of Monsignor Governatore and his cronies, — and all probability indicates that they were founded — he carried on a formal business with the freedom of the quarters.

Dissolute people who had something untoward with the police, especially the priestesses of love, were allowed to rent themselves in the houses around the palazzo, and what's more, they were certainly recorded as belonging to the Queen's service personnel. Men of arms, who had some murder or robbery on their conscience, sought as a favour to be enrolled among the Swisses. If money was scarce, they were safe from the gallows and galleys, and besides, they had the opportunity of a special small side income. The Lungara lay, as we have seen, outside the excise district of Rome, with one of the gates where the excise was to be paid, at each end of the street, and through these gates the Queen's carriages had the right of free passage without examination.

No better base of operations for smuggling could be found, and it was also used on a large scale by coachmen, Swisses and bodyguards in brotherly union.

If Monsignor Governatore's complaints about the sloppiness in the quarter were loud, Monsignor Tesoriere's complaints about the smuggling at Porta Settimania were no less so, and as it was felt in the purse, they made themselves heard better. The Pope finally decided to abolish the right of the quarter: it was a privilege that he had granted and therefore considered himself able to take back. The ambassadors invoked international law, Kristina the prerogative of royalty. A bitter dispute ensued, and the already lukewarm friendship was changed into open enmity.

Kristina's sharp tongue did not spare the Holy Father. Innocent, who was from Como, used to answer in the Lombard dialect "minga" ("certainly not"), when he refused a supplication, which happened more often than it was granted, and had therefore acquired the nickname Papa Minga. Kristina now christened him Mingone (minchione, fool). She also amused herself by saying that it must be the Holy Spirit who ruled the Church, because of the four Popes she had known, none had had common sense, and other wickednesses of the same kind.

Gossip, which was great in seventeenth-century Rome, brought all this to the Vatican, and although Innocent took it rather philosophically, it naturally did not contribute to restoring the friendship. Fights between the Queen's Swisses and the Governor's Sbirri, which usually ended in a whipping for the latter, led to more claims, quarrels and discomfort, and it looked as if an open breach was about to come, when Kristina, with one of her usual whims, suddenly threw herself around and renounced il quartiere, excepting only her palazzo and her servants.

This happened in February 1687, but the peace and reconciliation were not to last long. Kristina had imagined that the embassies would follow the example — in fact it was precisely the ambition to play the leader of them that prompted her hasty decision — but the French government immediately announced that it would not give up the slightest bit of the privilege, and the new French ambassador, the Marquis de Lavardin, who arrived in Rome in the autumn, claimed its most extensive exercise. Kristina then declared that her renunciation was dependent on the renunciation of the privilege by all others, but she had already recanted before that. The reservation of exemption for the palazzo and the service personnel was too elastic not to cause difficulties, which also became apparent almost immediately.

A few weeks after Kristina renounced "il quartiere", a notorious smuggler was arrested by the Papal Sbirri not far from the palazzo, but he managed to break free and cling to the lock of the Queen's carriage garage. Kristina's attention was aroused by the noise, and when she realised who it was, she immediately ordered her bodyguards to free the prisoner, which was done.

Foremost in the game was a certain "Captain" Landini, one of those who had killed Monaldeschi thirty years before. Fortunately no blood was shed, but the Pope took offense and had Landini and a lackey, who had also been present at the first incidents, put on trial. Kristina, for her part, did not give in. Nothing amused her more than bravado, and when the verdict was passed on the two accused, she had an excellent opportunity to show her inventiveness in this way. She went in full parade to the Church il Gesù, surrounded by her entire bodyguard, armed to the teeth, and with both the condemned among the others. These were both pale and anxious, for their lives might be at stake if the Pope should happen to have the fancy to show that he was the strongest.

But Innocent was no friend of violence; when he was informed of the procession, he contented himself with shrugging his shoulders and saying: "È donna" ("she's a woman"). He probably knew that nothing could sting Kristina worse. In addition, he declared her to have forfeited the pension of a thousand scudi a month, which she had hitherto enjoyed from the Holy See, but Kristina took this calmly.

After Olivekrantz took over the administration of her maintenance lands in 1681, her income flowed in fairly well, so that she could dispense with the papal pension. Accustomed as she was to financial difficulties and absolutely incapable of forming a clear idea of how her affairs stood, she was not impressed by a few thousand scudi more or less. The stinging word woman felt sharper.

This dispute over the quarter and the resulting enmity continued until 1689. Two men of peace, Cardinal Azzolino and Monsignor Giovan Francesco Albani (later Clement XI), intervened and succeeded with their well-meaning mediation in preventing the outbreak of formal hostilities, but they were unable to bring about any reconciliation. No more truce.

But we have long enough left the visitor among the Swisses and the bodyguards in the vestibule or guardroom. From there he entered a room where the Queen's chamberlains were staying. These, called aiutanti di camera, were a cross between courtiers and servants, for in the seventeenth century the boundaries between these functions were by no means as sharp as they are now. Among them were also two Swedes, the brothers Carl and Decius le Fèvre, from whom the latter received his Latin name after Cardinal Azzolino upon his transition to the only Church that grants salvation.

In the next hall were the chamberlains gentiluomini della camera or camerieri, a fairly numerous company, for it was considered at that time the best way for a young man to learn manners and customs to spend a few hours a day in a princely salon, and belonging to a court, however small, brought social advantages that were not to be despised.

The title of cameriere or scudiere (equerry) at Kristina's court was therefore, although the position was only exceptionally paid, quite sought after among the Italian nobility, even among the most distinguished Roman families. In addition, there were a number of gentiluomini della regina, whose only duty was to form her escort on solemn occasions.

Chief among the chamberlains was the Earl of Warwick, eldest son of the exiled Duke of Northumberland, a handsome man with a distinguished bearing and affable manner. There was no real head of court at the time. This position had been held for several years by the Duke of Poli and after him by the Marquis del Monte. It was now sought, after his death, by the Duke of Lante, but Kristina postponed filling the position, which she intended for the young Mattia del Monte on his return from Sweden, and in the meantime the service was held by the Earl of Warwick and the Marquis Pompeo Azzolino, a brother of the Cardinal of the same name.

The female court staff was few. The del Monte family was represented there by the Marquis Orazio's daughter Clarice, who served as the court lady. She also alone represented youth, for the two other court ladies, the Marchioness Ottavia Capponi and her unmarried sister Porzia Giustiniani Passaglia, were already of the age called certain. They were of an unassuming family from Pesaro — their father is said to have been a field marshal — but they had made up for what they lacked in birth by their beauty.

Moreover, in her female entourage, Kristina valued appearance above all else; she socialised with women the more easily the lower they stood on the social scale, and she asked neither about their birth nor their education. What woman would be educated enough for her anyway? Haughty towards princesses and noble ladies, she was, on the other hand, extremely familiar with her ladies-in-waiting and chambermaids, and her condescension towards them often amounted to weakness.

The beautiful sisters from Pesaro had sometimes put Kristina's composure to severe tests by little adventures, to which the god Cupid was not altogether a stranger, but that had been forgotten and forgiven, and they had gradually advanced from the toilet room to the drawing room. Ottavia had married a Marquis Capponi, but despite the title, it was not a good match. She retained her service with the Queen, and Kristina was allowed to maintain the Marquis in return.

If the visitor had already been in Rome for some time before he made his attendance on Kristina, he might have heard much gossip about the treasures of female beauty that the palazzo hid, but if he had expected to stand face to face with them, he would have felt a little deceived when he was presented with Clarice del Monte or "le signore" Ottavia and Portia with their mature pleasures. Had the rumour perhaps been a lie? Did the said beauties exist only in the imagination? No, they probably also existed in the flesh, but they were not easy to see.

Kristina's weakness for young and beautiful women certainly increased with the years, but not so much as her indulgence in the little lapses such interesting creatures sometimes allowed themselves. She knew well that it usually came back sourly. Moreover, if she took the trouble to seek out young, pretty girls with beautiful voices, it was so that they would play and sing in her theater and for herself, but not at all for the sake of curious gentlemen. She was therefore cautious and kept her songbirds under close guard.

The cage was set up on the second floor, just above the Queen's own room, and no foreigner was allowed to go up there. It was a kind of golden captivity in which she kept her charges, but no one was offended, for such was the custom in Rome at that time. Her singers were at the moment three: Maria Landini, daughter of the already mentioned captain or at least of his wife, and the sisters Angelina and Barbara Giorgini.

Of these, Angelina was a radiant beauty, tall, buxom and blond, who had already set many hearts on fire. Her own heart had also spoken and, as usual, for an unsuitable person. The lucky man was a young French sculptor, Jean Théodon, a student at the recently established French Academy of Arts, rich in love but poor in coins and therefore frowned upon by the girl's mother, who dreamed of something better for her girl. This better came in the form of employment with the Queen for the two sisters, who were skilled singers and lute players, and so the doors of the Palazzo Riario were locked between Théodon and his flame. We shall return to Angelina's fate, but it is now time to introduce the foreigner to the Queen herself.

Before the double doors were opened, he nevertheless received a well-meaning warning from the chamberlain not to call the Queen Serenissima. It was then the usual adjective for a crowned head, but Kristina had developed a deep antipathy towards the poor word. It was used for other ordinary queens, who were nothing more than the wives of kings, and could therefore not befit one who had reigned herself and been great enough to be able to step down from the throne and still remain queen. No "Serenissima" therefore, neither in speech nor in writing, for those who did not want to learn a lesson.

There she sat now, the notorious Queen: a small, fat, plump old woman with a double chin adorned with long beard hairs, a huge aquiline nose under bushy blond eyebrows, a protruding lower lip, grey-streaked hair cut short and swept back, large, bright, lively blue eyes, and a cheerful, extremely charming manner.

Her costume was simple and completely independent of fashion; a wide black silk kaftan of masculine cut fell down to the knees, beneath it a smooth black skirt, short enough to show the shoes, also of a man's style, a black ribbon bow at the neck, and over the cardigan a belt, which supported and ran under the belly and betrayed its considerable dimensions.

This simple toilet was not enhanced by any care for the person. Kristina loved cleanliness, a contemporary claimed — "mais pas jusqu'au scrupule" ["but not to the point of scruple"]. When an artist was to depict her, he was, however, careful not to be too realistic. See, for example, the picture on page 31. There is Kristina's last portrait, engraved in 1675 by Pietro dell'Aquila, and is about as similar as Queen Victoria's picture on the English postage stamps.

However unappealing Kristina's appearance appeared, it was rare that the foreigner did not leave the audience delighted. It was difficult to meet a person who combined more natural wittiness with extensive reading and experience and cheerful openheartedness. In addition, an spontaneous ability to say something flattering to everyone, just the ideal for princes who "pay court".

As simple, natural and engaging as Kristina could be when she received on an everyday basis, she proved to be just as boring and unreasonable on official occasions. She knew the complicated etiquette of the time like the back of her hand, but preferred to use her knowledge to break with established rules. No title was fine enough, no chair high enough, no bow deep enough, no salute long enough, when the ermine robe came on and she appeared as queen. She was the terror and horror of all masters of ceremonies, for no matter how they ruled and acted, she rarely found something not to complain about, and she then did not mince words, either in speech or in writing.

In addition to the actual attendants, the Queen's daily entourage included her three secretaries: the Italian Abbate Santini, the Swede Andreas Brovall Galdenblad, a fanatical Catholic and zealous proselytiser, and the Frenchman Count d'Alibert, as well as two scientists of a somewhat strange type, the mathematician Domenico Quartarono of Messina and the chemist Giacomo Bandiera. The Queen spent most of her time with them.

In her last years she had longed to do something in politics, but she could not ignore the great events of the time in her correspondence, and what she wrote about them testifies to great acumen and freedom from prejudice, when her own interests did not obscure her gaze. For example, she had expressed her disapproval of Louis XIV's persecution of the Protestants and had long foreseen that James II's bigotry would overthrow him from the throne of England, thanks, she did not hesitate to write, to "the damned race of Jesuits and monks, who ruin everything they put their minds to".

The clear thoughts are clothed in equally clear expressions: simple, logical, and easily readable, the style flows, a rare quality in this age of gibberish.

The Queen's own affairs were few: they really concerned the receipt from Sweden of the remainder of her income and the exchange of her rights over the maintenance lands for full sovereignty over Bremen. On this subject there was a constant exchange of letters with her governor general Olivekrantz and with the young Marquis del Monte sent to Sweden. A tedious correspondence was also maintained with her banker in Hamburg, a Portuguese Jew named Diego Manuel Texeira, a man who had helped her out of many a strait, to no small benefit to himself, as one can easily imagine.

In addition, during Kristina's last days negotiations were carried on with the Brandenburg court. Having given up hope of obtaining Bremen from Sweden, she had conceived the plan of obtaining from the Elector sovereignty over Halle and Halberstadt or Magdeburg in exchange for her rights over Pomerania and a testament to her valuables. These negotiations, which were interrupted by her death, were prompted by Kristina's desire to leave Rome and get away from all the troubles she had caused there. At least she said so herself, but it is difficult to say whether her words were the reflection of a deep-rooted intention or merely the expression of temporary discontent.

Alongside this serious correspondence, there was the usual exchange of compliments and ceremonial letters between Kristina and other princely persons, especially in Italy, and on her part a diligent recommendation of her protégés. In general, it was not difficult to be recommended by her: a little flattery was all that was needed. Add to this the close connections with scholars and artists, and it will be found that the secretaries had no sinecure.

Santini handled the greater part of the correspondence; the rest was handled by Galdenblad, who also had the privilege of assisting Kristina in the editing of her own literary works. These were always successful. Her collection of aphorisms, called "L'Ouvrage du Loisir", was first written in 1680; the style is then short, pithy, and fresh. A few years later she re-edited it with Galdenblad's assistance: the result is long-winded and contrived.

Kristina's academy, which still lives under the name Gli Arcadi, also occupied much of her and the secretaries' time. There was much to be said about this learned society that would interest the Swedish public, but space permits me to mention only that when the Queen distributed the subjects on which the wise gentlemen were to write fine essays, they were chiefly about love.

Count d'Alibert had only to do with society life and its pleasures; he was only allowed to deal with more serious subjects exceptionally. The mathematician Quartarono and the chemist Bandiera were much more important people, in whose work Kristina personally participated with the most lively interest; the former was an astrologer and the latter a goldsmith. True, she wrote: "One must know enough medicine and astrology not to be deceived by doctors and astrologers," but that did not mean that she did not believe in the power of the black arts.

Up until her death she continued her experiments, which consumed very considerable sums. In Rome memories and legends still survive of her goldsmithing, which are certainly worth preserving, but I do not dare to tell about them now, just as I must also pass over what concerns her relationship to science and art, her archaeological researches, her libraries and collections, etc.

It may be said that if Kristina's interest in science was superficial and her sense of art unindependent, faults that lay as much in the spirit of the times as in herself, she was, on the other hand, unsurpassed as a collector and connoisseuse. How would it not make all the collectors and museum directors of the world's mouths water if an auction could now be held for only half of what she owned!

So the time in the Palazzo Riario passed between politics, knowledge, the black arts, music, audiences and the occasional greater pleasure, but there was still emptiness around the aging Queen, despite the many plumed gentlemen in the antechamber and the black-clad secretaries in the chancellery. Those who still crowded around her sought something to earn or regarded her as a curiosity. Those whose hearts crossed her threshold were easily counted. She was on irremediable terms with most of the noble Roman families. She had been rude to their ladies, interfered in their private affairs, especially when it came to marriage and love affairs, said witty mean things about them, hurt their vanity and finally came into conflict with the Pope, on whom they all more or less depended. The foreign diplomats avoided her for fear of getting themselves into some tedious tangle of etiquette. The religious world felt offended by her self-ruled life and free tongue.

Kristina was nevertheless very careful in the fulfillment of all external devotional duties; every morning she heard Mass in the little chapel that adjoined the bedchamber; she confessed, fasted and shrove as diligently as if she had defied anyone; she had even made a pilgrimage to the House of the Madonna in Loreto in the autumn of 1686, but how often had she also made fun of much that was dear to the faithful!

In the old days one could sometimes meet on the palazzo steps a Franciscan friar with kind, friendly eyes and a cheerful, affable manner, the Queen's confessor, Brother Laurentius a Divo Paulo. Rumour had it that before he became a monk in the Aracœli monastery up on the Capitoline Hill he had been a nobleman and rich and had served his Queen as an envoy to a foreign court — and the rumour was true.

His name was once Lars Skytte, and he was Sweden's resident in Portugal, but deep, ardent convictions had long ago led him to Catholicism and the monastery. For Kristina he had always entertained the greatest affection and admiration, and for eight years he had heard her admittedly rather strange confession, but she had listened little to his admonitions, so that at last he despaired of her and begged to be released from his thankless assignment. A Bohemian Carmelite monk, Father Slavata, became Kristina's confessor after Skytte, and so the old Swedish monk's brown robe was no longer seen in the palazzo.

One friend, one bright spot, remained in Kristina's life. Cardinal Azzolino, the only man for whom she had ever had a tender feeling, still stood faithfully by her side. The friendship between them had begun immediately upon her arrival in Rome and had never suffered any interruption. Nineteen years after their first meeting, the otherwise fickle Kristina wrote: "The Cardinal is a divine, incomparable man. He is dearer to me than my life; he can do everything with me."

Her tongue or her pen never had anything but good to say about him — the only one, probably, with whom this had happened. Azzolino also truly deserved this devoted admiration. He had sought to bring order to her finances, order to her household, stability to her way of life, seriousness to her words, and had constantly stood by her with rede and deed. He has been accused of self-interest, especially since the Queen made him her universal heir, but the weight of the accusation is considerably diminished by the fact that Azzolino knew better than anyone else how little the inheritance was worth. Perhaps it was vanity that first attached him to the Queen, and the peculiar pleasure that lies in the daily association with intelligent women kept him there. It is difficult to believe in any physical power of attraction from her to him; from him to her rather, for Azzolino was a ladies' man like few, and when Kristina first met him, the thirty-two year old Cardinal was in the full glory of his masculine beauty and strength.

Was he her lover? And did Kristina have any lovers at all? These questions are often heard by those who research her history. Contemporary gossip answered them both with a yes and laughed outright at all doubts. Critical research must again answer: it is very possible, but we have no real proof of it. When one reads what she wrote, one has difficulty defending oneself against the thought that only she for whom love has no secrets left can speak thus. But on the other hand, it is to be noted that Kristina herself, at the same time as she spoke of her fiery temperament, also expressly said that she had never given way to it. It is true that women generally do not make such confessions, but Kristina was sufficiently convinced that everything was permissible for her not to shrink from any frankness, and such a correspondent as, for example, Bourdelot was sufficiently open-minded to hear anything. No written line, no eyewitness attests that Kristina had really crossed the Rubicon of love, and she had too many watchful eyes around her to be able to hide anything for long.

Unfortunately, however, it was not the purity of feeling that fastened the crown of virginity to this capricious head. Had the word demi-vierges been invented in the seventeenth century, it would certainly have suited Kristina. The reason probably lay in some harsh constraint of nature, for without a doubt her constitution was abnormal; she herself let slip a few hints of it, and if she wrote: "I esteem all who are chaste by virtue, but those who are only so by a cold temperament are never good for anything", she perhaps did this in the hope that her own case would be counted in virtue's favour.

We can probably get no further than a conjecture, albeit a very strong one. One thing nevertheless seems certain: if Kristina ever loved anyone, it was Decio Azzolino.
(End in the next issue.)

Notes: Angelina Giorgina is also known as Angela Voglia, Angelina Voglia, Angelica Giorgina (possibly being confused with Kristina's other singer Angelica Quadrelli) and La Giorgina. She received her nickname La Giorgina after her stepfather, Carlo or Giacomo Giorgino; her biological father was Francesco Voglia, and her mother was Caterina Fracchi. Her full name was Angela Maddalena Voglia.

In Swedish and the other main Continental Scandinavian languages, "med råd och dåd" literally means "with counsel and deed". However, "råd" is cognate to the archaic English word "rede", which means "advice" or "counsel" and in its modern pronunciation rhymes with "deed", so I have wanted to maintain the rhyme of the expression in both languages.