Showing posts with label Spain. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Spain. Show all posts

Thursday, November 20, 2025

King Felipe (Philip) IV of Spain's letter to Pope Alexander VII, dated July 23/August 2 (New Style), 1655

Source:

Christine de Suède et le cardinal Azzolino: Lettres inédites (1666-1668), pages 37 to 38 and footnote 1, by Baron Carl Bildt, 1899; courtesy of the Swedish Royal Library (Kungliga biblioteket) via Litteraturbanken.se


"... Mais il fallait encore compter avec le pape. Quelle réception ferait-il à une convertie qui, aux yeux du monde, resterait encore une hérétique? — Philippe IV se chargea de sonder le terrain. Il écrivit, le 2 août 1655, à Alexandre VII pour lui faire part des intentions de la Reine, mais il se heurta à un refus formel. Le pape exigeait absolument que la Reine n'entrât à Rome qu'après une profession de foi publique. C'était en effet la seule solution possible, et Christine en prit vite son parti. — Cependant cette négociation avait fait perdre du temps, et ce ne fut que le 22 septembre que la Reine put enfin quitter Bruxelles pour s'acheminer vers l'Italie. ..."

"... But the Pope still had to be reckoned with. How would he receive a convert who, in the eyes of the world, would still remain a heretic? — Felipe IV took it upon himself to sound out the ground. On August 2, 1655, he wrote to Alexander VII to inform him of the Queen's intentions, but he was met with a formal refusal. The Pope absolutely demanded that the Queen enter Rome only after a public profession of faith. This was, in fact, the only possible solution, and Kristina quickly accepted it. — However, this negotiation had wasted time, and it was not until September 22 that the Queen was finally able to leave Brussels to get on the road to Italy. ..."

The letter (in Bildt's French translation from a Spanish copy in the Vatican Archives):

TRÈS SAINT PÈRE,
Dieu Notre Seigneur, qui tient dans sa main les cœurs des Rois, a inspiré à celui de la Sérénissime Reine de Suède, en lui donnant la lumière pour arriver à la connaissance de la vérité infaillible de notre Sainte Religion Catholique, de se réfugier dans le giron de la Sainte Église Apostolique Romaine.

Je dois à la Reine de m'avoir confié ce secret et de m'avoir choisi comme confident d'une aussi grande résolution; pour pouvoir l'exécuter, la Reine a décidé de quitter le Royaume et, sous différents prétextes et détours, elle est venue fixer sa résidence en mes provinces du Pays-Bas, où elle se trouve aujourd'hui, cherchant à arranger avec le Roi ses affaires d'intérêt, de telle façon que, convertissant en une somme d'argent ce que peut rapporter la partie de cet État réservée pour sa subsistance, la Reine se trouve libre de toute espèce de dépendance envers ce Royaume, et puisse jouir de la tranquillité qu'elle désire. Ce motif l'oblige à suspendre pour le moment sa déclaration, tant que durera la négociation qu'elle traite en Suède, mais elle n'a pas voulu tarder à apprendre la nouvelle à Votre Sainteté et, augmentant les obligations que je lui dois par cette nouvelle faveur, elle a voulu que ce fût moi qui communicât à Votre Béatitude une nouvelle aussi agréable, me choisissant en outre comme parrain pour sa régénération, afin que, réunis, nous arrivions aux très saints pieds de Votre Sainteté avec ce noble trophée de l'Église, qui rendra heureux le début du bienheureux Pontificat de Votre Béatitude.

La Reine désire que cette matière ne soit révélée qu'à Votre Sainteté, et c'est pourquoi je l'ai totalement cachée au Duc de Terranova, en lui enjoignant de remettre immédiatement cette lettre entre les mains de Votre Béatitude, sans rien ajouter à ce que je lui ai ordonné, et de dire à Votre Sainteté que la matière de son contenu doit être traitée entre Votre Béatitude et moi seuls. Je demeure avec la plus grande joie que je puis de la [...] qu'a fait la Reine et de ce que la Providence de Notre Seigneur ait permis que ce fût pendant le Pontificat de Votre Sainteté, à qui je désire du plus profond de mon cœur toute félicité et de nombreuses années de vie.
De Madrid le 2 août 1655.
Le très humble fils de Votre Sainteté,
LE ROI.

Swedish translation (my own):

Heligaste Fader,
Gud Vår Herre, som håller konungarnas hjärtan i sina händer, har inspirerat Sveriges Durchlauchtigaste Drottning, genom att ge henne ljuset för att komma till kunskap om vår Heliga Katolska Religions ofelbara sanning, att söka tillflykt i den Heliga Romerska och Apostoliska Kyrkans famn.

Jag är drottningen skyldig för att hon anförtrott mig denna hemlighet och för att hon valt mig som förtrogne för ett så stort beslut; för att kunna genomföra det beslutade drottningen att lämna riket och, under olika förevändningar och omvägar, kom hon för att etablera sin bostad i mina provinser i Nederländerna, där hon befinner sig idag, och försökte ordna sina intressen med konungen, på ett sådant sätt att drottningen, genom att omvandla till en summa pengar det som kan inbringas av den del av denna Stat som reserverats för hennes uppehälle, finner sig fri från allt slags beroende av detta rike och kan njuta av den lugn hon önskar.

Detta motiv förpliktar henne att för tillfället uppskjuta sin förklaring så länge den förhandling hon trakterar i Sverige pågår, men hon har inte velat dröja med att underrätta Ers Helighet om nyheten, och i ökande grad har hon velat att det skall vara jag som meddelar Ers Salighet sådana angenäma nyheter, och har dessutom valt mig till gudfader för hennes pånyttfödelse, så att vi, återförenade, kan anlända till Ers Helighets heligaste fötter med denna Kyrkans ädla trofé, som kommer att göra början på Ers Salighets välsignade pontifikat lycklig.

Drottningen önskar att denna sak endast skall avslöjas för Ers Helighet, och det är därför jag helt har dolt den för hertigen av Terranova och instruerat honom att omedelbart överlämna detta brev till Ers Salighets händer, utan att jag lägger till något till det jag har beordrat, och att säga Ers Helighet att dess innehåll måste behandlas mellan Ers Salighet och mig ensamma. Jag förblir med den största glädje jag kan uppleva över drottningens handling och att Vår Herres försyn har låtit detta ske under Ers Helighets pontifikat, till vilken jag från djupet av mitt hjärta önskar all lycka och många levnadsår.
Från Madrid, den 2 augusti 1655.
Ers Helighets ödmjukaste son
Konungen.

English translation (my own):

Most Holy Father,
God Our Lord, who holds the hearts of kings in His hands, has inspired the Most Serene Queen of Sweden, in giving her the light to come to the knowledge of the infallible truth of our Holy Catholic Religion, to take refuge in the bosom of the Holy Roman and Apostolic Church.

I owe it to the Queen for having entrusted me with this secret and for having chosen me as the confidant of such a great resolution; in order to be able to execute it, the Queen decided to leave the kingdom and, under various pretexts and detours, she came to establish her residence in my provinces of the Netherlands, where she is today, seeking to arrange with the King her affairs of interest, in such a way that, converting into a sum of money what can be brought in by the part of this State reserved for her subsistence, the Queen finds herself free from all kinds of dependence on this kingdom and can enjoy the tranquility she desires.

This motive obliges her to suspend her declaration for the moment for as long as the negotiation she is treating in Sweden lasts, but she has not wanted to delay apprising Your Holiness of the news and, increasing the obligations I owe her by this new favour, she has wanted it to be me who communicated such agreeable news to Your Beatitude, choosing me moreover as godfather for her regeneration, so that, reunited, we may arrive at the most holy feet of Your Holiness with this noble trophy of the Church, which will make the beginning of Your Beatitude's blessed pontificate happy.

The Queen desires that this matter be revealed only to Your Holiness, and that is why I have totally hidden it from the Duke de Terranova, instructing him to immediately deliver this letter into Your Beatitude's hands, without my adding anything to what I have ordered, and to tell Your Holiness that the subject of its contents must be treated between Your Beatitude and me alone. I remain with the greatest joy I am capable of at the Queen's action and that the Providence of Our Lord has allowed it to happen during Your Holiness's Pontificate, to whom I wish from the depths of my heart all felicity and many years of life.
From Madrid, August 2, 1655.
Your Holiness's most humble son
The King.


Above: Kristina.


Above: King Felipe (Philip) IV of Spain.


Above: Pope Alexander VII.

Note: Diego Tagliavia de Aragón, the Duke de Terranova (born circa 1596, died 1663), was the Spanish ambassador to Rome.

Monday, November 17, 2025

Summary of Coenraad van Beuningen's letter to the government of the United Provinces in The Hague, dated March 5/15 (New Style), 1653

Source:

Handlingar rörande Sverges historia, volume 4, page 283, published by Anders Fryxell, 1843


The letter summary:

... [Stockholm] d. 15 Mars 1653. — I allt tycktes råda en nära vänskap mellan Sverge och Spanien. — En neapolitansk missnöjd herre väntades till Stockholm. Pimentelli sökte öfvertala drottningen att ej emottaga honom.

With modernised spelling:

... [Stockholm] den 15 mars 1653. — I allt tycktes råda en nära vänskap mellan Sverige och Spanien. — En neapolitansk missnöjd herre väntades till Stockholm. Pimentelli sökte övertala drottningen att ej emottaga honom.

English translation (my own):

... Stockholm, March 15, 1653. — In everything there seemed to be a close friendship between Sweden and Spain. — A disaffected Neapolitan gentleman was expected in Stockholm. Pimentel tried to persuade the Queen not to receive him.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Antonio Pimentel.

Sunday, November 16, 2025

Francis William Bain on Kristina's abrupt attempt at dismissal of the Portuguese resident (António de Silva e Souza) and refusal to continue to recognise Duke João of Braganza as king of Portugal

Source:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, page 238, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


Kristina's letter of May 12/22 (Old Style), 1654 to Erik von der Linde dismissing the Portuguese resident is here:


The account:

A day or two before she abdicated [sic], she disconcerted the Senate and Charles Gustavus by a strange and apparently unaccountable action. She sent to the Portuguese resident to say it was useless for him to remain in Sweden, since she was determined no longer to recognise the Duke of Braganza as king, and should always look upon him as a usurper. There seems to be something underneath this which we do not know; but[,] taking the facts as we have them, we can only explain the proceeding as a sort of friendly signal to the Spanish party, in view of her forthcoming abdication; for it neither had, nor could have, any meaning in itself, nor any consequences. The Portuguese ambassador continued at Stockholm on the same footing as before.


Above: Kristina.


Above: King João IV of Portugal, Duke of Braganza.

Note: The Portuguese resident = António de Silva e Souza.

Thursday, November 6, 2025

Excerpt from Jerónimo de Barrionuevo's letter to "the Dean of Zaragoza" (actually to Lorenzo Francés de Urrutigoyti, Dean of the Cathedral of Sigüenza), dated October 17/27 (New Style), 1655

Source:

Avisos de D. Jerónimo de Barrionuevo (1654-1658), volume 2, pages 185 to 186, by Jerónimo de Barrionuevo, published by Antonio Paz y Mélia, 1892; original at the University of Toronto - Robarts Library


The letter excerpt:

Madrid y Octubre 27 de 1655.
... La Reina de Suecia ha escrito al Rey una elegantísima carta. Dale cuenta va á besar el pie al Pontífice, reconocerle por Vicario de Cristo, Señor Nuestro, y visitar á Loreto, y ofrecerle levantar á su costa 8.000 alemanes para lo de Flandes. Pídele le señale en Italia algun lugar ameno y de recreacion, donde dicen quiere retirarse, y que en todo es una Reina sabia. Sólo le falta que se le antoje le haga algun hijo el Rey, que en esto de bastardos tiene muy buena mano, y en los legítimos una dicha muy corta. Dios sobre todo. ...
Guarde Dios á Vm. muchos años.

With modernised spelling:

Madrid, y octubre 27 de 1655.
... La reina de Suecia ha escrito al rey una elegantísima carta. Dale cuenta va a besar el pie al pontífice, reconocerle por Vicario de Cristo, Señor Nuestro, y visitar a Loreto, y ofrecerle levantar a su costa 8,000 alemanes para lo de Flandes. Pídele le señale en Italia algun lugar ameno y de recreación, donde dicen quiere retirarse, y que en todo es una reina sabia. Solo le falta que se le antoje le haga algun hijo el rey, que en esto de bastardos tiene muy buena mano, y en los legítimos una dicha muy corta. Dios sobre todo. ...
Guarde Dios a Vuestra Merced muchos años.

French translation (my own; I cannot tag it as such due to character limits in the tags):

Madrid, le 27 octobre 1655.
... La reine de Suède a adressé au roi une lettre des plus élégantes. Elle lui annonce son intention de baiser les pieds du Pontife, de le reconnaître comme Vicaire du Christ, Notre Seigneur, de se rendre à Lorette et de proposer de lever à ses frais 8 000 Allemands pour la campagne des Flandres. Elle le prie de lui désigner en Italie un lieu agréable et paisible où, dit-on, elle souhaite se retirer, et assure qu'en toutes choses, elle est une reine sage. Il ne reste plus qu'à ce que le roi ait envie d'avoir un enfant avec elle, car il a un don pour engendrer des bâtards, et une réussite très courte avec les enfants légitimes. Dieu avant tout. ...
Que Dieu garde Votre Grâce pendant de longues années.

Swedish translation (my own):

Madrid, den 27 oktober 1655.
... Sveriges drottning har skrivit ett mycket elegant brev till konungen. Hon berättar för honom att hon skall kyssa påvens fot, erkänna honom som Kristi, Vår Herres, ställföreträdare, besöka Loreto, och erbjuda sig att på egen bekostnad uppfostra 8,000 tyskar för Flandern-fälttåget. Hon ber honom att anvisa henne någon trevlig och avkopplande plats i Italien, där de säger att hon vill dra sig tillbaka, och att hon i allt är en klok drottning. Allt som återstår är att konungen finner på att skaffa barn med henne, för han är mycket duktig på att föda oäkta barn, och har en mycket kort tid med legitima sådana. Gud framför allt. ...
Må Gud bevara Ers Nåd i många år.

English translation (my own):

Madrid, October 27, 1655.
... The Queen of Sweden has written the King a most elegant letter. She tells him she is going to kiss the Pontiff's foot, acknowledge him as the Vicar of Christ, Our Lord, and visit Loreto, and offer to raise 8,000 Germans at her own expense for the Flanders campaign. She asks him to designate for her in Italy some pleasant and recreational place, where they say she wishes to retire, and that in all things she is a wise queen. All that remains is for the King to take the fancy of fathering a child with her, for he has a very good hand at producing bastards, and a very short stint with legitimate ones. God above all. ...
May God keep Your Grace for many years.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Pope Alexander VII.


Above: King Felipe (Philip) IV of Spain.

Excerpt from Jerónimo de Barrionuevo's letter to "the Dean of Zaragoza" (actually to Lorenzo Francés de Urrutigoyti, Dean of the Cathedral of Sigüenza), dated October 13/23 (New Style), 1655

Source:

Avisos de D. Jerónimo de Barrionuevo (1654-1658), volume 2, page 181, by Jerónimo de Barrionuevo, published by Antonio Paz y Mélia, 1892; original at the University of Toronto - Robarts Library


The letter excerpt:

Madrid y Octubre 23 de 1655.
... La Reina de Suecia ha enviado ya á Roma su recámara y parte de sus criados. Hanle dado el palacio de Farnesio, en que venga á vivir. Va á volverse católica; es cosa ciertísima, de que he visto muchas cartas. Si lo hubiera hecho antes de dejar el reino, hubiera reducido aquellas gentes al verdadero conocimiento de la religion cristiana. Debe esto sin duda de convenir, pues así Dios lo permite. ...
Guarde Dios á V. M. muchos años.

With modernised spelling:

Madrid, y octubre 23 de 1655.
... La reina de Suecia ha enviado ya a Roma su recámara y parte de sus criados. Hanle dado el palacio de Farnesio, en que venga a vivir. Va a volverse católica; es cosa ciertísima, de que he visto muchas cartas. Si lo hubiera hecho antes de dejar el reino, hubiera reducido aquellas gentes al verdadero conocimiento de la religión cristiana. Debe esto sin duda de convenir, pues así Dios lo permite. ...
Guarde Dios a Vuestra Merced muchos años.

French translation (my own; I cannot tag it as such due to character limits in the tags):

Madrid, le 23 octobre 1655.
… La reine de Suède a déjà dépêché son chambellan et quelques serviteurs à Rome. Ils lui ont offert le palais Farnèse, où elle viendra résider. Elle va se convertir au catholicisme; cela est tout à fait certain, car j'ai vu de nombreuses lettres qui le confirment. Si elle l'avait fait avant de quitter le royaume, elle aurait ramené ces gens à la véritable compréhension de la religion chrétienne. Cela ne peut être que meilleur, car Dieu le permet. …
Que Dieu garde Votre Grâce pendant de nombreuses années.

Swedish translation (my own):

Madrid, den 23 oktober 1655.
... Sveriges drottning har redan skickat sin kammarherre och några av sina tjänare till Rom. De har givit henne palatset Farnese, där hon kommer att bo. Hon kommer att bli katolik; detta är helt säkert, ty jag har sett många brev som bekräftar det. Om hon hade gjort det innan hon lämnade riket, skulle hon ha fört dessa människor tillbaka till den sanna förståelsen av den kristna religionen. Detta måste utan tvekan vara till det bästa, för Gud tillåter det. ...
Må Gud bevara Ers Nåd i många år.

English translation (my own):

Madrid, October 23, 1655.
... The Queen of Sweden has already sent her chamberlain and some of her servants to Rome. They have given her the Palazzo Farnese, where she will come to live. She is going to become Catholic; this is most certain, as I have seen many letters confirming it. Had she done so before leaving the kingdom, she would have brought those people back to the true understanding of the Christian religion. This must without a doubt be for the best, as God is permitting it. ...
May God keep Your Grace for many years.


Above: Kristina.

Excerpt from Jerónimo de Barrionuevo's letter to "the Dean of Zaragoza" (actually to Lorenzo Francés de Urrutigoyti, Dean of the Cathedral of Sigüenza), dated September 26/October 6 (New Style), 1655

Source:

Avisos de D. Jerónimo de Barrionuevo (1654-1658), volume 2, page 153, by Jerónimo de Barrionuevo, published by Antonio Paz y Mélia, 1892; original at the University of Toronto - Robarts Library


The letter excerpt:

Madrid 6 de Octubre de 1655.
... La Reina de Suecia ha ofrecido á S. M. 20.000 hombres para la campaña que viene, que ha sentido mucho los excusos del Francés en aquellos Estados. ... — Guarde Dios á Vm. muchos años. Madrid y Octubre 6 de 1655 años. — B. l. m. á Vm. su mayor servidor, D. Jerónimo de Barrionuevo.

With modernised spelling:

Madrid, 6 de octubre de 1655.
... La reina de Suecia ha ofrecido a Su Majestad 20,000 hombres para la campaña que viene, que ha sentido mucho los excusos del francés en aquellos Estados. ... — Guarde Dios a Vuestra Merced muchos años. Madrid, y octubre 6 de 1655 años. —
Besa la mano a Vuestra Merced
su mayor servidor
don Jerónimo de Barrionuevo.

French translation (my own):

Madrid, le 6 octobre 1655.
... La reine de Suède a offert à Sa Majesté 20 000 hommes pour la campagne à venir, car elle regrette profondément les excuses des Français dans ces territoires. ... — Que Dieu garde Votre Grâce longtemps. Madrid, le 6 octobre 1655. —
Baisant la main de Votre Grâce,
son plus grand serviteur
don Jérôme de Barrionuevo.

Swedish translation (my own):

Madrid, den 6 oktober 1655.
... Sveriges drottning har erbjudit Hans Majestät 20,000 man för det kommande fälttåget, då hon djupt beklagat fransmännens ursäkter i dessa områden. ... — Må Gud bevara Ers Nåd i många år. Madrid, den 6 oktober 1655. —
Kysser Ers Nåds hand
Er störste tjänare
don Jerónimo de Barrionuevo.

English translation (my own):

Madrid, October 6, 1655.
... The Queen of Sweden has offered His Majesty 20,000 men for the upcoming campaign, as she has greatly regretted the excuses of the French in those territories. ... — May God keep Your Grace for many years. Madrid, October 6, 1655. —
Kissing Your Grace's hand,
your greatest servant
Don Jerónimo de Barrionuevo.


Above: Kristina.


Above: King Felipe (Philip) IV of Spain.

Monday, October 20, 2025

Francis William Bain on Kristina's behaviour and policy in relation to foreign countries towards the end of her reign

Source:

Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 195 to 198, by Francis William Bain, 1890; original at the University of Connecticut Library


The account:

There is no more truth in the allegations respecting her neglect of affairs with Spain, or the dark surmisings of her enemies as to this power. There are no signs of any inclination on her part to a treaty between Spain, England, and Sweden; Pimentelli indeed spoke to Whitelocke on the subject, but such a treaty was to the taste of neither Christina nor Cromwell, and the idea was not entertained. The Queen confined herself to sending an ambassador to Spain, to make overtures as to a commercial treaty with Sweden; this was the status quo when she abdicated. She showed no appearance of hostility to France, but assured Picques of her continued good will to that country.

It is the same when we examine her dealings with the Imperial Court. Christina showed favour to its ambassador Montecuculi, and endeavoured, indeed, to conciliate Frederick III. by supporting the claims of his son to be elected King of Rome, writing for that purpose to the electors in April, 1653. But the motive of this was purely political, and had nothing to do with Pimentelli or Montecuculi. She aimed at settling the difficulties that had arisen about Bremen. Sweden had, it will be remembered, acquired the bishopric of Bremen by the treaty of Westphalia; the present disputes turned upon the respective rights of the town and those Sweden had gained over it. There were also differences with Brandenburg and Pomerania. It is not necessary here to examine details; the settlement of both questions took place in the next reign, but the point to be noticed is that in order to a settlement it was necessary to gain the goodwill of the Emperor, to which accordingly Christina applied herself, as usual, with diplomatic skill. She had not time to accomplish it, but she prepared the way.

With Holland, in spite of certain vexatious actions tending to injure and interfere with Swedish commerce, she confined herself to sharp remonstrances, which had their effect; she took no part in the war of 1652–3, in which the Dutch were beaten by Cromwell, and here maintained her usual peace policy. As to the old enemies, Denmark and Poland, the prospect looked darker; the jealousy and fear of the former country, and the irritating claims of the latter, were respectively complicated by Ulfeld and Radziejowski, each anxious to forestall the other in attacking his own country and enforcing his rights by the help of Sweden. A war with these countries was merely a question of time; Christina pointed to this, when, in answer to the protestation of Poland against the election of Charles Gustavus, she replied that her cousin would "prove which had the best right to the throne by the testimony of thirty thousand men:" a prediction verified by the "New Pyrrhus", as soon as he came to the throne. For the wars of Sweden with Poland and Denmark, however, not Christina was responsible, but the old national animosities and the fiery character of Charles X.


Above: Kristina.

Tuesday, September 9, 2025

Article on Curt Weibull's research on Kristina and Antonio Pimentel, in "Hufvudstadsbladet" newspaper, year 1934

Source:

Under fröken Kristinas regemente, article written for Hufvudstadsbladet, issue 310, page 9, issue of Friday, November 16, 1934; original at the Finnish National Library (Kansalliskirjasto/Nationalbiblioteket)


Hufvudstadsbladet, 16.11.1934 no 310, s. 9 https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/sanomalehti/binding/1837062 Kansalliskirjaston Digitaaliset Aineistot



The article:

Drottning Kristina och
den spanske diplomaten.
Professor Curt Weibull i Göteborg gick i ett radioföredrag på onsdagen tillrätta med den romantiska uppfattningen om den spanske diplomaten don Antonio Pimentel som älskare åt drottning Kristina.

När Pimentel 1652 gjorde sitt intåg i Stockholm, väckte det icke ringa uppmärksamhet. Det hade då förflutit ett halvt århundrade sedan Spanien haft förbindelser med Sverige. Sverige var på denna tid på väg att bli ett rikt land, och Kristina försökte göra Stockholm till ett kulturcentrum. Pimentel var ingen ung sprätthök — 22 år äldre än drottningen. Samtiden prisar honom högt som en fulländad diplomat och ädling. Syftet med hans beskickning omgavs från både svensk och spansk sida med en viss hemlighetsfullhet. I själva verket hade Pimentel i uppdrag att förhandla om ett kommersiellt närmande mellan Spanien och Sverige. Hans beskickning hade dessutom ett politiskt syfte. Spanien låg sedan länge i krig med Frankrike, och Pimentel skulle försöka skilja Frankrike från dess nordiska bundsförvant Sverige. Emellertid lyckades Pimentel icke ändra Sveriges gamla inställning till Frankrike.

Pimentels betydelse var en annan, Kristina kom att begagna honom i rent personliga syften. Hon hade redan tidigare tillkännagivit för riksrådet sin avsikt att avsäga sig Sveriges krona. Rådet stod oförstående, ty det kände icke till hennes motiv. Dessa voro religiösa. Kristina hade gripits av tvivel på den protestantiska läran. I augusti 1651 vände sig Kristina till den katolska jesuitordens general i Rom och begärde att två jesuitfäder skulle skickas till henne. Hennes katolska övertygelse var oförenlig med hennes ställning som drottning. Jesuiterna krävde att hon skulle öppet bekänna sig till katolicismen. Hon förstod, att sedan hon gjort detta, kunde hon icke stanna i Sverige. Men samtidigt lockade det henne att även efter tronavsägelsen spela en roll i Europas politik. För detta ändamål behövde hon Spaniens stöd, och hon utnyttjade Pimentel. Hon gick fram med försiktighet, hon prövade Pimentel i olika uppdrag och fick förtroende för honom. Till sist invigde hon honom i sina planer att utbyta Stockholm mot Rom. Med diplomatisk skicklighet förhandlade hon med Pimentels hjälp om sin tronavsägelse. I början av 1654 var allt klart.

Drottning Kristina utnyttjade Pimentel grundligt. I mer än tre år använde hon honom för sina egna syften. Hon visade honom härunder påfallande bevågenhet. I politiska kretsar tolkade man hennes umgänge med Pimentel så, att hon tänkte ge Sveriges politik en spansk inriktning. I andra kretsar sökte man en annan lösning på problemet. Man insinuerade ett ömt förhållande mellan Sveriges drottning och Spaniens sändebud. För en romantisk historieskrivning var saken enkel: Pimentel var Kristinas älskare. Den vetenskapliga historieskrivningen åter kan med skärpa avvisa denna tolkning. Pimentel var helt enkelt ett redskap, som drottning Kristina med överlägsen skicklighet använde för att förbereda och genomföra sin övergång till den katolska läran.

English translation (my own):

Queen Kristina and
the Spanish diplomat.
Professor Curt Weibull in Gothenburg addressed the romantic perception of the Spanish diplomat Don Antonio Pimentel as Queen Kristina's lover in a radio lecture on Wednesday.

When Pimentel arrived in Stockholm in 1652, it attracted considerable attention. Half a century had passed since Spain had had relations with Sweden. Sweden was at this time on the way to becoming a wealthy country, and Kristina was trying to make Stockholm a cultural center. Pimentel was no young strutting hawk — 22 years older than the Queen. Contemporaries highly praise him as a consummate diplomat and nobleman. The purpose of his mission was surrounded by a certain secrecy from both the Swedish and Spanish sides. In fact, Pimentel's mission was to negotiate a commercial rapprochement between Spain and Sweden. His mission also had a political purpose. Spain had long been at war with France, and Pimentel was to try to separate France from its Nordic ally Sweden. However, Pimentel did not succeed in changing Sweden's old attitude towards France.

Pimentel's importance was different; Kristina came to use him for purely personal purposes. She had already announced to the Council of the Realm her intention to renounce the crown of Sweden. The Council was uncomprehending, because it did not know her motives. These were religious. Kristina had been seized by doubts about Protestant doctrine. In August 1651, Kristina turned to the general of the Catholic Jesuit order in Rome and requested that two Jesuit Fathers be sent to her. Her Catholic convictions were incompatible with her position as queen. The Jesuits demanded that she openly profess Catholicism. She understood that after she had done this, she could not stay in Sweden. But at the same time, she was tempted to play a role in European politics even after her abdication. For this purpose she needed the support of Spain, and she used Pimentel. She proceeded with caution, she tested Pimentel in various missions and gained his trust. Finally, she confided in him her plans to exchange Stockholm for Rome. With diplomatic skill, she negotiated her abdication with Pimentel's help. By the beginning of 1654, everything was ready.

Queen Kristina made thorough use of Pimentel. For more than three years she used him for her own purposes. She showed him remarkable attention during this time. In political circles her association with Pimentel was interpreted as meaning that she intended to give Sweden's politics a Spanish orientation. In other circles a different solution to the problem was sought. A tender relationship between the Queen of Sweden and the Spanish envoy was insinuated. For a romantic historiography the matter was simple: Pimentel was Kristina's lover. Scientific historiography, on the other hand, can sharply reject this interpretation. Pimentel was simply a tool that Queen Kristina used with superior skill to prepare and implement her transition to Catholicism.

Wednesday, July 30, 2025

Arthur Henry Hardinge's essay on Kristina, year 1880, part 7

Source:

Queen Christina of Sweden: Lothian Prize Essay for 1880, pages 54 to 57, by Arthur Henry Hardinge, 1880; original at the University of Michigan


The essay:

In Rome — a city of grave divines — Christina was wise enough to avoid repeating the wild gaieties of her life at Brussels. It is probable, too, that as the excitement and novelty of her altered situation wore off, she felt once more an inclination for quieter and worthier pursuits. Her time was spent in looking at the picture-galleries, churches, and other antiquities of Rome; and she surrounded herself with professors and literary men, whom she collected from the various colleges in the city, and who formed a kind of academy or learned society, with weekly meetings at her palace. In this society, which met for the first time at the beginning of the year 1656, philosophical and literary questions were discussed, and poetical recitations and concerts given; but its members were none of them men of European celebrity, and were as a whole inferior in merit to the savants whom she had favoured at Stockholm.

Yet, sober, comparatively speaking, as her behaviour was, she still sometimes gave occasion for unfavourable reflections upon her. The Roman nobility complained that she had not repaid their attentions. A ridiculous story was spread about a certain Cardinal Colonna, who, it was said, was violently in love with her, — so much so, that the Pope, to prevent a scandal, had been obliged to remove him from Rome. Her irreverent behaviour in church, too, was severely commented on. She laughed and talked, men said, during Mass, with the cardinals in attendance; and the Pope had given her, by way of a gentle rebuke, a rosary, which he had recommended her to use during her prayers. All these stories, with a hundred other exaggerations, were carefully spread about by the Spanish party at Rome; for that party had noticed with disgust that Christina, who for the last six years had been entirely on their side, was now veering round again towards France, and had lately shewn marked attention to the French ambassador, M. de Lionne. Of this change, which was probably mainly due to the queen's own fickle disposition, all kinds of explanations were given: the most common view, however, ascribed it to the influence of the Pope. Alexander VII. was supposed to be, on the whole, French in his sympathies; and it was said that the Spanish party, believing Christina to be devoted to their cause, had wished to use her as an instrument for securing for the House of Austria the friendship of the Papal court. So far from this being the case, the influence of the Pope would seem to have been employed to make Christina dismiss some of her Spanish attendants, and fill their places with Italians; and the consequent protests of the Spanish party roused all her pride and independence, and determined her inconstant nature to throw itself on to the side of France. The calumnies spread by the Spaniards and especially by her chamberlain, Don Antonio de la Cueva, only increased her anger. She dismissed De la Cueva from his post, and appointed the Marq. Sentinelli [sic] in his stead. She even wrote angry remonstrances to the Catholic king's ambassador, Terranova, and to Cardinal Medicis, the leader of the Spanish faction in the Curia; and she put forth a kind of proclamation or manifesto, setting forth in strong terms the reasons which had made her take these steps. "I am not", she says, "a subject of the King of Spain, that I should blindly follow the advice of his servants." And this strange document goes on to add, that she told Cardinal Medicis that nothing but his general's uniform had prevented her from having De la Cueva horsewhipped, whilst hinting pretty plainly that her reverence for his sacred office had alone saved the cardinal from similar treatment. The Pope, it is said, supported the queen in all that she had done, and told Terranova that he would take as a personal offence anything that might be said or done against her.

The following summer Christina gave a further mark of her complete estrangement from the Spanish party by a visit to the Court of France. Her health had suffered in the spring, and the outbreak of an epidemic in the unhealthy neighbourhood of Rome, made it necessary that she should travel; leaving Italy early in August, she arrived in the beginning of September at Fontainebleau. She spent over a month in France, and appears to have been greatly pleased with what she saw there. The court, though it had not yet reached the height of its reputation for brilliancy, must even then have presented a strong contrast to that of her own country, with its coarse and tedious dinners and toasts, and still more to the solemn dulness of a society like that of Brussels, where Spanish ceremonial reigned supreme. Christina was much struck with the young king, who was at that time about twenty years old, and who already possessed the dignified bearing and courtly manners for which he afterwards became so famous. On the whole[,] she made a favourable impression. Mdlle. de Montpensier, who had heard strange stories about her appearance, "expected to burst out laughing when she saw her", but was agreeably surprised, and "felt", she tells us, "no disposition to laugh at her." She spoke, she adds, on many subjects, and what she said she said in an agreeable manner; occasionally deep reveries would come over her, she would heave great sighs, and then wake up from them all of a sudden, like a person awakening with a start; Mdlle. de Montpensier was, however, somewhat staggered at Christina's behaviour at the play, and on some other occasions. In praising bits which pleased her, she says she would swear by God, lie down upon her chair, kick about her legs, and put herself into scarcely decent attitudes. Nor was Mdlle. de Montpensier the only person who noticed these strange proceedings; Mme. de Motteville, who gives a detailed and vivid picture of her visit, blames them even more severely. "She was", and tells us in her Memoirs, "utterly unlike a woman; she was even without a woman's modesty.... She would roar with laughter when anything tickled her, particularly at the Italian comedy, if the buffoonery was good. She would often sing in company, or appear to wander in her mind.... She was rough and free in all that she said, both in talking about religion, and also about subjects respecting which the decency due to her sex should have made her more reserved. She used to swear by God; and in the presence of the king, the queen, and the whole court, she would put up her legs on to chairs quite as high as the one on which she herself was sitting, and exhibit them very much too freely. She professed to despise all women for their ignorance, and talked with men on subjects of every kind, both good and bad."

Yet, in spite of faults like these, Christina was both liked and admired at the French court; Anne of Austria, a quiet, decorous Spanish princess, told the circle at Compiégne that she had been "charmed with the queen;" though startled at first, like every one else, after hearing her talk for about a quarter of an hour or so, her surprise[,] she said[,] had turned into liking. Christina's conversation, when she chose, could be very agreeable; without being pedantic, she discussed all sorts of literary and artistic subjects, and spoke the purest and most Parisian French. In the eyes of charitable judges, who recognised in her a woman of no ordinary description, merits like these outweighed or made up for defects and eccentricities, which were partly the result of her abnormal training, and some of which, as for instance her frankness, and entire freedom from personal vanity, would have appeared, if kept within reasonable bounds, to be virtues rather than vices. It would be superfluous to attempt to describe at length the ceremonies observed on her visit, the deputations of the clergy and of the magistrates of Paris, or the speeches addressed to her when she went to the Academy of France, in which she had always professed the deepest interest. Early in October she left Compiégne to return to Italy, and on her way paid a visit, at Senlis, to the celebrated Ninon del' Enclos, that famous beauty, whose charms and wit old age, it is said, was powerless to destroy.


Above: Kristina.

Wednesday, July 23, 2025

Excerpt from Jerónimo de Barrionuevo's letter to "the Dean of Zaragoza" (actually to Lorenzo Francés de Urrutigoyti, Dean of the Cathedral of Sigüenza), dated August 30/September 9 (New Style), 1654

Source:

Avisos de D. Jerónimo de Barrionuevo (1654-1658), volume 1, pages 55 to 56, by Jerónimo de Barrionuevo, published by Antonio Paz y Mélia, 1892; original at the University of Toronto - Robarts Library


The letter excerpt:

Madrid, Septiembre 9 de 1654.
Señor mío: ... Llegó la Reina de Suecia á Amberes, vestida de hombre, á caballo, con gran séquito de los suyos. Fuese á posar en casa de García de Illan, portugués riquísimo, que años há se huyó de Madrid con toda su hacienda por temor de la Inquisicion. Fuese allí por ser su factor en aquellos Estados, donde ha sido servida y festejada de todo el país con grande estimacion.

S. M. le envía ahora 30 caballos hermosísimos y ricamente aderezados, muchas cosas ricas de la India, y la Reina muchas cosas de olor. Va con este presente D. Antonio Pimentel, hermano del Conde de Benavente. Dícese hace mal á un caballo, como si fuera hombre, y que por esto le envía el Rey estos caballos, y aun se dice que es más que mujer, no porque sea hermafrodita, sino porque no es para poder ser casada. ... — Guarde Dios á Vm. como puede, deseo y le pido. Madrid y Septiembre 9 de 1654. — De Vm. su mayor servidor, D. Jerónimo de Barrionuevo.

With modernised spelling:

Madrid, septiembre 9 de 1654.
Señor mío,
... Llegó la reina de Suecia a Amberes, vestida de hombre, a caballo, con gran séquito de los suyos. Fuese a posar en casa de García de Yllán, portugués riquísimo, que años ha se huyó de Madrid con toda su hacienda por temor de la Inquisición. Fuese allí por ser su factor en aquellos Estados, donde ha sido servida y festejada de todo el país con grande estimación.

Su Majestad le envía ahora 30 caballos hermosísimos y ricamente aderezados, muchas cosas ricas de la India, y la reina muchas cosas de olor. Va con este presente don Antonio Pimentel, hermano del conde de Benavente. Dícese hace mal a un caballo, como si fuera hombre, y que por esto le envía el rey estos caballos, y aun se dice que es más que mujer, no porque sea hermafrodita, sino porque no es para poder ser casada. ... — Guarde Dios a Vuestra Merced como puede, deseo y le pido. Madrid, y septiembre 9 de 1654. —
De Vuestra Merced
su mayor servidor
don Jerónimo de Barrionuevo.

French translation (my own):

Madrid, le 9 septembre 1654.
Monsieur,
... La reine de Suède arriva à Anvers, habillée en homme, à cheval, accompagnée d'une nombreuse suite de ses gens. Elle devait séjourner chez Garcia de Yllán, un Portugais très riche qui, des années auparavant, avait fui Madrid avec tous ses biens par crainte de l'Inquisition. Elle s'y rendit car il était son agent dans ces États, où elle fut servie et fêtée avec une grande estime dans tout le pays.

Sa Majesté lui envoie maintenant 30 chevaux très beaux et richement parés, ainsi que de nombreuses choses exquises d'Inde, et la reine lui envoie de nombreuses choses parfumées. Don Antoine Pimentel, frère du comte de Bénavente, lui apporte ce présent. On dit qu'elle fait du mal à un cheval, comme si elle était un homme, et c'est pourquoi le roi lui envoie ces chevaux. On dit même qu'elle est plus qu'une femme, non pas parce qu'elle est hermaphrodite, mais parce qu'elle n'est pas apte au mariage. … — Dieu garde Votre Grâce comme il le peut, je le désire et je lui en prie. Madrid, le 9 septembre 1654. —
de Votre Grâce
le plus grand serviteur
don Jérôme de Barrionuevo.

Swedish translation (my own):

Madrid, den 9 september 1654.
Señor mío,
... Drottningen av Sverige anlände till Antwerpen, klädd som man, till häst, med ett stort följe av sitt folk. Hon skulle bo i huset hos Garcia de Yllán, en mycket rik portugis, som för flera år sedan flydde från Madrid med hela sin stat av rädsla för Inkvisitionen. Hon reste dit eftersom han var hennes vaktmästare i dessa Stater, där hon har betjänats och firats med stor aktning över hela landet.

Hans Majestät skickar henne nu 30 vackraste och rikt klädda hästar, många utsökta ting från Indien, och drottningen skickar henne många väldoftande ting. Med denna present kommer don Antonio Pimentel, bror till greve de Benavente. Det sägs att hon gör en häst skada, som om hon vore en man, och det är därför konungen skickar henne dessa hästar, och det sägs till och med att hon är mer än en kvinna, inte för att hon är hermafrodit, utan för att hon inte är lämplig för äktenskap. ... — Gud bevare Ers Nåd som han kan, så önskar och ber jag. Madrid, den 9 september 1654. —
Ers Nåds
störste tjänare
don Jerónimo de Barrionuevo.

English translation (my own):

Madrid, September 9, 1654.
Señor mío,
... The Queen of Sweden arrived in Antwerp, dressed as a man, on horseback, with a large suite of her people. She was going to stay at the house of Garcia de Yllán, a very wealthy Portuguese man, who years ago fled Madrid with his entire estate for fear of the Inquisition. She went there because he was her factor in those States, where she has been served and feted throughout the country with great estimation.

His Majesty is now sending her 30 most beautiful and richly dressed horses, many exquisite things from India, and the Queen is sending her many fragrant things. With this present comes Don Antonio Pimentel, brother of the Count de Benavente. It is said that she does harm to a horse, as if she were a man, and that is why the King is sending her these horses, and it is even said that she is more than a woman, not because she is a hermaphrodite, but because she is not suitable for marriage. ... — God protect Your Grace as He can, I desire and pray. Madrid, September 9, 1654. —
Your Grace's
greatest servant
Don Jerónimo de Barrionuevo.


Above: Kristina.


Above: King Felipe (Philip) IV of Spain.


Above: Antonio Pimentel.

Tuesday, April 29, 2025

H. E. Friis on Kristina and Antonio Pimentel, as well as the non-existence or unlikeliness of their supposed romantic relationship and on on Kristina's views of women

Source:

Dronning Christina af Sverrig 1626-1689, pages 41 to 46, published by H. E. Friis, 1896


The account:

Samtidigt med den franske Læge Bourdelot var der en anden Udlænding, nemlig den spanske Gesandt Antonio de Pimentelli, der kom til at spille en betydelig Rolle ved Dronning Christinas Hof.

Da Spanien paa den Tid var i aaben Krig med Frankrig, vilde det gerne have Dronning Christina over paa sin Side; derfor var det, at Kongen af Spanien sendte ovennævnte smidige Don Antonio Pimentelli med et Følge af 50 Personer til Stockholm.

Foruden at Pimentelli var en sleben, dannet Verdensmand af et særdeles tiltalende Ydre, saa havde Bourdelot i Forvejen omtalt ham saa rosende for Dronning Christina, at denne var meget opsat paa at gøre hans Bekendtskab. Dronning Christina var netop paa Kungsør, 12 Mile fra Stockholm, da Don Pimentelles Ankomst blev meldt; for at komme Vejen desto hurtigere over tilbagelagde hun den lange Afstand i et anstrengende Ridt uden Afbrydelse. Don Pimentelli kom ufortøvet i Dronning Christinas Gunst. Som forfaren Hofmand havde han i Forvejen nøje erkyndiget sig om Dronningens Ejendommeligheder og Særheder, saa han forstod straks at drage sig dem til Nytte. En Blanding, som han var, af kastiliansk Svulst og italiensk Smigreri, blev han en farlig Person.

Don Pimentelli's hemmelige Mission var foruden at gaa ud paa at knytte Handelsforbindelse vistnok ligesaa vel et politisk Rænkespil som en religiøs Intrige for at faa Dronning Christina til at gaa over til Katolicismen.

Foruden det gode Indtryk, Don Pimentelli gjorde paa Dronning Christina ved sin hele Personlighed, kom han endog oven i Købet med Favnen fuld af smukke Gaver, idet han paa den spanske Konge Philip d. 4des Vegne overrakte hende tolv store Sølvfade, fyldte med kostbare oversøiske Rariteter, samt overleverede samtidigt en Prøve af spansk Salt, af hvilken Kvalitet der senere vilde følge 300 Læster bagefter, til Dronningens Disposition. Nogen Tid efter sendtes den største Del af Don Pimentellis spanske Følge tilbage til Madrid, medens han selv fik Ordre at forblive i Sverrig endnu i nogen Tid.

Dronning Christina viste Don Pimentelli al tænkelig Opmærksomhed og færdedes med ham tidlig og sent. Inden ret længe kunde hun ikke undvære hans Selskab, omgikkes ham meget fortroligt og raadførte sig med ham selv i Rigets vigtigste Anliggender, hvad der vakte hele det svenske Folks Had og Forbitrelse imod den fremmede Lykkeridder. For at Dronning Christina altid kunde have Pimentelli i sin umiddelbare Nærhed, blev der anvist ham Bolig paa Slottet; der var altsaa let Lejlighed for hende til lærde Disputer og intime Samtaler, og da disse om Aftenen trak sig langt ud over den Tid, der ansaas for passende, var det ikke saa sært, at hun maatte hjemfalde til Folkesnak. Dronning Christina, der nærede den fuldstændigste Ringeagt for Verdens Omdømme, lod haant om den Forargelse, hendes uforsigtige Opførsel vakte. Var først Behandlingen af et interessant Thema kommen i Gang om Aftenen, vilde hun ikke vente med Fortsættelsen til næste Dag. Derved fik hun Skinnet imod sig og gav selv Anledning til de fornærmelige Rygter, der sneg sig ud iblandt Folket om hende.

Dronning Christina var uden al Tvivl uskyldig i de Udskejelser, forargelige Rygter vilde tillægge hende; thi hendes kolde Hjerte i Forbindelse med hendes overordentlige Selvfølelse og meget høje Forestilling om sin fyrstelige Værdighed var hende vistnok altid et Værn imod Fald, saa meget mere, som hun altid var sig selv nok og for stolt til at give sig hen eller give efter for ømmere Følelser saavel overfor Mand som overfor Kvinde.

Dronning Christinas Selvbiografi, skreven i hendes senere Aar, klarer maaske bedst Bedømmelsen af hende, idet hun skriver om sig selv: «Mit heftige Sind lokkede i lige høj Grad til Kærlighed og Ærgærrighed. I hvilke Ulykker vilde den første ikke have kastet mig, Herre, hvis Du ikke netop ved mine Fejl havde modarbejdet en saadan Svaghed. Min Stolthed, som aldrig vilde føle sig knyttet til noget Menneske, mit Overmod, som foragtede alle andre, og endelig den Lethed, hvormed jeg opdagede Fejl og Mangler hos alle dem, der nærmede sig mig, — det var de Egenskaber, som beskyttede mig imod Faren. Jeg har været Afgrunden nær, men Din mægtige Haand har frelst mig; jeg er uskyldig i alt det, hvormed man har villet sværte mit Navn.»

Hvad der ogsaa taler til Dronning Christinas Gunst, er, at uagtet hendes meget udestaaende med de Franske og med de store i Rom, er der dog ingen med hende samtidigt levende Historieskriver, idetmindste af dem, man tør skænke Tillid, som vover at angribe hendes Ære, selv ikke et Par af hendes eget Køn, Madame de Motteville og M:elle de Montpensier, som ellers ikke saa paa hende med venlige Øjne eller bedømte hende mildt. Disse franske Damer, som levede ved et Hof, hvor sligt Emne vilde have været interessant, have ikke noget at bemærke eller fortælle; det er kun hendes aparte Væsen og Klædedragt og hele amazoneagtige Anstrøg, der sætte deres Penne i Bevægelse.

Ligesaa i Rom, hvor Dronning Christina ingenlunde stod paa nogen god Fod med de adelige Damer. Der var Øjne nok dér, som spejdede efter hendes Fejl, og der kom mange fremmede, som bleve der i længere Tid og fik Adgang til hendes Hof og derved kunde hjælpe med til, om der var noget særligt at bemærke og notere. Dette udelukkede imidlertid ikke Dronning Christina fra at være meget overbærende mod sine Hoffolk i Elskovseventyr og andre Uregelmæssigheder, naar de aabent overfor hende stod Skrifte, tilstod deres Brøde og bad om hendes Tilgivelse.

Vi maa atter vende tilbage til og nærmere omtale Don Pimentellis Virksomhed. Hans Indflydelse paa Dronning Christina saa ligesom Dr. Bourdelots ud som en Forhekselse. Don Pimentelli gjorde Dronning Christina ked af hendes Land, Folk og Religion. Han viste hende som i en Apoteose, i et fantastiskt Perspektiv, den henrivende Tilværelse, som hun vilde kunne føre i Rom, berømt og fri, under en prægtig Himmel, omgivet af et Hof af Digtere, Kunstnere og Kardinaler: en Slags kvindelig Pave for Kunst og Videnskab, en katolsk Muse i Genfødelsens genopblomstrende Have. Hvad var egentlig hendes Rige, Sverrig, overfor det? — fattigt og koldt, formørket af en streng Religion, og der var hun lænket af kedelige Pligter imod det ideale Kejserdømme i Rom.

Det var under Pimentellis Ophold i Sverrig, at Dronning Christina kom i Tanker om at stifte Amarantaordenen, og Pimentelli blev dens første Ridder. Anledningen til Ordenens Stiftelse var følgende. I Aaret 1653 sendte den engelske Kronprætendent, den senere Kong Carl d. 2den af England, Hosebaandsordenen til den svenske Prins Carl Gustav; men da Cromwell endnu havde Magten i England, vilde Dronning Christina, for ikke at støde ham for Hovedet, ikke tillade Carl Gustav at tage derimod, saameget mere som hun ikke gerne saa, at hendes Undersaatter fik Udmærkelser udenlands fra, idet hun ved forekommende Lejlighed plejede at sige: «Jeg kan ikke taale, at en fremmed Herre sætter sit Mærke paa mine Faar.»

Ved den engelske Hosebaandsordenens Tilsendelse kom Dronning Christina i Tanker om selv at stifte en Orden, og da hun i et Hyrdespil nyligen havde givet Hyrdinden Amarantas Rolle, saa fik Ordenen Navn af Amaranta-Ordenen. Den bestod af 15 Damer og 15 Herrer, som, idet de indtraadte i Ordenen, maatte aflægge Løfte om ikke at gifte sig. Dronning Christina præsiderede selv i Selskabet, og Sammenkomsterne fandt Sted paa et Slot, skjult imellem Bjergene ved Bredden af Mælaren. Ordenens Valsprog var blandt andet: «semper idem» d. v. s.: «altid den samme», som passede saa lidt som vel muligt paa Stifterinden, der, som bekendt, var saa lunefuld og omskiftelig som nogen.

Don Pimentelli fik den nylig stiftede Amaranta-Orden besat med Diamanter og Rubiner til flere Tusinde Kroners Værdi.

Aaret efter, at Pimentelli var kommen til Sverrig, fik han af sin Konge Ordre til atter at vende tilbage til Spanien. «Det bliver min Død», udbrød han, da han fik dette Budskab; imidlertid overlevede han dog Afskedsstunden, uagtet saavel han som Dronning Christina søgte at forhale Afskeden saa meget, som gørligt. Forinden hans Afrejse anstillede Dronning Christina Afskedsfester for ham, og Rigets store maatte gøre det samme for at staa sig vel med hende.

Dronning Christina lod Fregatten «Herkules» paa 70 Kanoner udruste for direkte at overføre Pimentelli fra Gøteborg til Spaniens Kyst, foruden at hun skænkede ham 20,000 Kroner i Rejsepenge. Under Folkehobens Forbandelser gik Pimentelli ombord paa Fregatten, der laa sejlklar i Gøteborg. Glæden var stor hos det svenske Folk ved at se den forhadte Spanier drage væk; men den varede kun kort, thi i Nordsøen blev Fregatten «Herkules» overfalden af en stærk Storm, som gjorde, at Skibet sprang læk, saaledes at Skibets Chef saa sig nødt til atter at søge Havn i Gøteborg, hvorfra han kort Tid forud var sejlet ud. Stor var Skuffelsen og Forbitrelsen, da Pimentelli saa hurtigt kom igen. Folk ansaa den hele Bortrejse for blot og bart Spilfægteri og Komediespil. Dronning Christina hilste derimod Pimentelli's Tilbagevenden med ufordulgt Glæde, som ogsaa gav sig Udtryk i, at hun forærede denne spanske Yndling at firspændigt, kostbart Køretøj, for at han des lettere kunde komme omkring i den længere Tid, der nu hengik, inden Afrejsen fandt Sted, da den spanske Konge paa Pimentellis Ansøgning gav ham en længere Henstand. Pimentelli saa man nu som for altid i Dronning Christinas Selskab, hvad enten hun var i Byen eller tog ud paa Landet til Jakobsdal. Denne fortrolige Tilværelse, der forargede Verden saa meget, gjorde Dronning Christina, af den hende medfødte Trods, sit til ikke at formindske.

Omsider blev det dog Alvor med Pimentellis Afrejse, idet der kom bestemte Ordrer til ham derom fra den spanske Konge. Atter anstillede Dronning Christina Afskedsfester for ham, og som Slutning paa Legen forærede hun ham en kostbar Diamantring til en Værdi af 6000 Kroner.

Det var en stor Lettelse for det svenske Folk, samt for det svenske Skatkammer, da Pimentelli endelig var borte. Dygtige Regnemestre paastod, at Pimentelli havde kostet Sverrig mere, end om den spanske Konge havde sendt en fjendtlig Armé paa 50,000 Mand til at tære paa dets Marv i det samme Tidsrum.

With modernised spelling:

Samtidigt med den franske læge Bourdelot var der en anden udlænding, nemlig den spanske gesandt Antonio de Pimentelli, der kom til at spille en betydelig rolle ved dronning Kristinas hof.

Da Spanien på den tid var i åben krig med Frankrig, ville det gerne have dronning Kristina over på sin side; derfor var det, at kongen af Spanien sendte ovennævnte smidige don Antonio Pimentelli med et følge af 50 personer til Stockholm.

Foruden at Pimentelli var en sleben, dannet verdensmand af et særdeles tiltalende ydre, så havde Bourdelot i forvejen omtalt ham så rosende for dronning Kristina, at denne var meget opsat på at gøre hans bekendtskab. Dronning Kristina var netop på Kungsør, 12 mile fra Stockholm, da don Pimentellis ankomst blev meldt; for at komme vejen desto hurtigere over tilbagelagde hun den lange afstand i et anstrengende ridt uden afbrydelse.

Don Pimentelli kom ufortøvet i dronning Kristinas gunst. Som forfaren hofmand havde han i forvejen nøje erkyndiget sig om dronningens ejendommeligheder og særheder, så han forstod straks at drage sig dem til nytte. En blanding, som han var, af kastiliansk svulst og italiensk smigreri, blev han en farlig person.

Don Pimentellis hemmelige mission var foruden at gå ud på at knytte handelsforbindelse vistnok ligeså vel et politisk rænkespil som en religiøs intrige for at få dronning Kristina til at gå over til katolicismen.

Foruden det gode indtryk, don Pimentelli gjorde på dronning Kristina ved sin hele personlighed, kom han endog oven i købet med favnen fuld af smukke gaver, idet han på den spanske konge Filip den Fjerdes vegne overrakte hende tolv store sølvfade, fyldte med kostbare oversøiske rariteter, samt overleverede samtidigt en prøve af spansk salt, af hvilken kvalitet der senere ville følge 300 læster bagefter, til dronningens disposition. Nogen tid efter sendtes den største del af don Pimentellis spanske følge tilbage til Madrid, medens han selv fik ordre at forblive i Sverige endnu i nogen tid.

Dronning Kristina viste don Pimentelli al tænkelig opmærksomhed og færdedes med ham tidlig og sent. Inden ret længe kunne hun ikke undvære hans selskab, omgikkes ham meget fortroligt og rådførte sig med ham selv i rigets vigtigste anliggender, hvad der vakte hele det svenske folks had og forbitrelse imod den fremmede lykkeridder.

For at dronning Kristina altid kunne have Pimentelli i sin umiddelbare nærhed, blev der anvist ham bolig på slottet; der var altså let lejlighed for hende til lærde disputer og intime samtaler; og da disse om aftenen trak sig langt ud over den tid, der ansås for passende, var det ikke så sært, at hun måtte hjemfalde til folkesnak.

Dronning Kristina, der nærede den fuldstændigste ringeagt for verdens omdømme, lod hånt om den forargelse, hendes uforsigtige opførsel vakte. Var først behandlingen af et interessant tema kommen i gang om aftenen, ville hun ikke vente med fortsættelsen til næste dag. Derved fik hun skinnet imod sig og gav selv anledning til de fornærmelige rygter, der sneg sig ud iblandt folket om hende.

Dronning Kristina var uden al tvivl uskyldig i de udskejelser, forargelige rygter ville tillægge hende; thi hendes kolde hjerte i forbindelse med hendes overordentlige selvfølelse og meget høje forestilling om sin fyrstelige værdighed var hende vistnok altid et værn imod fald, så meget mere, som hun altid var sig selv nok og for stolt til at give sig hen eller give efter for ømmere følelser såvel overfor mand som overfor kvinde.

Dronning Kristinas selvbiografi, skreven i hendes senere år, klarer måske bedst bedømmelsen af hende, idet hun skriver om sig selv:

«Mit heftige sind lokkede i lige høj grad til kærlighed og ærgerrighed. I hvilke Ulykker ville den første ikke have kastet mig, Herre, hvis Du ikke netop ved mine fejl havde modarbejdet en sådan svaghed! Min stolthed, som aldrig ville føle sig knyttet til noget menneske, mit overmod, som foragtede alle andre, og endelig den lethed, hvormed jeg opdagede fejl og mangler hos alle dem, der nærmede sig mig, — det var de egenskaber, som beskyttede mig imod faren. Jeg har været afgrunden nær, men Din mægtige hånd har frelst mig; jeg er uskyldig i alt det, hvormed man har villet sværte mit navn.»

Hvad der også taler til dronning Kristinas gunst, er, at uagtet hendes meget udestående med de franske og med de store i Rom, er der dog ingen med hende samtidigt levende historieskriver, idetmindste af dem, man tør skænke tillid, som vover at angribe hendes ære, selv ikke et par af hendes eget køn, madame de Motteville og mademoiselle de Montpensier, som ellers ikke så på hende med venlige øjne eller bedømte hende mildt. Disse franske damer, som levede ved et hof, hvor sligt emne ville have været interessant, have ikke noget at bemærke eller fortælle; det er kun hendes aparte væsen og klædedragt og hele amazoneagtige anstrøg, der sætte deres penne i bevægelse.

Ligeså i Rom, hvor dronning Kristina ingenlunde stod på nogen god fod med de adelige damer. Der var øjne nok dér, som spejdede efter hendes fejl, og der kom mange fremmede, som bleve der i længere tid og fik adgang til hendes hof og derved kunne hjælpe med til, om der var noget særligt at bemærke og notere. Dette udelukkede imidlertid ikke dronning Kristina fra at være meget overbærende mod sine hoffolk i elskovseventyr og andre uregelmæssigheder, når de åbent overfor hende stod skrifte, tilstod deres brøde og bad om hendes tilgivelse.

Vi må atter vende tilbage til og nærmere omtale don Pimentellis virksomhed. Hans indflydelse på dronning Kristina så ligesom dr. Bourdelots ud som en forhekselse. Don Pimentelli gjorde dronning Kristina ked af hendes land, folk og religion. Han viste hende som i en apoteose, i et fantastiskt perspektiv, den henrivende tilværelse, som hun ville kunne føre i Rom, berømt og fri, under en prægtig himmel, omgivet af et hof af digtere, kunstnere og kardinaler: en slags kvindelig pave for kunst og videnskab, en katolsk muse i Genfødelsens genopblomstrende have. Hvad var egentlig hendes rige, Sverige, overfor det? — fattigt og koldt, formørket af en streng religion, og der var hun lænket af kedelige pligter imod det ideale kejserdømme i Rom.

Det var under Pimentellis ophold i Sverige, at dronning Kristina kom i tanker om at stifte Amaranteordenen, og Pimentelli blev dens første ridder. Anledningen til ordenens stiftelse var følgende.

I året 1653 sendte den engelske kronprætendent, den senere kong Karl den anden af England, Hosebåndsordenen til den svenske prins Karl Gustav; men da Cromwell endnu havde magten i England, ville dronning Kristina, for ikke at støde ham for hovedet, ikke tillade Karl Gustav at tage derimod, så meget mere som hun ikke gerne så, at hendes undersåtter fik udmærkelser udenlands fra, idet hun ved forekommende lejlighed plejede at sige: «Jeg kan ikke tåle, at en fremmed herre sætter sit mærke på mine får.»

Ved den engelske Hosebåndsordenens tilsendelse kom dronning Kristina i tanker om selv at stifte en orden, og da hun i et hyrdespil nyligen havde givet hyrdinden Amarantas rolle, så fik ordenen navn af Amaranteordenen. Den bestod af 15 damer og 15 herrer, som, idet de indtrådte i ordenen, måtte aflægge løfte om ikke at gifte sig. Dronning Kristina præsiderede selv i selskabet, og sammenkomsterne fandt sted på et slot, skjult imellem bjergene ved bredden af Mälaren.

Ordenens valgsprog var blandt andet: «semper idem» — d. v. s.: «altid den samme», — som passede så lidt som vel muligt på stifterinden, der, som bekendt, var så lunefuld og omskiftelig som nogen.

Don Pimentelli fik den nylig stiftede Amarante-orden besat med diamanter og rubiner til flere tusinde kroners værdi.

Året efter, at Pimentelli var kommen til Sverige, fik han af sin konge ordre til atter at vende tilbage til Spanien. «Det bliver min død», udbrød han, da han fik dette budskab; imidlertid overlevede han dog afskedsstunden, uagtet såvel han som dronning Kristina søgte at forhale afskeden så meget, som gørligt. Forinden hans afrejse anstillede dronning Kristina afskedsfester for ham, og rigets store måtte gøre det samme for at stå sig vel med hende.

Dronning Kristina lod fregatten «Herkules» på 70 kanoner udruste for direkte at overføre Pimentelli fra Gøteborg til Spaniens kyst, foruden at hun skænkede ham 20,000 kroner i rejsepenge. Under folkehobens forbandelser gik Pimentelli ombord på fregatten, der lå sejlklar i Gøteborg. Glæden var stor hos det svenske folk ved at se den forhadte spanier drage væk; men den varede kun kort, thi i Nordsøen blev fregatten «Herkules» overfalden af en stærk storm, som gjorde, at skibet sprang læk, således at skibets chef så sig nødt til atter at søge havn i Gøteborg, hvorfra han kort tid forud var sejlet ud.

Stor var skuffelsen og forbitrelsen, da Pimentelli så hurtigt kom igen. Folk anså den hele bortrejse for blot og bart spilfægteri og komediespil. Dronning Kristina hilste derimod Pimentellis tilbagevenden med ufordulgt glæde, som også gav sig udtryk i, at hun forærede denne spanske yndling at firspændigt, kostbart køretøj, for at han des lettere kunne komme omkring i den længere tid, der nu hengik, inden afrejsen fandt sted, da den spanske konge på Pimentellis ansøgning gav ham en længere henstand.

Pimentelli så man nu som for altid i dronning Kristinas selskab, hvad enten hun var i byen eller tog ud på landet til Jakobsdal. Denne fortrolige tilværelse, der forargede verden så meget, gjorde dronning Kristina, af den hende medfødte trods, sit til ikke at formindske.

Omsider blev det dog alvor med Pimentellis afrejse, idet der kom bestemte ordrer til ham derom fra den spanske konge. Atter anstillede dronning Kristina afskedsfester for ham, og som slutning på legen forærede hun ham en kostbar diamantring til en værdi af 6,000 kroner.

Det var en stor lettelse for det svenske folk, samt for det svenske skatkammer, da Pimentelli endelig var borte. Dygtige regnemestre påstod, at Pimentelli havde kostet Sverige mere, end om den spanske konge havde sendt en fjendtlig armé på 50,000 mand til at tære på dets marv i det samme tidsrum.

English translation (my own):

At the same time as the French physician Bourdelot, there was another foreigner, namely the Spanish envoy Antonio Pimentel, who came to play a significant role at Queen Kristina's court.

As Spain was at that time in open war with France, it wanted Queen Kristina to join its side; therefore, the King of Spain sent the aforementioned agile Don Antonio Pimentel with a retinue of 50 persons to Stockholm.

Besides Pimentel being a polished, cultured man of the world with a very attractive appearance, Bourdelot had already spoken so highly of him to Queen Kristina that she was very keen to make his acquaintance. Queen Kristina was just at Kungsör, 12 miles from Stockholm, when Don Pimentel's arrival was announced; in order to get across the road the quicker, she covered the long distance in a strenuous ride without interruption.

Don Pimentel immediately gained Queen Kristina's favour. As an experienced courtier, he had already carefully familiarised himself with the queen's peculiarities and eccentricities, so he immediately knew how to take advantage of them. A mixture, as he was, of Castilian arrogance and Italian flattery, he became a dangerous person.

Don Pimentel's secret mission, in addition to establishing trade relations, was probably as much a political ploy as a religious intrigue to get Queen Kristina to convert to Catholicism.

In addition to the good impression that Don Pimentel made on Queen Kristina with his whole personality, he even came with an armful of beautiful gifts, as he presented her, on behalf of the Spanish King Felipe IV, with twelve large silver dishes filled with precious rarities from overseas, and at the same time handed over a sample of Spanish salt, of which quality 300 lasters would later follow, at the Queen's disposal. Some time later, the largest part of Don Pimentel's Spanish retinue was sent back to Madrid, while he himself was ordered to remain in Sweden for some time.

Queen Kristina showed Don Pimentel every imaginable attention and was with him early and late. Before long she could not do without his company, associated with him very intimately and consulted with him himself on the most important affairs of the kingdom, which aroused the hatred and bitterness of the entire Swedish people against the foreign fortune-seeker.

In order that Queen Kristina might always have Pimentel in her immediate vicinity, he was assigned accommodation in the castle; there was thus easy opportunity for her to engage in learned disputes and intimate conversations; and when these in the evenings dragged on far beyond the time considered appropriate, it was not strange that she had to fall victim to popular talk.

Queen Kristina, who had the most complete contempt for the world's judgement, made fun of the outrage her careless behaviour aroused. Once the discussion of an interesting theme had begun in the evening, she would not wait until the next day to continue. In this way she gained the limelight and herself gave rise to the insulting rumours that crept out among the people about her.

Queen Kristina was undoubtedly innocent of the excesses that scandalous rumours would attribute to her, for her cold heart, in connection with her extraordinary self-esteem and very high idea of her princely dignity, was probably always a protection against her downfall, all the more so as she was always self-sufficient and too proud to give in or yield to tender feelings, both towards men and women.

Queen Kristina's autobiography, written in her later years, perhaps best sums up her assessment of her, as she writes about herself:

"My passionate mind was attracted in equal measure to love and ambition. Into what misfortunes the former would not have thrown me, Lord, if You had not counteracted such weakness by my very faults! My pride, which never wanted to feel attached to any human being, my arrogance, which despised all others, and finally the ease with which I discovered the faults and shortcomings of all those who approached me, — these were the qualities that protected me from the danger. I have been near the abyss, but Your mighty hand has saved me; I am innocent of all that has been done to blacken my name."

What also speaks in Queen Kristina's favour is that, notwithstanding her great prominence with the French and with the great in Rome, there is no historian living at the same time as her, at least among those whom one dares to trust, who dares to attack her honour, not even a couple of her own sex, Madame de Motteville and Mademoiselle de Montpensier, who otherwise did not look upon her with friendly eyes or judge her kindly. These French ladies, who lived at a court where such a subject would have been interesting, have nothing to remark on or tell about; it is only her peculiar character and dress and her whole Amazonian appearance that set their pens in motion.

Likewise in Rome, where Queen Kristina was by no means on good terms with the noble ladies. There were certainly eyes there who were on the lookout for her faults, and many foreigners came who stayed there for a longer time and gained access to her court and were thus able to help if there was anything special to notice and note. This did not, however, prevent Queen Kristina from being very lenient towards her courtiers in love affairs and other irregularities, when they openly confessed to her, confessed their faults and begged for her forgiveness.

We must return again to and discuss in more detail the activities of Don Pimentel. His influence on Queen Kristina, like that of Dr. Bourdelot, looked like a bewitchment. Don Pimentel made Queen Kristina bored of her country, her people, and her religion. He showed her, as in an apotheosis, in a fantastic perspective, the delightful life that she would be able to lead in Rome, famous and free, under a magnificent sky, surrounded by a court of poets, artists, and cardinals: a kind of female pope for art and science, a Catholic muse in the reblooming garden of the Renaissance. What was her kingdom, Sweden, in comparison with that? — poor and cold, darkened by a strict religion, and there she was, chained by tedious duties against the ideal empire of Rome.

It was during Pimentel's stay in Sweden that Queen Kristina had the idea of founding the Order of Amarante, and Pimentel became its first knight. The reason for the foundation of the order was as follows.

In the year 1653, the English pretender to the Crown, the later King Charles II of England, sent the Order of the Garter to the Swedish prince Karl Gustav; but because Cromwell still held power in England, Queen Kristina, in order not to offend him, would not allow Karl Gustav to accept it in return, especially as she did not like to see her subjects receive distinctions from abroad, as she used to say on occasion: "I cannot bear that a foreign lord should put his mark on my sheep."

At the sending of the English Order of the Garter, Queen Kristina thought of founding an order herself, and because she had recently played the role of the shepherdess Amaranta in a shepherd play, the order was named the Order of Amarante. It consisted of 15 ladies and 15 gentlemen, who, when they joined the order, had to take a vow not to marry. Queen Kristina herself presided over the society, and the gatherings took place in a castle hidden between the mountains on the shores of Lake Mälaren.

The motto of the order was, among other things: "semper idem" — that is, "always the same", — which suited the foundress as little as possible, who, as is well known, was as capricious and fickle as anyone.

Don Pimentel received the recently founded Order of Amarante adorned with diamonds and rubies worth several thousand crowns.

The year after Pimentel had come to Sweden, he received orders from his king to return to Spain. "It will be the death of me", he exclaimed when he received this message; however, he survived the farewell, despite both he and Queen Kristina trying to delay the farewell as much as possible. Before his departure, Queen Kristina threw him farewell parties, and the great men of the kingdom had to do the same in order to be on good terms with her.

Queen Kristina had the frigate "Hercules", with 70 cannons, equipped to directly transfer Pimentel from Gothenburg to the coast of Spain, in addition to giving him 20,000 crowns in travel money. Under the curses of the crowd, Pimentel boarded the frigate, which was ready to sail in Gothenburg. The joy of the Swedish people was great at seeing the hated Spaniard go away; but it only lasted a short time, because in the North Sea the frigate "Hercules" was attacked by a strong storm, which caused the ship to spring a leak, so that the ship's commander was forced to seek port again in Gothenburg, from which he had sailed a short time before.

Great was the disappointment and resentment when Pimentel returned so quickly. People considered the whole journey to be nothing more than a game of trickery and comedy. Queen Kristina, on the other hand, greeted Pimentel's return with undisguised joy, which was also expressed in the fact that she presented this Spanish favourite with a four-horse, expensive carriage, so that he could get around more easily during the longer time that now hung before the departure took place, when the Spanish King, at Pimentel's request, granted him a longer respite.

Pimentel was now seen, as always, in Queen Kristina's company, whether she was in the city or went out to the countryside to Jakobsdal. This intimate life, which outraged the world so much, Queen Kristina, out of her innate defiance, did not diminish.

Finally, however, Pimentel's departure became serious, as he received specific orders to that effect from the Spanish King. Queen Kristina again threw farewell parties for him, and as an end to the game, she gave him a precious diamond ring worth 6,000 crowns.

It was a great relief to the Swedish people, as well as to the Swedish treasury, when Pimentel was finally gone. Skilled accountants claimed that Pimentel had cost Sweden more than if the Spanish King had sent an enemy army of 50,000 men to eat its marrow during the same period.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Antonio Pimentel.

Note: Jakobsdal is the old name for Ulriksdal Castle.