Showing posts with label 1658 stay in Paris. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1658 stay in Paris. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 3, 2025

Anna Brownell Jameson's biography of Kristina, part 14

Source:

Memoirs of celebrated female sovereigns, volume 1, pages 80 to 83, by Anna Brownell Jameson, 1831; original at the University of Toronto


The biography:

Christina returned to Rome [sic]; but the remembrance of France, and the gaieties and festivities which had distinguished her reception there, the honours which had been paid to her, and the curiosity and admiration she had excited, had apparently left a strong impression on her fancy. Within a few months, she found some pretext for repeating her visit, and reached Fontainebleau on the 15th of October 1657; no longer conducted by the Duke de Guise, nor welcomed by royal pomp, nor followed by admiring or wondering crowds of the noble, the learned, or the gay [cheerful], but in "an old worn-out vehicle, an old yellow petticoat, an old red jacket, and a dirty hood." She was accompanied by the Chevalier Santinelli, who bore the title of Captain of her guards; and the Marquis Monaldeschi, her Grand Ecuyer or Chamberlain. She was lodged in the Palace of Fontainebleau; and here, about a fortnight after her arrival[,] she enacted that horrible tragedy, which, upon consideration of all the circumstances, seems to afford additional proof that this extraordinary woman was really disordered in her intellects.

It appears that she had reason to suspect Monaldeschi of having betrayed her interests, or at least her secrets; but her reasons for doubting him, and the nature of the trust reposed in him, have never been explained. Having satisfied herself of the justice of her suspicions, she resolved to put him to death, and executed her resolve with the most deliberate barbarity.

On the 6th of November she sent for Père le Bel, the Prior of a neighbouring convent, and placed in his hands a sealed packet of papers. They were standing together in an apartment called the Gallerie des Cerfs, and she desired him to note the day, the hour, and the place in which she had given him these papers. Four days after, the monk was again sent for, and in the same gallery found the queen, with Monaldeschi, Santinelli, and two others. She desired Père le Bel to produce the packet she had formerly given him, and unfolding the letters, turned to Monaldeschi and asked him whether he knew them? The letters were copies and he denied them, but with a faltering voice; she immediately produced the originals in his own hand-writing and held them up before him. The unfortunate man, who read his fate in her countenance, fell on his knees and entreated mercy; at the same moment Santinelli and the others drew their swords. Monaldeschi hung upon her dress, and shedding a flood of tears endeavoured to move her to compassion. The queen, without reply, turned quietly to the monk, "Father", said she, "bear witness that I give this man time and opportunity to justify himself, if possible." She then listened calmly to Monaldeschi for about an hour and a quarter, but neither his excuses nor his supplications for mercy appeared to make the slightest impression upon her. She desired Père le Bel to confess and absolve the unhappy culprit, and turned away: the monk ventured to implore her compassion, urging her by every motive of humanity, religion, and even policy, to change her fatal resolve; he represented that the French king would never forgive an act of such cruelty committed within the precincts of his own palace. The queen listened with the same cool self-possession, but remained inflexible, and retired to an adjoining room, while the three executioners, or rather assassins, fell upon Monaldeschi, and put him to death by repeated wounds. He wore a cuirass under his dress [outer clothing], and defended himself with the strength of despair, so that his death was not immediate; and the queen remained coolly listening to the fatal struggle, and to his cries and supplications for mercy, till all was over; she then desired the body to be interred in the convent of Père le Bel, to whom she gave two hundred franks to pray for the soul of Monaldeschi.

This terrible act of private vengeance, this violation of all law, all justice, all human pity, excited the utmost astonishment and horror. Christina, insisting on her divine rights, and her exemption as a queen from all responsibility and all human control, did not even condescend to justify what she had done. The king merely requested that she would not for the present leave Fontainebleau to proceed to Paris, but he did not order her to quit his kingdom, nor did he make any public complaint of her conduct. After remaining at Fontainebleau for about two months in a species of exile, she was at length invited to Paris to celebrate the Carnival, and again lodged in the Louvre; but the mania with which she had formerly inspired the Parisians was at an end; they criticised and ridiculed her dress and manners, and the murder of Monaldeschi was neither forgotten nor pardoned. After a stay at Paris of about six weeks, she was obliged to understand the various hints which were given for her speedy departure, and returned to Rome.


Above: Kristina condemns Monaldeschi to die, painted by Johan Fredrik Höckert.


Above: Anna Brownell Jameson.

Thursday, October 23, 2025

Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès's biography of Kristina in "Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits", year 1834, part 11

Sources:

Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits, page 85, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, 1834; original at the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France)


Memoirs of Celebrated Women of All Countries. With Portraits by the Most Eminent Masters, pages 246 to 247, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, translator anonymous, 1834; original at The British Library


The biography:

... En 1657, elle revint en France. La cour l'y revit avec peine. Elle logea de nouveau à Fontainebleau; et ce fut alors que cette femme extraordinaire et barbare donna le spectacle de l'effroyable assassinat de Monaldeschi. La cause de ce meurtre, car on ne peut lui donner un autre nom, a été mise en doute par beaucoup de personnes. Un fait positif, c'est que les Mémoires de Mademoiselle, et de madame de Motteville, connus par leur vérité, ne disaient pas un mot du motif du meurtre, tout en en parlant avec détail. Je crois cependant difficile qu'une autre raison qu'une jalousie passionnée ait pu entraîner une femme à commettre ce crime. On sait que Monaldeschi n'eut d'abord que des soupçons; et que lorsqu'il fut mandé près de la reine, il était même dans la ville de Fontainebleau, ne se doutant alors de rien. Ce ne fut qu'au dernier moment qu'on lui dit de se confesser au père Mantuani [sic], que la reine avait envoyé chercher aux pères Mathurins pour l'exhorter à la mort. Le malheureux religieux se jeta aux pieds de la reine, lui remontra qu'elle n'avait aucun droit sur la vie de Monaldeschi....

— Je suis toujours reine, dit Christine en interrompant le moine... la vie de cet homme est mon bien... j'en puis disposer, et je le fais... il faut qu'il meure... allez l'y préparer... Voilà tout ce que vous avez à faire ici...

Monaldeschi attendait son arrêt dans la galerie des Cerfs de Fontainebleau... En écoutant le moine, qui lui dit que tout était fini pour lui en ce monde, il rugit de fureur... Sentinelli [sic] et deux autres hommes se jetèrent sur lui pour le frapper, mais ils le trouvèrent couvert d'une cotte de mailles... Depuis long-temps le malheureux craignait la mort... mais non de la main de Christine... Il s'élança aux fenêtres... elles étaient fermées!..... Il se rua sur ses adversaires avec sa dague... mais que pouvait-il, l'infortuné, contre trois hommes dont l'un était son ennemi personnel?... Il tomba enfin, après avoir été percé de coups et avoir inondé de son sang la galerie tout entière... On a rapporté, comme un fait positif, que la reine de Suède, trouvant que l'exécution était bien longue, vint ELLE-MÊME pour donner du cœur aux meurtriers!...

Lorsque le malheureux fut mort, on le mit dans un carrosse sans armoiries, puis on le porta à la paroisse, où il fut enterré solitairement et sans que personne assistât, même de la maison de la reine, à son service.

La cour de France fut très irritée de cette conduite d'une reine étrangère sur le sol français... Christine prétendit que ce qu'elle pouvait en Suède, elle le pouvait en France. A cela on pouvait lui répondre, qu'en Suède, comme partout, Monaldeschi aurait eu des juges, et qu'à Stockholm, comme à Fontainebleau, il ne devait pas être assassiné. Croirait-on qu'après cette sanglante tragédie, Christine sollicita la permission de venir à Paris!... On la lui refusa long-temps; mais enfin, vaincu par ses importunités, le cardinal la lui donna. Elle vint au Louvre, où elle arriva le 24 février 1658. On la logea dans l'appartement du cardinal, pour lui montrer qu'il fallait qu'elle demeurât peu de temps. Mais rien ne la détourna de son projet d'amusement pour le carnaval, sans que l'ombre sanglante de Monaldeschi se dressât devant elle pour l'arrêter dans sa course de plaisirs. Elle courait dans les bals masqués, aux spectacles, avec les hommes qui lui plaisaient, et dans les premiers carrosses qu'elle rencontrait. Anne d'Autriche, ainsi que le roi et le cardinal, avaient d'elle une sorte d'horreur, et Paris lui témoigna un mépris qui aurait dû être un châtiment; mais une telle âme n'en reçoit que de Dieu!... Il faut que ce soit ses décrets qui frappent la coupable. Enfin, elle partit dans les premiers jours de carême, ayant reçu quelque argent de Louis XIV, et quitta la France, où elle ne laissa aucun regret. ...

English translation (by anonymous translator):

... In 1657 she revisited France, but the court were not pleased at her return. She again inhabited the chateau of Fontainebleau, where she perpetrated the frightful murder of Monaldeschi. The circumstances which led to this crime, for I cannot name it otherwise, are to this day involved in mystery. It is a singular fact that in the memoirs of Mademoiselle and of Madame de Motteville, both remarkable for their veracity, not a word is said respecting the motive, though both give all the particulars of this barbarous act. It is, however, difficult to assign any other cause than the most implacable jealousy awakened by some real or supposed infidelity on the part of her unfortunate lover. Monaldeschi had at first merely entertained vague fears and suspicions. He was walking in the streets of Fontainebleau when he received a summons to attend the queen. Meantime, Christina had sent to the convent of the Mathurins for a priest named Father Montuani [sic], whom she ordered to receive the confession of Monaldeschi, and prepare him for death. Father Montuani cast himself at the queen's feet, and represented to her that she had no power over Monaldeschi's life.

"I am a queen still", exclaimed Christina, interrupting the priest; "the life of that man belongs to me, and I am free to dispose of it according to my pleasure. I therefore exercise my right: he must die! — go and prepare him for death. That is your only mission here."

Monaldeschi was waiting in the Galerie des Cerfs in the chateau of Fontainebleau. When he heard the queen's sentence, and was told that he had nothing more to expect in this world, his rage knew no bounds. Sentinetti [sic] and two other men rushed upon him to despatch him with their poniards, but they found him covered with a coat of mail. The unfortunate man had long expected to be attacked, but he little thought that he was destined to fall by the command of Christina. He rushed to the windows — they were secured. He then drew his dagger and closed with his adversaries. But what could his single arm avail him against three men, one of whom was the rival he had supplanted? He fell, covered with wounds, and crimsoned the floor with his blood. It has been asserted that the queen herself, impatient at the continued struggle, came into the gallery, in order to animate the murderers by her presence. The body of the unfortunate Monaldeschi was placed in a coach and conveyed to the parish church, where it was privately buried, without any of the queen's attendants being present at the funeral service.

The court of France was indignant at this atrocious act perpetrated, in the French territory, by a foreign queen. Christina maintained that she had a right to exercise in France the same power she enjoyed in Sweden. It might have been answered, that in Sweden, as everywhere else, Monaldeschi ought to have had a trial, and that neither at Stockholm nor at Paris was a base murder to be justified. Cardinal Mazarin informed her of the king's high displeasure at her conduct, and at the same time conveyed to her the king's wish that she should quit France, where her presence excited a general feeling of horror. ...


Above: Kristina.


Above: Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès.

Note: Kristina and Monaldeschi were never lovers.

Sunday, July 27, 2025

Faith Compton Mackenzie on the execution of Monaldeschi

Source:

The Sibyl of the North: The Tale of Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 163 to 174, by Faith Compton Mackenzie, 1931; original scan at the Universal Digital Library


Kristina's letter of November 5/15 or 7/17 (New Style), 1657 to Francesco Maria Santinelli is here:


WARNING: GRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS OF VIOLENCE, SUFFERING AND DEATH.

The account:

CHAPTER XI
THE COAT OF MAIL
WHILE Christina was scheming for her revenue and designing her liveries, her mind was preoccupied with the certainty that in her most intimate circle a traitor was to be found. Letter signed by Francesco Santinelli had come into her hands. A French lady-in-waiting is supposed to have shown them to her, but it was always Christina's habit to examine the correspondence of her suite, especially when she had some secret project on hand. The contents of these letters were never divulged, but if written by Santinelli[,] they were damning evidence against him. However, there were other things going on for which Santinelli could not be responsible, as he was in Rome. After much probing of the matter, she sent for Monaldesco, and revealed her doubts.

"Madame", he said, "you are betrayed, and the traitor is either someone absent that you know well, or myself. It must be one or the other. Your Majesty will soon know who it is, and I beg you not to spare the culprit."

"What does a man deserve who betrays me in this way?"

"Your Majesty should execute him without mercy and at once. I offer myself to be either the executioner or the victim, because it is an act of justice."

"Good. Remember those words of yours, and believe me, I shall not pardon him."

Those were bold words of Monaldesco's, and he must have been foolishly confident in the security of his plot against Santinelli. But as the days went by and vastly important letters that he was expecting failed to reach him, he began to get uneasy. If his correspondence went astray[,] it would be a serious thing — a very serious thing. It was necessary to find another method of communication[,] more reliable. He set about this with great caution. But not enough; Christina knew that this was the time to strike. She had all these important letters of Monaldesco's in her keeping; his villainy was clearly proved.

On the 6th of November she sent for Père Lebel, Prior of the Mathurins of Fontainebleau. She received him in the Galerie des Cerfs.

"You wear a habit that encourages me to speak to you confidentially. Promise me under the seal of the Confessional that you will keep this secret that I am going to tell you."

"In these matters I am blind and dumb", he assured her.

She put a packet into his hands. It was heavily sealed and without address.

"Mark well the day, hour and place of my giving you this, and return it when I ask for it in the presence of whom I choose."

The mystified priest retired with the packet and put it in a safe place.

On the 10th of November Monaldesco was ordered to go to the Queen in the Galerie des Cerfs. She was in the habit of giving audiences there, and there was nothing unusual in the command. Yet the Marquis delayed, and, when he did appear, it was easy to see that he was greatly disturbed. He was pale and agitated, and his agitation was not lessened by the sight of Ludovico Santinelli and two others who stood beside the Queen, their hands upon their swords. She held him in ordinary conversation for a few minutes, but she had sent for the Prior, who was on his way with the packet. No sooner had he entered than the door was securely shut behind him. The Queen called him to her.

"Mon père", she said, "pray give me the packet which I put in your care, that I may read it."

Taking the packet, she contemplated it for a moment, then, opening it, she took out some letters and papers.

"Do you recognize these?" she said to Monaldesco in ringing tones.

"Madame", said Monaldesco, trembling, "those are nothing but letters in your own handwriting!"

"But what are these?" She produced from the packet the originals of the copies, crying, "Traitor! Explain these if you can."

At first Monaldesco tried to inculpate other people, but finally, realizing how much she knew, he threw himself at her feet[,] begging for pardon. As he did so, Ludovico Santinelli and his officers drew their swords. Frantic with apprehension, Monaldesco seized Christina and drew her into one corner of the gallery — then into another — all the time entreating her to hear his justification. She conceded this, and listened with patience to his feverish explanations. Then, leaning upon her ebony cane, she turned to the Prior and said:

"Mon père, I ask you to bear witness that I have not been hasty, but have given this villain more time than he deserves to justify himself — if it were possible."

She then ordered Monaldesco to surrender all the papers he carried about him. Among them were letters forged in Santinelli's hand (which was not unlike his own), one addressed to himself, and also the original drafts of these letters in his own handwriting. No one knows what was in them, but it was enough for Christina. She told the priest to prepare him for death and care for his soul; at which he joined in the supplications for Monaldesco.

"Why should I have mercy? This traitor is as bad as any criminal sent to the wheel; I have confided in him my most secret thoughts and my most important affairs, as to a faithful subject. I won't reproach him with all the favours I have showered upon him as though he were a brother; his own conscience should be his executioner."

With this she went from the gallery to a room adjoining.

Monaldesco threw himself at the feet of the Prior, asking him to plead with the Queen again for mercy. Santinelli and his officers surrounded him with drawn swords, telling him to confess quickly. His hour was near. His cries for mercy were so heartrending that Santinelli was moved to go himself to Christina and beg her to spare his life. But he came back and[,] with tears in his eyes, said:

"Make your peace with God. You must die."

Again there was a dreadful scene. The Marquis, beside himself with fear, implored the Prior to plead again with the Queen. Christina was still coldly determined, and all the tears and supplications of the priest could not move her. Then he ventured to point out that as she was the guest of the King, she should consider very carefully before she insisted upon the execution taking place. To which she replied that she was not lodged by the King as a fugitive or prisoner, that she was her own mistress, and that she was answerable to God alone for her actions. Besides, there was precedent for this act.

"Yes, queens have done such things before, but it has been in their own realms."

The Prior went on to say how hurtful it might be to the honour and reputation she had gained in France — perhaps he said enough to persuade her that it might be hurtful also to her political schemes. At the end of the interview she showed signs that if she had dared[,] she would have revoked the order. But it was too late now. Monaldesco at liberty after this would be an unthinkable danger. There was no way out.

Lebel returned to the gallery, and taking the poor wretch in his arms, told him to resign himself to death and to make his confession. Monaldesco gave a piercing shriek and flung himself at the feet of the Prior and began his confession. While it was going on[,] the door at the end of the gallery opened[,] and the Queen's Almoner appeared. Here was a friend who perhaps could save him, and[,] without waiting for absolution[,] Monaldesco hastened to the new arrival and begged him to intercede with the Queen. They stood for a while in whispered conversation, and then the Almoner went to the Queen[,] accompanied by Santinelli.

Santinelli came back alone, and said firmly:

"Marquis, make your peace with God, for you must die without delay. Have you confessed?"

He pressed him with drawn sword to the end of the gallery under the picture of St. Germain. Monaldesco's misgivings of the last few days had led him to don for his protection a heavy breast-plate of mail; this only served to prolong the dreadful agonies of his death. He was wounded in the stomach, and[,] trying to draw his own sword to parry this, three fingers were cut off his right hand. Then Santinelli, having been impeded by the coat of mail, attacked his face. At this he cried:

"Mon père!"

The Prior came to him, and on his knees he made his confession, the blood pouring down his face, begging forgiveness for his crime, pardoning his executioners, and praying that he might meet death bravely. He then fell to the ground, and Santinelli attacked his head with such violence that flesh and bone were scattered on the pavement. At this the victim turned and lay on his face, making a sign that they should put him out of his pain with a thrust at his neck. Two or three thrusts had little effect, for the coat of mail was attached to his collar, and a mortal wound was impossible. While this was going on, the Prior was exhorting him to resignation and patience, which was probably as irritating to the executioners as it was useless to the victim. Santinelli suddenly turned to the priest, exasperated and nerve-racked.

"How is this to be ended? Cannot you help?"

The priest, indignant, replied that he could not advise. He was for the life, not the death of Monaldesco.

"Forgive me, mon père. I was wrong to make such a demand."

Then the Almoner appeared again at the other end of the gallery. Monaldesco, who had lain waiting for the last thrust, seeing his friend, rose, and with his last strength, dragged himself along the wall towards him. With clasped hands he spoke in a low voice[,] and the Almoner made the sign of absolution, standing on the left of Monaldesco, beside Santinelli. No sooner had he left the gallery than Santinelli cut the throat of the Marquis, who fell, never to speak again. But he lived for another quarter of an hour. Lebel said the De Profundis, and when life was extinct Santinelli turned over the body and searched the pockets. There was nothing left in these but a book of the Hours of the Virgin and a small knife.

Santinelli and his companions went to announce the consummation of the dreadful deed to the Queen. Monaldesco had been summoned at one o'clock, and died at a quarter to four, so Christina had waited nearly three hours in that anteroom while the torture was going on. But she was calm when they told her, and said that she deeply regretted having had to execute the Marquis, but justice must be done to traitors. Lebel was commanded to remove the body at once, and because it was heavy and the way was rough and night falling, he had it carried on a hand-cart to the church of Avon near Fontainebleau. The Queen sent two footmen with a sum of money for Masses for the soul of the Marquis, and two days later he was buried with all the ceremony and devotion possible. On his tomb was simply:

"CI-GÎT MONALDESCO[.]"

No doubt, waiting there in the chamber so near to the Galerie des Cerfs that fatal afternoon, Christina was appalled by the fiasco which was being made of the execution. One swift thrust through the heart, and the traitor dead at Santinelli's feet — that was what she had visualized. Who could have foreseen the coat of mail that turned what she considered an act of justice into a prolonged and bloody torture? As the messengers came to her, each time more agitated, more urgent, she must have suffered.

The affair was being bungled; too much blood was being spilt — the pavement of Les Cerfs was drenched — and when Santinelli came to her flushed, distraught and exhausted by the ghastly scene that would not end, and then the Almoner with the tale of horror that he could scarcely tell, she was driven at last to cry:

"Cut his throat! Tell Santinelli to cut his throat!"

As he stood by Santinelli after giving the absolution, the Almoner must have whispered that message from the Queen, so swiftly did Ludovico give the finishing stroke that should have been given long ago. The dexterity of the swordsman had probably been hampered from the first by subconscious misgivings as to the legality and decency of the act, and a possibility of the Queen's changing her mind too late. It is not likely that Ludovico was vindictive enough on his brother's account to revenge himself by delaying the death-blow deliberately. He proved by his bearing throughout the scene that this was not so.

But whatever had happened and however bad it was, it had to be brazened out. It needed hardihood, but Christina was never lacking in this. The death of Monaldesco was a simple act of justice performed by a queen upon an unfaithful subject. As to where it was performed — that was of no consequence. It was necessary to act at once, and that Fontainebleau should be the scene of the execution was unfortunate but unavoidable.

She called it an execution, but the French Court called it murder. And not only murder, but a gross breach of hospitality — in the worst possible taste, in fact. Louis, who was about to visit her, postponed the journey indefinitely. Fontainebleau became out of bounds for the Court. Let Christina languish through the dull winter if she liked. They could not wish her a more dreary fate than to be in that palace at that time of year. As for the French Court, it fed very heartily for the rest of the winter on moral indignation, unaccustomed fare which kept it bright and lively through a season of brilliant diversions whose brilliance was heightened by the fact that Christina was not bidden to any of them. Mazarin protested hotly against her conduct; he sent Chanut to tell her she must hide the truth and blame her courtiers for the death of Monaldesco. In reply she said she would do anything for the King but repent of what she had done, and she knew of no one great or powerful enough to make her disavow her actions — that if she had not done what she had done, she would do it that night before she went to bed — that she had no reason to repent; on the contrary, she was satisfied with what she had done. These were her sentiments[,] and if they liked them[,] she was delighted, but if not[,] she would continue to hold them.

The only concession she made to Mazarin was to dismiss Ludovico Santinelli and the two guards who were his accomplices. But the beloved Francesco was naturally in greater favour than ever since the cowardly attempt at mischief-making by Monaldesco. Five days after the execution she writes to him:

"I send you the story of the death of Monaldesco, who betrayed me and wanted to make me think you were the traitor. I had all the evidence necessary to prove the contrary, and I did not want to do you the injustice to believe of you the infamies of which I cannot imagine anyone but himself being capable.

It was necessary for me to pretend to believe what he told me in order to justify you and to punish him.

At last he died, confessing his infamy and your innocence, protesting that he had invented all these chimeras to ruin you.

Note this example and pray to God that He will not deny you either brains or honour. Always behave like a gentleman and do nothing unworthy of this character.

Do not trouble to justify my actions to anyone. I hold myself answerable to God alone, and He would have punished me if I had pardoned this traitor's great crime. And that should be enough for you.

My conscience tells me that I have acted accordingly to human and divine justice, and that I could not, that I should not, have done otherwise. And this is all that I can tell you.

Be contented while I do all I can to get for you the consolation you desire, and be sure I shall plead your cause.
FONTAINEBLEAU,
November 15, 1657."

The consolation Santinelli desired was a dukedom, but he did not get it.

Christina could not fail to be conscious that her presence at Fontainebleau was a nuisance, and that the most agreeable thing she could do would be to depart as soon as possible. If she did, the world would surely say that she had been asked to go, and it would be tantamount to an admission of blame, since she was here ostensibly to arrange her financial affairs, and everyone knew that her arrangements were not complete. But Fontainebleau was dull and cold, and she soon tired of exhibiting with bravado the traces of Monaldesco's murder still staining the pavement of the Galerie des Cerfs. An invitation elsewhere was the only dignified way of moving her from Fontainebleau. She fished for one from England, but Cromwell, firmly determined not to invite so dangerous a lady, returned compliment for compliment, and that was all. So there was nothing for it but to languish at Fontainebleau, and occupy herself with financial schemes and the Naples project, both of which Mazarin took up again very soon after the death of Monaldesco. By an arrangement with Charles Gustavus, she was to have a part of France's debt to Sweden. She claimed over nine hundred thousand crowns, but only succeeded in getting thirty-three thousand. As to the Naples project, Mazarin still pretended that France was interested, promising troops and battleships, and assuring her that if the enterprise succeeded, the King wished Christina to have all the honour and glory.

The rigours of Fontainebleau were endured till February, when Christina was driven to insist upon being invited to Paris, her pretext being that she was anxious to see the King in Benserade and Lully's ballet "Alcibiades". This was unwillingly conceded, and she was lodged in Mazarin's apartment at the Louvre, an unmistakable hint that she was not expected to stay long. However, to Anne of Austria's disgust, she stayed three weeks and amused herself as best she could, going often to the play in public carriages picked up in the street, accompanied only by men. The long anticipated reception by the Académie Française was the chief event of these three weeks. It was an impulsively planned visit, and only fifteen or sixteen of the forty sages were gathered to do homage to the Sybil of the North. They did not have time to hang the portrait Christina had presented to the Académie, as an hour was all they had to assemble the members and prepare the great salon in which she was to be received. At five in the afternoon one of her footmen announced that she had arrived, and her carriage was heard down below in the Louvre courtyard. She was accompanied by Madame de Brègy, whose husband was French Ambassador in Poland. Her first question was whether the academicians stood up or sat in her presence. The precedent of Charles IX's visit in the time of Ronsard was brought forward. They could be seated. A long session followed in which a quantity of verses were read, after which the director, M. de Chambre, said that the Académie was much occupied in preparing his dictionary, and would Her Majesty be so gracious as to hear an extract from it? Her Majesty having consented, Mezerai opened the dictionary apparently at random at the word "Jeu" and read the following:

"Jeux des princes qui ne plaisent qu'à ceux qui les font. Pour exprimer les actes de violence exerçés par les hommes revêtus du pouvoir suprême."

Christina laughed heartily at this, some say to cover her confusion and blushes, but it is not likely that she was ever confused or ever blushed. The reading of "Jeu" took an hour, after which Christina rose, and[,] bowing profoundly to the company, left the way she came. Soon afterwards she quitted Paris and went on her way to Toulon. Gui Patin writes: "She is gone away ill-pleased with the Queen, having heard that she had said if the Queen of Sweden did not go, she would herself leave the Louvre." Her usual route through Savoy was barred to her because by now her Naples project was well known. French warships carried her and her suite to Leghorn. They were transporting troops to the Duke of Modena. On the 7th of May she met the Duke and they signed a treaty for the invasion of Naples.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Kristina condemns Monaldeschi to die, painted by Johan Fredrik Höckert.

Note: Leghorn is the traditional English name for the Italian city of Livorno.

Thursday, May 29, 2025

Excerpt from William Lockhart's letter to John Thurloe, dated November 21/December 1 (New Style), 1657

Source:

A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq;, volume 6, page 624, published by Thomas Birch, 1742; original at the University of Michigan


The letter excerpt:

Paris, Dec. 1. new style, 1657.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR LORDSHIP,
SInce my last I have had no answer, the cardinal having imployed the greatest part of this weeke in treatting the qween of Swedden, who, it's said, hath at last obtained permissione to come to Paris for some tyme. She lodgeth in the pallace Mazirini, and is entertained their at the cardinal's expense. I am affrayed, I shall be oblydged to give her a visitt, since I ame informed all other publick ministers heare have resolved to pay her that respect. ...
May it please your lordshipp,
Your most humble, faithfull and obedient servant,
WILL. LOCKHART.

With modernised spelling:

Paris, December 1, New Style, 1657.
May it please Your Lordship,
Since my last I have had no answer, the Cardinal having employed the greatest part of this week in treating the Queen of Sweden, who, it's said, hath at last obtained permission to come to Paris for some time. She lodgeth in the Palace Mazzarini and is entertained there at the Cardinal's expense. I am afraid I shall be obliged to give her a visit, since I am informed all other public ministers here have resolved to pay her that respect. ...
May it please Your Lordship,
your most humble, faithful and obedient servant,
William Lockhart.

French translation (my own):

Paris, le 1 décembre, nouveau style, 1657.
S'il plaît à Monsieur,
Depuis ma dernière lettre, je n'ai reçu aucune réponse, le cardinal ayant consacré la plus grande partie de la semaine à traiter la reine de Suède, qui, dit-on, a enfin obtenu la permission de venir quelque temps à Paris. Elle loge au palais Mazarin et y est reçue aux frais du cardinal. Je crains d'être obligé de lui rendre visite, car j'ai appris que tous les autres ministres publics d'ici ont résolu de lui rendre ce respect. ...
S'il plaît à Monsieur,
votre très humble, très fidèle et très obéissant serviteur,
Guillaume Lockhart.

Swedish translation (my own):

Paris, den 1 december, nya stilen, 1657.
Må det behaga min herre,
Sedan mitt senaste brev har jag inte fått något svar, eftersom kardinalen har ägnat större delen av veckan åt att traktera Sveriges drottning, som, enligt uppgift, äntligen har fått tillstånd att komma till Paris en tid. Hon logerar på Mazarin-palatset och underhålls där på kardinalens bekostnad. Jag är rädd att jag kommer att bli förpliktad att besöka henne, ty jag har fått veta att alla andra publika ministrar här har beslutat att visa henne den respekten. ...
Må det behaga min herre,
Er ödmjukaste, trognaste och lydigaste tjänare
William Lockhart.


Above: Kristina.

Tuesday, February 25, 2025

Dr. John Doran on Kristina's life, part 5

Source:

Monarchs Retired from Business, volume 2, pages 272 to 274, by Dr. John Doran, 1857 (1902 edition)


The account:

Christina lingered in France through the winter, repaired to Paris in February, visited the Academy, laughed heartily on the Dictionary of that solemn body being opened at an illustration of the word "Jeu" — "jeux de Prince, qui ne sont amusans qu'à ceux qui les font", and saw Louis dance in a ballet, after all. There was, perhaps, some difficulty in getting rid of a lady who was, probably, what she was reported to be, a negotiatrix in the delicate affairs of France and Spain. Accordingly, she was invited or permitted to behold the royal ballet-dancer expose himself on the stage of the palace; and having enjoyed this approximation to a beatitude, she returned to Italy.

Christina arrived in Rome early in the month of May, 1658. She was well received, but without any extraordinary demonstrations. The irregularity with which her annuity was paid, exposed her to great difficulties: but Cardinal Azzolini accepted the controllership of her household, and his Eminence placed on it so stable and respectable a footing, that the gratitude of Christina is said to have been without limit.

Tranquillity, however, was not possible with her. She was constantly at feud with some adversary, from the Pope downwards, and on all sorts of questions. She was for ever suspected of being politically engaged, and of not being favourably inclined towards Italian interests. Her behaviour was contradictory enough to authorize almost any report, — even that of her being about to become a nun. And, indeed, she was highly disgusted with worldly matters, when she discovered that the vicinity of her residence was no longer considered by the authorities to carry with it the privilege of sanctuary, and that her very servants, if they were saucy to men in power, were unceremoniously arrested, and unmercifully flogged.

She maintained a gay [cheerful] house, nevertheless, in her various residences, till the year 1660, when she returned to Sweden, after the death of Charles Gustavus, and the accession of the young Charles XI. She was received with respect and suspicion. There was an idea that she had pretensions to the crown, in case of the demise of the young King without lineal heirs; and the public performance of Mass in her Chapel at Norköping, irritated the clergy, and exasperated the people. She relieved herself from suspicions of pretensions to the throne, by executing a second renunciation. The Senate, nevertheless, suspended her Chapel on the 23rd December, and positively forbade the celebration of Mass in any place wherein she might be residing, within the realm.

Her protests were disregarded, and she accordingly quitted the kingdom, after the royal funeral, in January, 1661. During more than a year she resided at Hamburg, sending counsel to the young King, urging more honesty in the payment of her annuity, devoting herself to chemical studies, and catching a few Protestant professors, whom she carried away, converts to Rome.

She reached the ancient city in June, 1662, and for the next ten or twelve months her mansion was the resort of all the intellectual people of Rome, and of celebrated travellers who were sojourning there. She was still the "Tenth Muse", and poets sang her praises; but in the political intrigues of the time, she was also as busy as ever. And she loved this occupation almost as much as that of puzzling the philosophers who attended her soirées, by questions which they could not answer, without risking at the same time, to be ridiculous and appear ignorant.



Above: Kristina.


Above: Dr. John Doran.

Thursday, January 2, 2025

Arvède Barine on Kristina's life and character, part 8

Source:

Christine de Suède, article written by Arvède Barine for Revue des deux mondes, pages 813 to 817, 1888


The account:

La reine de Suède avait amené à Fontainebleau deux jeunes seigneurs italiens: le marquis Monaldeschi, grand écuyer, favori de la veille, et le comte Sentinelli, capitaine des gardes, favori du jour. Monaldeschi était sottement jaloux de son successeur. Il se vengea par des lettres sur Christine, où il maltraitait la femme. Il avait aggravé sa faute en imitant l'écriture de Sentinelli. C'est du moins ce qui semble ressortir du peu qui perça. Le mystère n'a jamais été bien éclairci, car l'unique confident de la reine avait été le valet de chambre Poissonnet, et bien habile qui eût pénétré Poissonnet! Quoi qu'il en soit, le 6 novembre 1657, à neuf heures et un quart du matin, la reine de Suède envoya chercher un religieux de Fontainebleau, le père Le Bel, prieur des Trinitaires. Elle lui fit promettre le secret et lui remit un paquet cacheté, sans adresse, qu'elle se réservait de réclamer quand il lui plairait.

Le samedi suivant, 10 novembre, à une heure après-midi, la reine envoya chercher de nouveau le père Le Bel. Il prit à tout hasard le paquet cacheté et fut introduit dans la galerie des Cerfs, où il trouva la reine. Elle était vers le milieu de la galerie, causant de choses indifférentes avec Monaldeschi. Auprès d'eux se tenait debout Sentinelli, et un peu en arrière deux soldats italiens. Le père Le Bel avoue naïvement, dans la Relation qu'il a écrite de cette tragédie, qu'aussitôt entré il commença d'avoir peur, parce que le valet de chambre qui avait amené frappa bruyamment la porte derrière lui. Il s'approcha pourtant de la reine, qui changea de ton et de maintien en l'apercevant et lui réclama son paquet d'une voix haute. Il le lui remit. Elle l'ouvrit et en tira des lettres qu'elle tendit à Monaldeschi, en lui demandant avec violence s'il les reconnaissait. Monaldeschi pâlit, trembla, essaya de nier, finit par avouer que les lettres étaient de lui, et se jeta aux pieds de sa maîtresse en implorant son pardon. Au même instant, Sentinelli et ses deux soldats tirèrent leurs épées.

La scène qui suivit est effroyable. Il ne faut pas perdre de vue qu'elle dura deux heures trois quarts. Nous devons cette précision de renseignemens au père Le Bel, à qui, par un phénomène assez fréquent, aucun détail n'échappait dans l'état d'horreur et de terreur où il était plongé.

A la vue des épées, Monaldeschi se releva et pourchassa la reine dans la galerie, parlant «sans relâche» pour se justifier, et même avec «importunité». Christine ne témoignait ni ennui ni impatience. Le père Le Bel remarqua qu'elle s'appuyait en marchant «sur une canne d'ébène à pomme ronde». Elle se laissa supplier un peu plus d'une heure, s'approcha alors du père Le Bel et lui dit avec tranquillité: «Mon père, je vous laisse cet homme entre les mains; disposez-le à la mort et ayez soin de son âme». Le religieux, «aussi effrayé que si la sentence avait été portée contre lui-même», se jeta aux pieds de la reine, demandant grâce pour l'infortuné prosterné à ses côtés. Elle refusa froidement et passa dans son appartement, où elle se mit à causer et à rire, d'un air paisible et dégagé.

Monaldeschi ne pouvait croire que ce fût fini. Il se traînait à genoux, poussant des cris et suppliant ses bourreaux. Sentinelli en eut pitié. Il sortit, «mais il revint tout triste et dit en pleurant: «Marquis, pense à Dieu et à ton âme; il faut mourir». Monaldeschi, «hors de lui», envoya le père Le Bel, qui sanglotait, et qui se prosterna devant Christine en la conjurant «par les plaies du Sauveur» d'avoir miséricorde. Elle, «le visage serein et sans altération,.. lui témoigna combien elle était fâchée de ne pouvoir lui accorder sa demande».

Cela dura une autre heure. Pendant une autre heure, le malheureux refusa de se résigner. Il commençait à se confesser, et puis l'angoisse était trop forte. Il criait, il suppliait qu'on retournât encore une fois. L'aumônier de la reine étant survenu, il se jeta sur lui comme sur un sauveur et l'expédia chez la reine. Ce fut ensuite Sentinelli, qui retourna implorer cette barbare. Christine se moquait du «poltron» qui avait peur de la mort, et elle congédia Sentinelli avec ces mots horribles: «Afin de l'obliger à se confesser, blessez-le». Sentinelli rentra, «poussa» Monaldeschi «contre la muraille du bout de la galerie, où est la peinture Saint-Germain», et lui porta un premier coup. Monaldeschi n'avait pas d'armes. Il para de la main, et trois doigts tombèrent sur le plancher. Le misérable reçut tout sanglant l'absolution, et une boucherie dégoûtante commença. Le marquis avait une cotte de mailles que les épées ne purent percer. Ses bourreaux le lardèrent au visage, au col, à la tête, où ils purent. Percé de coups et n'en pouvant plus, Monaldeschi entendit ouvrir une porte, aperçut l'aumônier et reprit espoir. Il se traîna jusqu'à lui en s'appuyant au mur et le renvoya encore demander sa grâce. Tandis que le prêtre sortait, Sentinelli acheva sa victime en lui perçant la gorge. Il était trois heures trois quarts.

L'effet produit sur le public fut irrémédiable. Les cœurs se soulèverent d'horreur. Tant de cruauté froide, pour un homme qu'elle avait aimé, parut une chose sauvage. On ne se représentait pas sans une sorte d'épouvante cette jeune femme causant de futilités, à deux pas du lieu où son ami se débattait et agonisait, s'interrompant poliment pour refuser sa grâce et reprenant son discours avec sérénité. Que de fois, pendant le reste de sa vie, on lui jeta la mort de Monaldeschi à la face! Elle ne comprit jamais ce qu'on pouvait lui reprocher.

A la nouvelle du meurtre, Mazarin dépêcha Chanut à Fontainebleau pour engager la reine de Suède à ne point paraître à Paris, de peur du peuple. On a retrouvé, il n'y a pas longtemps, la réponse de Christine au cardinal. La lettre est de sa main, écrite de travers avec un air de furie, tachée d'encre et presque illisible:

«Mon cousin,
M. Chanut, qui est un des meilleurs amis que je pense avoir, vous dira que tout ce qui me vient de votre part est reçu de moi avec estime; et, s'il a mal réussi dans les terreurs paniques qu'il a voulu susciter dans mon âme, ce n'est pas faute de les avoir représentées aussi effroyables que son éloquence est capable de les figurer. Mais, à dire vrai, nous autres gens du Nord sommes un peu farouches et naturellement peu craintifs. Vous excuserez donc si la communication n'a pas eu tout le succès que vous auriez désiré; et je vous prie de croire que je suis capable de tout faire pour vous plaire, hormis de craindre. Vous savez que tout homme qui a passé trente ans ne craint guère les sorciers. Et moi, je trouve beaucoup moins de difficulté à étrangler les gens qu'à les craindre. Pour l'action que j'ai faite avec Monaldeschi, je vous dis que, si je ne l'avais faite, que je ne me coucherais pas ce soir sans la faire; et je n'ai nulle raison de m'en repentir. (Ici, quelques mots illisibles.) Voilà mes sentimens sur ce sujet; s'ils vous plaisent, je serai aise; si non, je ne laisserai pas de les avoir et serai toute ma vie votre affectionnée amie.
CHRISTINE.»

Cette lettre ne raccomandait rien. On laissa Christine se morfondre trois mois à Fontainebleau. Elle envoya demander une invitation à Cromwell, que les tragédies effarouchaient peu d'ordinaire, et qui «feignit de ne pas comprendre». Elle s'entêta à venir aux jours gras à Paris (février 1658), courut les lieux publics affublée en masque, fut traitée avec la dernière froideur par la reine mère et promptement éconduite. La veille de son départ, elle vint assister à une séance de l'Académie française. L'Académie, prise au dépourvu, commença par épuiser la provision de petits vers de ses poètes: des madrigaux de M. l'abbé de Boisrobert; un «sonnet sur la mort d'une dame», de M. l'abbé Tallemant; une «petite ode d'amour» de M. Pellisson; des vers du même «sur un saphir qu'il avait perdu et qu'il retrouva depuis». On eut recours ensuite au dictionnaire pour achever de remplir la séance. On l'ouvrit au mot jeu, et «monseigneur le chancelier», se tournant vers la reine, dit d'un air aimable que le mot «ne déplairait pas à Sa Majesté, et que sans doute le mot de mélancolie lui aurait été moins agréable». On lut: «Jeux de princes; qui ne plaisent qu'à ceux qui les font». C'était trop d'à-propos, le lendemain de la mort de Monaldeschi. Tous les yeux regardèrent Christine, qui rougit, perdit contenance et se força à rire, d'un rire contraint. Presque aussitôt, elle fit une révérence à la compagnie et s'en alla, reconduite avec force saluts par «monseigneur le chancelier» et tous les académiciens. Ce furent les adieux de Paris à Christine. Elle se remit en route le lendemain, avec de l'argent donné par Mazarin, et retourna à Rome faire enrager le pape.

Swedish translation (my own):

Drottningen av Sverige hade fört till Fontainebleau två unga italienska herrar: markisen Monaldeschi, överstallmästaren, gårdagens gunstling, och greve Santinelli, kapten av gardet, dagens gunstling. Monaldeschi var dumt avundsjuk på sin efterträdare. Han tog sin hämnd genom att skriva brev om Kristina, där han misshandlade kvinnan. Han hade förvärrat sitt fel genom att imitera Santinellis handstil. Det är åtminstone vad som tycks framgå av det lilla som har kommit ut. Mysteriet har aldrig klarats upp helt, eftersom drottningens enda förtrogne hade varit valet de chambre Poissonnet, och den som skulle ha penetrerat Poissonnet skulle ha varit väldigt slug! I alla fall den 6 november 1657, kvart över nio på morgonen, sände Sveriges drottning efter en munk från Fontainebleau, fader le Bel, trinitariernas prior. Hon fick honom att lova sekretess och gav honom ett förseglat paket, utan adress, som hon förbehöll sig rätten att hävda när hon ville.

Följande lördag, den 10 november, klockan ett på eftermiddagen, sände drottningen efter fader le Bel igen. Han tog det förseglade paketet av en slump och introducerades till Galerie des Cerfs, där han hittade drottningen. Hon var ungefär mitt i galleriet och pratade om likgiltiga saker med Monaldeschi. Nära dem stod Santinelli, och en bit bakom två italienska soldater. Fader le Bel erkänner naivt, i Redogörelsen han skrev om denna tragedi, att så snart han kom in började han bli rädd, eftersom betjänten som hade fört honom bankade högt på dörren bakom honom. Han närmade sig dock drottningen, som ändrade hennes tonfall och uppförande när hon såg honom och bad om hennes paket med hög röst. Han gav den till henne. Hon öppnade den och tog fram några brev som hon räckte till Monaldeschi och frågade honom våldsamt om han kände igen dem. Monaldeschi blev blek, darrade, försökte förneka det, avslutade med att erkänna att breven var hans och kastade sig för sin härskarinnas fötter och bad henne om förlåtelse. I samma ögonblick drog Santinelli och hans två soldater sina svärd.

Scenen som följde var forfärlig. Vi får inte glömma att det varade i två och tre kvarts timmar. Vi är skyldiga denna precision av information till fader le Bel, som, genom ett ganska frekvent fenomen, inte missade någon detalj i det tillstånd av fasa och skräck som han kastades in i.

Vid åsynen av svärden reste sig Monaldeschi och jagade drottningen in i galleriet och talade »obevekligt« för att rättfärdiga sig själv, och till och med med »efterhängsenhet«. Kristina visade varken förargelse eller otålighet. Fader le Bel märkte att hon lutade sig när hon gick »på en ebenholts käpp med ett runt huvud«. Hon lät sig bönfallas i en dryg timme, gick sedan fram till fader Le Bel och sade lugnt till honom: »Min far, jag lämnar den här mannen i Era händer; bered honom för döden och ta hand om hans själ.«

Munken, »lika rädd som om domen hade fällts mot honom själv«, kastade sig för drottningens fötter och bad om nåd för den olycklige som föll på hennes sida. Hon vägrade kallt och gick in i sin lägenhet, där hon började snacka och skratta, med en lugn och otvungen air.

Monaldeschi kunde inte tro att det var över. Han släpade sig på knä, skrek och bönföll sina bödlar. Santinelli förbarmade sig över honom. Han gick ut, »men han kom tillbaka mycket ledsen och sade tårfyllt: Markis, tänk på Gud och din själ, du måste dö.«

Monaldeschi, »utom sig själv«, sände efter fader le Bel, som snyftade, och som böjde sig för Kristina och bönföll henne »av Frälsarens sår« att förbarma sig. Hon, »med ett lugnt och oförändrat ansikte... betygade för honom hur ledsen hon var över att inte kunna bevilja hans begäran.«

Detta varade ytterligare en timme. I ytterligare en timme vägrade den olycklige att bikta sig. Han började bekänna, och då var ångesten för stor. Han ropade, han bad att de skulle återvända en gång till. När drottningens präst anlände, kastade han sig över honom som på en frälsare och sände honom till drottningen. Det var då Santinelli som återvände för att bönfalla denna barbar. Kristina hånade »fegisen« som var rädd för döden, och hon avfärdade Sentinelli med dessa hemska ord: »För att tvinga honom att bikta sig, såra honom.«

Santinelli återvände, »knuffade« Monaldeschi »mot väggen i slutet av galleriet, där målningen av den helige Germanus finns«, och slog honom ett första slag. Monaldeschi hade inga vapen. Han parerade med handen och tre fingrar föll i golvet. Den stackare fick absolution täckt av blod, och en vidrig slakt började. Markisen bar en ringbrynja som svärden inte kunde tränga igenom. Hans bödlar högg honom i ansiktet, halsen, huvudet, varhelst de kunde. Genomborrad av slag och oförmögen att bära det längre, hörde Monaldeschi en dörr öppnas, såg prästen och återfick hoppet. Han släpade sig till sig, lutad mot väggen och skickade honom tillbaka för att be om nåd. När prästen skulle gå tog Santinelli sitt offer av daga genom att ta hål på hans hals. Klockan var kvart i tre.

Effekten på allmänheten var oåterkallelig. Hjärtan steg av fasa. Så mycket kall grymhet mot en man hon hade älskat verkade vara en vild sak. Man kunde inte föreställa sig utan ett slags skräck att denna unga kvinna pratade om obetydligheter, två steg från platsen där hennes vän kämpade och dog, avbröt sig artigt för att vägra hans benådning och återuppta sitt samtal med lugn. Hur många gånger, under resten av hennes liv, kastades Monaldeschis död inte i hennes ansikte! Hon förstod aldrig vad som kunde anklagas henne.

Efter att ha hört talas om mordet skickade Mazarin Chanut till Fontainebleau för att uppmana Sveriges drottning att inte infinna sig i Paris, av rädsla för folket. Kristinas svar till kardinalen fanns för inte så länge sedan. Brevet är i hennes handstil, skrivet snett med en air av raseri, fläckat med bläck och nästan oläsligt:

»Min Kusin,
Monsieur Chanut, som är en av de bästa vänner jag tror att jag har, kommer att berätta för Er att allt som kommer till mig från Er tas emot av mig med aktning; och om han inte har lyckats väl med de panikslagna skräck som han velat väcka i min själ, så är det inte av brist på att ha representerat dem så skrämmande som hans vältalighet kan representera dem. Men ärligt talat är vi norrmän lite vilda och naturligtvis inte särskilt rädda. Ni kommer därför att ursäkta om kommunikationen inte har haft all den framgång som du skulle ha önskat; och jag ber Er att tro att jag är kapabel att göra vad som helst för att behaga Er, förutom att frukta Er. Ni vet att någon man som har passerat trettio år knappast fruktar trollkarlar. Och jag har själv mycket mindre svårt att strypa människor än att frukta dem. När det gäller handlingen som jag har gjort med Monaldeschi, säger jag Er att om jag inte hade gjort det, skulle jag inte gå och lägga mig ikväll utan att göra det; och jag har ingen anledning att ångra den. (Här, några oläsliga ord.) Detta är mina känslor i detta ämne; om de behagar Er, skall jag vara nöjd; om inte, kommer jag inte att sluta ha dem och kommer att vara Er tillgivna vän hela mitt liv.
KRISTINA.«

Detta brev medförde ingen lättnad. Kristina lämnades att tyna bort i tre månader på Fontainebleau. Hon skickade för att be om en inbjudan från Cromwell, som vanligtvis inte skrämdes av tragedier, och som »låtsades inte förstå«. Hon envisades med att komma till fastelavnen i Paris (februari 1658), sprang runt på offentliga platser klädd i en mask, behandlades med största kyla av drottningmodern och avvisades omedelbart. Dagen före sin avresa kom hon för att delta i en session i den franska Akademin. Akademien, överraskad, började med att uttömma utbudet av korta verser från sina poeter: madrigaler av monsieur l'abbé de Boisrobert; en »sonett om en dams död« av monsieur l'abbé Tallemant; en »liten kärleksode« av monsieur Pellisson; verser av densamme »om en safir som han tappat och som han sedan återfunnit«.

Ordboken användes sedan för att slutföra sessionen. Det öppnades vid ordet jeu [spel], och »monseigneur le chancelier«, vändande sig till drottningen, sade på ett vänligt sätt att ordet »inte skulle misshaga Hennes Majestät, och att utan tvivel ordet mélancolie [melankoli] skulle ha varit mindre behaglig för henne«. Där stod det: »Furstars spel, som bara gläder de som spelar dem«.

Detta var för passande dagen efter Monaldeschis död. Alla ögon såg på Kristina, som rodnade, tappade fattningen och tvingade sig själv att skratta, ett påtvingat skratt. Nästan omedelbart gjorde hon en vördnad för företaget och gick, eskorterad tillbaka med många saluter från »monseigneur le chancelier« och alla akademiker. Det var Paris' farväl till Kristina. Hon gav sig iväg igen nästa dag, med pengar från Mazarin, och återvände till Rom för att reta upp påven.

English translation (my own):

The Queen of Sweden had brought to Fontainebleau two young Italian lords: the Marquis Monaldeschi, grand equerry, favourite of the day before, and Count Santinelli, captain of the guards, favourite of the day. Monaldeschi was foolishly jealous of his successor. He took his revenge by writing letters about Kristina, in which he mistreated the woman. He had aggravated his fault by imitating Santinelli's handwriting. At least that is what seems to emerge from the little that has come out. The mystery has never been fully cleared up, because the Queen's only confidant had been the valet de chambre Poissonnet, and whoever would have penetrated Poissonnet would have been very clever! In any case, on November 6, 1657, at a quarter past nine in the morning, the Queen of Sweden sent for a monk from Fontainebleau, Father le Bel, prior of the Trinitarians. She made him promise secrecy and gave him a sealed package, without an address, which she reserved the right to claim whenever she pleased.

The following Saturday, November 10, at one o'clock in the afternoon, the Queen sent for Father le Bel again. He took the sealed packet by chance and was introduced into the Galerie des Cerfs, where he found the Queen. She was about the middle of the gallery, chatting about indifferent things with Monaldeschi. Near them stood Santinelli, and a little behind two Italian soldiers. Father le Bel naively admits, in the Relation he wrote of this tragedy, that as soon as he entered he began to be afraid, because the valet who had brought him knocked loudly on the door behind him. He approached the Queen, however, who changed her tone and demeanour on seeing him and asked for her packet in a loud voice. He gave it to her. She opened it and took out some letters which she handed to Monaldeschi, violently asking him if he recognised them. Monaldeschi turned pale, trembled, tried to deny it, ended by confessing that the letters were his, and threw himself at his mistress's feet, imploring her forgiveness. At the same moment, Santinelli and his two soldiers drew their swords.

The scene that followed was frightful. We must not lose sight of the fact that it lasted two and three-quarter hours. We owe this precision of information to Father le Bel, who, by a fairly frequent phenomenon, missed no detail in the state of horror and terror into which he was plunged.

At the sight of the swords, Monaldeschi got up and chased the Queen into the gallery, talking "relentlessly" to justify himself, and even with "importunity". Kristina showed neither annoyance nor impatience. Father le Bel noticed that she leaned as she walked "on an ebony cane with a round head". She let herself be begged for a little over an hour, then approached Father Le Bel and said to him calmly: "My father, I leave this man in your hands; dispose him to death and take care of his soul."

The monk, "as frightened as if the sentence had been passed against himself", threw himself at the Queen's feet, begging for mercy for the unfortunate man prostrated at her side. She coldly refused and went into her apartment, where she began to chat and laugh, with a peaceful and relaxed air.

Monaldeschi could not believe that it was over. He dragged himself on his knees, screaming and begging his executioners. Santinelli took pity on him. He went out, "but he came back very sad and said in tears: 'Marquis, think of God and your soul; you must die'."

Monaldeschi, "beside himself", sent for Father le Bel, who was sobbing, and who prostrated himself before Kristina, imploring her "by the wounds of the Saviour" to have mercy. She, "with a serene and unaltered face,.. testified to him how sorry she was not to be able to grant his request."

This lasted another hour. For another hour, the unfortunate man refused to resign himself. He began to confess, and then the anguish was too great. He cried out, he begged that they should return once more. The Queen's chaplain having arrived, he threw himself upon him as upon a saviour and sent him to the Queen. It was then Santinelli who returned to implore this barbarian. Kristina mocked the "coward" who was afraid of death, and she dismissed Sentinelli with these horrible words: "In order to force him to confess, wound him."

Santinelli returned, "pushed" Monaldeschi "against the wall at the end of the gallery, where the painting of Saint-Germain is", and struck him a first blow. Monaldeschi had no weapons. He parried with his hand, and three fingers fell to the floor. The wretch received absolution covered in blood, and a disgusting butchery began. The marquis wore a coat of chainmail that the swords could not pierce. His executioners stabbed him in the face, the neck, the head, wherever they could. Pierced with blows and unable to bear it any longer, Monaldeschi heard a door open, saw the chaplain and regained hope. He dragged himself to him, leaning against the wall, and sent him back to ask for mercy. As the priest was leaving, Santinelli finished off his victim by piercing his throat. It was a quarter to three.

The effect produced on the public was irremediable. Hearts rose with horror. So much cold cruelty for a man she had loved seemed a savage thing. One could not imagine without a sort of terror this young woman talking of trivialities, two steps from the place where her friend was struggling and dying, interrupting herself politely to refuse his pardon and resuming her discourse with serenity. How many times, during the rest of her life, the death of Monaldeschi was thrown in her face! She never understood what could be reproached to her.

On hearing of the murder, Mazarin sent Chanut to Fontainebleau to urge the Queen of Sweden not to appear in Paris, for fear of the people. Kristina's reply to the Cardinal was found not long ago. The letter is in her handwriting, written crookedly with an air of fury, stained with ink and almost illegible:

"My Cousin,
Monsieur Chanut, who is one of the best friends I think I have, will tell you that everything that comes to me from you is received by me with esteem; and, if he has not succeeded well in the panicked terrors that he has wanted to arouse in my soul, it is not for want of having represented them as frightful as his eloquence is capable of representing them. But, to tell the truth, we Northmen are a little wild and naturally not very fearful. You will therefore excuse if the communication has not had all the success that you would have desired; and I beg you to believe that I am capable of doing anything to please you, except fearing you. You know that any man who has passed thirty years of age hardly fears sorcerers. And I myself find much less difficulty in strangling people than in fearing them. As for the action that I have done with Monaldeschi, I tell you that, if I had not done it, I would not go to bed tonight without doing it; and I have no reason to regret it. (Here, some illegible words.) These are my feelings on this subject; if they please you, I will be content; if not, I will not cease to have them and will be your affectionate friend all my life.
KRISTINA."

This letter did not bring any relief. Kristina was left to languish for three months at Fontainebleau. She sent to ask for an invitation from Cromwell, who was not usually frightened by tragedies, and who "pretended not to understand". She persisted in coming to the Shrovetide in Paris (February 1658), ran around public places dressed in a mask, was treated with the utmost coldness by the Queen Mother and was promptly turned away. The day before her departure, she came to attend a session of the French Academy. The Academy, taken by surprise, began by exhausting the supply of short verses from its poets: madrigals by Monsieur l'abbé de Boisrobert; a "sonnet on the death of a lady" by Monsieur l'abbé Tallemant; a "little love ode" by Monsieur Pellisson; verses by the same "on a sapphire that he had lost and which he had since found."

The dictionary was then used to complete the session. It was opened at the word jeu [game], and "Monseigneur le chancelier", turning to the Queen, said in a friendly manner that the word "would not displease Her Majesty, and that doubtless the word mélancolie [melancholy] would have been less agreeable to her". It read: "Games of princes, which please only those who play them".

This was too appropriate the day after Monaldeschi's death. All eyes looked at Kristina, who blushed, lost her composure and forced herself to laugh, a forced laugh. Almost immediately, she made a reverence to the company and left, escorted back with many salutes from "Monseigneur le chancelier" and all the academicians. These were Paris' farewells to Kristina. She set off again the next day, with money given by Mazarin, and returned to Rome to enrage the Pope.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Arvède Barine.

Saturday, November 16, 2024

François de Clermont, Marquis de Montglat on Kristina's 1658 visit to Paris and the execution of Monaldeschi (he seems to misremember it happening at the same time)

Source:

Memoires de François de Paule de Clermont, marquis de Montglat, volume 4, pages 167 to 168, published posthumously in 1727


The account:

La Reine de Suéde qui étoit à Fontaine-bleau, vint à Paris passer le Carnaval, où elle alloit toutes les nuits en masque; & après avoir pris tous les divertissemens de la saison, elle retourna à Fontai[ne]bleau, où elle fut tuër, de sang froid, dans la galerie des Cerfs, un Gentilhomme qui étoit à elle, pour quelque jalousie. Cet acte inusité en France, parut fort étrange à tout le monde; mais la qualité dont elle étoit, fut cause qu'on n'en fit aucune recherche; mais bien-tôt après elle reprit le chemin d'Italie pour retourner faire sa demeure à Rome. ...

With modernised spelling:

La reine de Suède, qui était à Fontainebleau, vint à Paris passer le Carnaval, où elle allait toutes les nuits en masque; et après avoir pris tous les divertissements de la saison, elle retourna à Fontainebleau, où elle fut tuer, de sang froid, dans la Galerie des Cerfs un gentilhomme qui était à elle, pour quelque jalousie. Cet acte, inusité en France, parut fort étrange à tout le monde, mais la qualité dont elle était fut cause qu'on n'en fit aucune recherche; mais bientôt après elle reprit le chemin d'Italie pour retourner faire sa demeure à Rome. ...

Swedish translation (my own):

Drottningen av Sverige, som var i Fontainebleau, kom till Paris för att tillbringa Karnevalen, dit hon gick varje natt i mask; och efter att ha tagit säsongens alla nöjen återvände hon till Fontainebleau, där hon kallblodigt dödade i Galerie des Cerfs en herre som tillhörde henne, för viss svartsjuka. Denna handling, ovanlig i Frankrike, föreföll mycket märklig för alla, men den egenskap hon hade var anledningen till att ingen utredning gjordes om henne; men strax därefter tog hon vägen tillbaka till Italien för att återvända för att göra sin boning i Rom. ...

English translation (my own):

The Queen of Sweden, who was at Fontainebleau, came to Paris to spend the Carnaval, where she went every night in a mask; and after having taken all the amusements of the season, she returned to Fontainebleau, where she killed, in cold blood, in the Galerie des Cerfs a gentleman who belonged to her, for some jealousy. This act, unusual in France, seemed very strange to everyone, but the quality she held was the reason why no investigation was made into her; but soon afterwards, she took the road back to Italy to return to make her abode in Rome. ...


Above: Kristina.


Above: François de Clermont, Marquis de Montglat.

Tuesday, July 4, 2023

Resident Antoine de Courtin's letter to Karl Gustav, dated February 19/March 1 (New Style), 1658

Source:

Riksarkivet, pages 166 to 168 in Brev till Kungl. M:t; Residenten Antoine de Courtin; Ordinarie beskickningar 1625-1806; Svenska beskickingars till Frankrike brev och arkiv 1625-1806; Diplomatica Gallica 1542-1809





The letter:

Sire
M. le Cardinal estant Jndisposé de la Goutte; Vostre Majesté n'apprendra par cette lettre que l'arriuée de la Reine Christine en cette Cour, où l'on a consenty à la fin qu'elle vinst apres les grandes Jnstances que Sa Majesté en auoit faictes[.] Elle arriua dimanche au Soir à 7 heures, et donna par cette venuë Si hastée des marques de Son Jmpatience, Car au temps qu'il faict et parmy le desbordement vniuersel des Riuieres, la Cour ne pensoit pas qu'elle deûst encore User du consentement qu'elle donnoit au Voyage de Sa Majesté: Mais Sans perdre temps elle est venuë tantost en Carrosse, tantost en bateau, en Chaise à Cheval, et est arriuée seule auec deux des Siens dans vn Carrosse; Ses filles & Sa Suite n'arriuerent que Six heures apres elle, Et prenent comme vn miracle qu'elles ayent peû Se conduire jusques Jcy[.] M. le Cardinal a quitté à Sa Majesté l'appartement qu'il occupe dans le Louure, luy donne Ses Officiers pour la Seruir, & Sa table; Son Eminence S'est logée tout contre en attendant le depart de Sa Majesté, que l'on tient asseuré pour mercredy ou Jeudy.

Par ce qui S'est passé depuis que Sa Majesté est jcẏ Je Juge qu'elle n'y est venuë que par curiosité et pour auoir part aux diuertissemens du Carnaual[.] Toute la nuict Se passe au balet et au bal, le matin à dormir et l'apres disnée à la foire & à la Comedie; Et cela Auec tant d'assiduité, que je n'ay peû encore auoir l'honneur de luy rendre mes respectz.

Toute la Cour fesant la mesme chose c'est vn crime de parler d'affaires. Je me suis cependant Jnformé Sous main, Si cette Majesté n'auoit point faict d'auances, et Si l'on n'en Viendroit pas à la gratiffier de quelque present ou benefice. J'ay appris de bonne part que pour ce qui estoit des benefices, la Cour n'auoit pas Vne Veine qui tendist à luy en donner; que l'on ne Se Sentoit pas trop obligé de S'Jncommoder à Son Sujet; Qu'on la traictoit auec caresses, parce que la Cour estoit bonne, le Roy jeune & galant, qui ne Veut pas donner lieu à cette Princesse de Se plaindre de Sa ciuilité. Je coulay vn mot pour penetrer en cas que la Cour baillast des benefices à la Reine Christine. Si elle ne le feroit pas en compensation des biens de Pomeranie, l'on me respondit que difficilement feroit-on vne negotiation de ces Benefices (supposé qu'on luy en donnast) par ce que d'vne part la Cour les luy bailleroit comme Vne pure gratiffication, dont on blesseroit la bienseance Si on luy en fesoit vne deduction Sur Son bien: Et d'Vn autre costé ce Seroit contre la Conscience et comme vne espece de Simonie, puis qu'il ce Seroit vendre des benefices à cette Reine que de les luy donner en eschange d'autre bien. L'on reuenoit tousjours à dire qu'il y auoit grande apparence que l'on ne S'exposeroit pas à ces difficultés et qu'on ne luy en donneroit point du tout.

Qu'il estoit Vray qu'on auoit mis en deliberation de luy faire encore quelque regale; mais qu'il n'y auoit encore rien de resolu pour cela; Que l'on Se plaignoit cependant vn peu de l'œconomie de la maison de cette Princesse, qui estoit comme le tonneau des Danaïdes plus on ẏ mettoit plus jl en vuidoit.

La poste n'est point arriuée cette Semaine. L'on attribuë cette Jnterruption à l'Jnondation des Riuieres, que l'on n'a point veu telle de memoire d'homme. L'on est allé en batteau presque dans toutes les Ruës de Paris. La Seine a emporté la Nuict passée le pont Marie de l'Jsle nostre Dame où jl y a eu douze maisons abismées & tous les habitans noyéz. Le bon Dieu Veüille que le degel ne trauerse point les desseins de Vostre Majesté. Je Suis et Seray toute ma vie dans le profond respect que je dois.
Sire
de V:re Majesté.
Le tres humble tres obeïssant
et tres fidele Sujet.
De Courtin.
A Paris le 19 feurier/1 mars } 1658

With modernised spelling:

Sire,
Monsieur le cardinal étant indisposé de la goutte, Votre Majesté n'apprendra par cette lettre que l'arrivée de la reine Christine en cette Cour, où l'on a consenti à la fin qu'elle vint après les grandes instances que Sa Majesté en avait faites. Elle arriva dimanche au soir à 7 heures et donna par cette venue si hâtée des marques de son impatience, car au temps qu'il fait et parmi le débordement universel des rivières, la Cour ne pensait pas qu'elle dût encore user du consentement qu'elle donnait au voyage de Sa Majesté. Mais, sans perdre temps, elle est venue tantôt en carrosse, tantôt en bâteau, en chaise à cheval, et est arrivée seule avec deux des siens dans un carrosse. Ses filles et sa suite n'arrivèrent que six heures après elle et prennent comme un miracle qu'elles aient pu se conduire jusqu'ici.

Monsieur le cardinal a quitté à Sa Majesté l'appartement qu'il occupe dans le Louvre, lui donne ses officiers pour la servir, et sa table. Son Éminence s'est logée tout contre en attendant le depart de Sa Majesté, que l'on tient assuré pour mercredi ou jeudi.

Par ce qui s'est passé depuis que Sa Majesté est ici, je juge qu'elle n'y est venue que par curiosité et pour avoir part aux divertissements du Carnaval. Toute la nuit se passe au ballet et au bal, le matin à dormir et l'après-dînée à la foire et à la comédie; et cela avec tant d'assiduité que je n'ai pu encore avoir l'honneur de lui rendre mes respects.

Toute la Cour faisant la même chose, c'est un crime de parler d'affaires. Je me suis cependant informé sous main si cette Majesté n'avait point fait d'avances, et si l'on n'en viendrait pas à la gratifier de quelque présent ou bénéfice. J'ai appris de bonne part que pour ce qui était des bénéfices, la Cour n'avait pas une veine qui tendit à lui en donner; que l'on ne se sentait pas trop obligé de s'incommoder à son sujet; qu'on la traitait avec caresses, parce que la Cour était bonne, le roi jeune et galant, qui ne veut pas donner lieu à cette princesse de se plaindre de sa civilité.

Je coulai un mot pour pénétrer en cas que la Cour baillât des bénéfices à la reine Christine. Si elle ne le ferait pas en compensation des biens de Poméranie, l'on me répondit que difficilement ferait-on une négotiation de ces bénéfices (supposé qu'on lui en donnât) par ce que d'une part la Cour les lui baillerait comme une pure gratification, dont on blesserait la bienséance si on lui en faisait une déduction sur son bien; et, d'un autre côté, ce serait contre la conscience et, comme une espèce de simonie, puis qu'il ce serait vendre des bénéfices à cette reine que de les lui donner en échange d'autre bien. L'on revenait toujours à dire qu'il y avait grande apparence que l'on ne s'exposerait pas à ces difficultés et qu'on ne lui en donnerait point du tout.

Qu'il était vrai qu'on avait mis en délibération de lui faire encore quelque régale, mais qu'il n'y avait encore rien de résolu pour cela; que l'on se plaignait cependant un peu de l'économie de la maison de cette princesse, qui était comme le tonneau des Danaïdes: plus on y mettait, plus il en vidait.

La poste n'est point arrivée cette semaine. L'on attribue cette interruption à l'inondation des rivières que l'on n'a point vu telle de mémoire d'homme. L'on est allé en bâteau presque dans toutes les rues de Paris. La Seine a emporté la nuit passée le Pont Marie de l'Île Notre Dame, où il y a eu douze maisons abîmées et tous les habitants noyés. Le bon Dieu veuille que le dégel ne traverse point les desseins de Votre Majesté. Je suis et serai toute ma vie dans le profond respect que je dois,
Sire,
de Votre Majesté
le très humble, très obéissant et très fidèle sujet
De Courtin.
A Paris, le 19 février/1 mars 1658.

Swedish translation (my own):

Min herre,
Eftersom monsieur kardinalen inte är opasslig av gikt, kommer Ers Majestät endast att lära av detta brev om drottning Kristinas ankomst till detta hov, där det slutligen kom överens om att hon skulle komma efter de stora bön som Hennes Majestät hade gjort. Hon anlände på söndagskvällen vid klockan 7 och gav så hastigt genom denna ankomst tecken på sin otålighet, ty i vädret och bland flodernas allmänna översvämning ansåg inte domstolen att hon fortfarande skulle använda det samtycke som den gav till Hennes Majestäts resa. Men utan att slösa tid kom hon, ibland i en vagn, ibland i en båt, i en hästdragen stol, och hon kom ensam med två av sin familj i en vagn. Hennes flickor och följe kom inte förrän sex timmar efter henne, och de ser det som ett mirakel att de lyckades ta sig hit.

Monsieur kardinalen har lämnat Hennes Majestät appartemanget han upptar i Louvren, ger henne sina officerare för att tjäna henne och hans bord. Hans Eminens har tagit bostad i närheten medan han väntar på Hennes Majestäts avgång, vilket man håller säkert på onsdag eller torsdag.

Av vad som har hänt sedan Hennes Majestät har varit här, bedömer jag att hon bara har kommit hit av nyfikenhet och för att ta del av Karnavals underhållningar. Hela natten spenderas på baletten och balen, förmiddagen i att sova och eftermiddagen på kermässen och på komedin; och det med så mycket ihärdighet att jag ännu inte har kunnat få äran att visa henne min respekt.

Eftersom hela hovet gör samma sak, är det ett brott att tala om affärer. Jag har dock i hemlighet frågat, om inte denna Majestät gjort några framsteg, och om det inte skulle komma till den punkten att tillfredsställa henne med någon present eller något beneficium. Jag lärde mig från god part att när det gällde förmåner hade hovet ingen tur som tenderade att ge henne dem; att man inte kände sig alltför mycket skyldig att besvära sig därom; att man behandlade henne med karesser därför att hovet var gott och konungen var ung och galant, som inte vill ge denna prinsessa anledning att klaga på sin hövlighet.

Jag smög in ett ord för att penetrera ifall hovet gav beneficier till drottning Kristina. Om hon inte skulle göra det som kompensation för Pommerns egendom fick jag höra att det skulle vara svårt att förhandla om dessa förmåner (förutsatt att de gavs till henne) eftersom hovet å ena sidan skulle ge henne dem som en ren  tillfredsställelse, vars anständighet skulle skadas, om avdrag gjordes honom från hans egendom; och å andra sidan vore det mot samvetet och som ett slags simoni, eftersom det vore att sälja förmåner till denna drottning att ge henne dem i utbyte mot annat gott. Man kom alltid tillbaka till att säga att det var mycket troligt att man inte skulle utsätta sig för dessa svårigheter och att man inte skulle ge henne några alls.

Att det var sant att de hade övervägt att förtjäna henne ytterligare, men att inget ännu var bestämt om det; att man klagade lite över ekonomin i denna prinsessas hus, som var som danaidernas kärl: ju mer man lade in, desto mer tömdes det.

Posten kom inte denna vecka. Man tillskriver detta avbrott till översvämningen av floder som inte har setts i levande minne. Man åkte båt nästan på alla Paris gator. Seinen sopade i natt bort Pont Marie d'Île Notre Dame, där det fanns tolv skadade hus och alla invånare drunknade. Gud give att tjällossningen inte stör Ers Majestäts dessänger. Jag är och kommer att vara hela mitt liv i den djupa respekt jag är skyldig,
min herre,
Ers Majestäts
ödmjukaste, lydigaste och trognaste tjänare
De Courtin.
Paris, den 19 februari/1 mars 1658.

English translation (my own):

Sire,
Monsieur the Cardinal being indisposed to gout, Your Majesty will only learn from this letter of Queen Kristina's arrival at this Court, where it was finally agreed that she should come after the great entreaties that Her Majesty had made. She arrived on Sunday evening at 7 o'clock and so hastily gave by this arrival signs of her impatience, because in the weather and among the universal overflow of the rivers, the Court did not think that she should still use the consent that it gave to Her Majesty's voyage. But, without wasting time, she came, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes in a boat, in a horse-drawn chair, and she arrived alone with two of her family in a carriage. Her girls and retinue did not arrive until six hours after her, and they take it as a miracle that they managed to get here.

Monsieur the Cardinal has left Her Majesty the apartment he occupies in the Louvre, gives her his officers to serve her, and his table. His Eminence has taken up residence close by while awaiting Her Majesty's departure, which is assured for Wednesday or Thursday.

From what has happened since Her Majesty has been here, I judge that she has only come here out of curiosity and to take part in the entertainments of Carnaval. The whole night is spent at the ballet and at the ball, the morning in sleeping, and the afternoon at the fair and at the comedy; and that with so much assiduity that I have not yet been able to have the honour of paying her my respects.

The whole court doing the same thing, it is a crime to speak of affairs. I have, however, inquired secretly if this Majesty had not made any advances, and if it would not come to the point of gratifying her with some present or benefice. I learned from good part that as far as benefices were concerned, the Court had no luck which tended to give them to her; that one did not feel too much obliged to inconvenience oneself about it; that one treated her with caresses because the Court was good and the King was young and gallant, who does not want to give this princess reason to complain of his civility.

I slipped in a word to penetrate in case the Court gave benefices to Queen Kristina. If she would not do so in compensation for the property of Pomerania, I was told that it would be difficult to negotiate these benefices (supposed that they were given to her) because on the one hand the Court would give them to her as a pure gratification, the propriety of which would be hurt if a deduction was made to him from his property; and, on the other hand, it would be against conscience and like a kind of simony, since it would be selling benefices to this Queen to give them to her in exchange for other good. One always came back to saying that it was very likely that one would not expose oneself to these difficulties and that one would not give her any at all.

That it was true that they had deliberated on regaling her some more, but that nothing had yet been decided on that; that one complained a little about the economy of the house of this princess, which was like the vessel of the Danaïdes: the more one put in, the more it emptied.

The post did not arrive this week. One attributes this interruption to the flooding of rivers which have not been seen in living memory. One went by boat almost in all the streets of Paris. Last night the Seine swept away the Pont Marie d'Île Notre Dame, where there were twelve damaged houses and all the inhabitants were drowned. God grant that the thaw does not interfere with Your Majesty's designs. I am and will be all my life in the deep respect that I owe,
Sire,
Your Majesty's
most humble, most obedient and most faithful servant
De Courtin.
Paris, February 19/March 1, 1658.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Cardinal Jules Mazarin.


Above: Karl Gustav.


Above: Antoine de Courtin.

Note: family = retinue, entourage.