Showing posts with label Lennart Torstensson. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Lennart Torstensson. Show all posts

Saturday, November 15, 2025

Henry Woodhead on Lennart Torstensson in the Thirty Years' War

Source:

Memoirs of Christina, Queen of Sweden, volume 1, pages 212 to 216, by Henry Woodhead, 1863; original at the University of Michigan


Kristina's letter of May 10/20 (Old Style), 1646, to General Lennart Torstensson is here:


The account:

The Swedish army had met with almost uninterrupted success since Torstenson took the command. After he had beaten Gallas, he marched into the Austrian hereditary States, where he was opposed by the Imperial General Hatzfeld. The battle of Jankowitz took place in February, 1645.

The Austrians met with the ill fortune to which they have so often been doomed; they fought well and obstinately, but they were totally defeated.

Charles Gustavus particularly distinguished himself on this occasion.

Nearly every officer in his regiment was killed, and he himself received a ball through his hat, one through the long hair which he wore according to the fashion of the time, and another through his coat.

The firing was heard at Prague, in which place the Emperor caused prayers to be offered for the success of his arms. He hastened to Vienna as soon as the result of the battle was known. The greatest confusion prevailed in the Imperial army. The Archduke was attacked and plundered by some of his own troops, to whom he was personally unknown, and Gallas nearly shared the same fate.

Torstenson continued his advance until he came opposite to Vienna, but he was unable to cross the river in the face of the enemy; and his illness, against which he had so long contended, increased to such a degree that he was obliged to resign the command. Christina wrote to him on the 10th of May, 1646, thanking him for his great services, and accepting his resignation on account of his increasing infirmities.

Among the able Generals who succeeded Gustavus Adolphus, no one equalled Torstenson in military genius, or in the magnitude of his successes. It is true that he did not show such resources as Banér did, when his cause appeared desperate; but Torstenson had no occasion to use his invention to save his army from imminent destruction, — he never placed it in situations which success alone redeemed from the stigma of rashness.

Yet Torstenson was by no means deficient in enterprise. Regardless of his own sufferings, and although often obliged to be carried in a litter, he was especially feared by the enemy for the celerity of his movements, and was called by his own soldiers "Blixten" (the lightning). His ill health was not caused, like that of Banér, by his own excesses, but by the fortune of war. He had been taken prisoner in 1632, at the battle of Nürnberg, and was treated with much harshness. He was confined in a damp and unwholesome dungeon, and from that time he was always the victim of gout or rheumatism.

Voltaire said he was the only general in that age whose genius supplied the place of experience. He served, when quite a boy, as the page of Gustavus Adolphus, during his campaign of 1624 in Livonia. In one of the battles which took place, the King had no staff officer near him, and consequently sent Torstenson with orders to a general to perform a certain movement. In the meantime the enemy changed his plan, and Gustavus was in despair at having given an order which might have led to a serious reverse.

He was reassured when Torstenson returned. "Sire", said the youth, "forgive me, but I saw the enemy had changed his plan, I therefore made a corresponding change in your Majesty's orders." The King did not answer, but in the evening[,] when the page was about to serve at table as usual, he made him sit by his side instead.

The next day Torstenson was appointed to an Ensigncy in the Guards, and fifteen days after he received a Company.

Torstenson was of a mild and generous disposition. He checked the excesses of the Swedish army, and restored something like their ancient discipline: this was very distasteful to the soldiers, and he never acquired the popularity of Banér.

His whole conduct, both public and private, was ruled by religion; he was a generous enemy as well as a faithful friend. He supported the widow and children of Seckendorf, who had attempted to assassinate him.

His great services were not forgotten in Sweden. His health did not permit him to attend the Court, but Christina visited the hero in his own apartments and conferred the dignity of Count upon him.

Neither his native air, nor the esteem of his countrymen, could restore his shattered constitution: he lingered a short time, and died in 1651, at the early age of 46.

Torstenson belonged to an old West Gothland family, who continued longer than any other the ancient custom of being named only from their father's Christian name. They had no surname until they took one from the renowned Leonard Torstenson. ...


Above: Kristina.


Above: Lennart Torstensson.

Notes: Jankowitz is the German name for the village of Jankov in the Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of what is now the Czech Republic.

Torstensson was 47, not 46 when he died (he was born on August 17/27 (Old Style), 1603 and died on April 7/17 (Old Style), 1651).

Tuesday, October 28, 2025

Letter of thanksgiving for the peace between Sweden and Denmark, dated August 24/September 3 (Old Style), 1645

Sources:

Riksarkivet, images 356 to 359/pages 353 to 356 in Juli-September 1645; Riksregistraturet


Grundläggningen af det Svenska väldet i hertogdömena Bremen och Verden, by Edvard Alexander Zetterquist, 1891; original at the University of Zürich Library (Universitätsbibliothek Zürich)


Danmarks Adels Aarbog, volume 30, pages 130 to 131, by Hans Rudolf Hiort-Lorenzen and Anders Thiset, 1913; original at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; digitised July 21, 2025


The 1,000th post of 2025 to this blog!

The letter:

Tacksäijelse om Freden emellan Swerige och Dannemarck.
Wij Hafwe stoor orsaak att offra Gudh Wåre Läppars Offer, och Honom en innerligh och ödmiuk tacksäijelse Hembära, först och främst derföre, att Han Vthj deße förledne fahrlige tijder Hafwer så nådeligen VppeHållit sin beträngde Försambling, enKannerligen styrckt och bewarat Wårt Käre Fäderneßlandh så och Regementet, Och ibland så många fahrlige stemplingar och fiendtlige föreHafwanden Hållit in till denne dagh Wårt wäsende oprätt och giordt H. K. M:tz alles Wår Nådigste Drottningz Krigz actioner lyckosamme emoth all menniskligh förHoppning, så att Wij och månge andre, icke Vthan stoor förundran Hans Guddomelige Nådewärck emoth Oß j margeHanda måtto erKänna och beKänna måtte: Särdeles och j synnerheet Hafwe Wij Hwar medh andra att sij der af Gudz dens Högstes Vnderlige och gode skickelse, att ehuruwäl Hans Guddomlige rättwijst [sic] Hafwer för Wåre synder skull j nästförledne åhr Hemsökt och beswärat Oß och Wårt Käre Fäderneßlandh medh ett nytt Krijgh emoth Konungen j Danmarck: Så Hafwer lijkwäl den Nådefulle Gudh all ting så skickat och lagat, att H. K. M:tz och Rijksens Wapn, som H. K. M:tt är nödtwungen att taga j Handen och till Rijkzens förswar föra emoth bem:te fiende, äre icke mindre j medlertijdh, emoth margeHanda Hans fattade rådslagh, Oß att ruinera, och fördärfwa, än som för detta (: deß Gudj lof :) thet ena åhret effter det andra, Tysklandz, emoth Wåre och alle andre beträngde Evangeliskes Hätske fiender och förföliare, skedt är, medh lyckelige Successer och åthskillige store och Vndersamme Segerwinningar både till Landz och till watn, merckeligen wälsignade, och der igenom fiendens fahrlige rådslagh och listige föreHafwande, emoth H. K. M:tt, och Wårt Käre Fäderneßlandh till inthet wordne, effter som der om är månge resor, tillförende, särdeles Vthj det näst förledne och j begynnelsen på innewarande åhr, blifwit af detta rummet, denne loflige Gudz Församblingh förKunnat; Och Wij altså offta Hafft Högh orsaak, jempte Wåre dagelige böner att göra Gudj derföre Solenne tacksäijelser Vthj Hans Försambling. Nu Hafwer åter Gudh ytterligare fullfölgt sin mildheet och nåde j så måtto, att oansedt H. K. M:tz Feldtmarskalk H:r Linnar Torstenßon Hafwer Vthj förledne Höst (: sedan Han Hade igenom Gudz milde bijståndh och sin försichtige Conduicte bracht näst Hela Holstein, Jüthlandh och Wensyßel Vnder H. K. M:tz och Sweriges Cronos devotion :) fattadt, som en Klok Capitein thet rådh; att gå medh störste delen af sin Vnderhafwande armee Vthur be:te Holstein och Juthlandh, och der igenom draga der Vth effter sigh den store Keijsarske armee /: medh Hwilkens general Gallas j nästförledne Sommar der inbruten war, att göra merebe:te Wår fiende Konungen j Dannemarck bijståndh och Hielp emoth Oß :) lembnandes allenast Vthj dee Qwarteren jempte Guarnisonerne någre få troupper, Hwilket fuller j förstone gaf det anseende, som skulle H. K. M:tz wärck och Krijgzdesseigner på den orten råka igenom Hans opbrott Vthj någon Confusion, efftersom Wåre fiender dee Danske då achtade tijden och någorledes finge nåderum, att draga all sin macht Vthur Schåne, Zeland och Fÿen öfwer åth Holstein och Juthlandh, effter som Han och widh sådant tillfälle sigh bemächtigade der sammestädes någre få och ringa Platzer, tenterandes alle medell och der till brukandes icke allenast all sin egen macht, Vthan och Erchiebiscopens af Bremens adsistens och tillHielp, att winna igen Hwadh som af Wälbe:te Feldtmarskalken medh Swärdzägg inKrächtat war på den sijdan: Dochlijkwäl Hafwer thet Honom inthet lyckatz Vthan dee få troupper, som H. K. M:t der då Hade Vnder Öffwersten Helmet Wrangels Commende Hafwe giordt fienden tappar [sic] motwärn och afbräck, icke Vthan Hans merckelige förlust på folck och maintineret mästadeels och dee förnämbste occuperade platzer och Befästningar, och är detta der på folgt, att sedan H. K. M:tz General Leuten: Könnigzmarck /: hwilken på någon tijdh Hafwer warit j action begripin, att och fullfölia på sin sijda den Gallaske armeen, och Feldtmarskalken adsistera den samme totaliter att ruinera :/ war j nästförledne Februarij Månadt gången medh någre H. K. M:tz Regementer neder tilbaka in j Erchiebiskops Stifftet Bremen, Hafwer Han j förstone igenom Gudz bijståndh och wälsignelse, lyckeligen bemächtigat sigh medh bewäpnat arm thet Oldeland och Keijdingelandh, och effter deß eröfrande är Han sedan den 13. Februarij opbruten der ifrån medh Hele sin VnderHafwande force för Stade, som är HufwudStaden j samme Stifft, och en platz af stoor importans, och andre dagen der effter den dels medh accord, deels medh macht intagit Hwarest och Borgerskapet dersammestädes Hafwe straxt för plundringen erlagt till Soldatesquens VnderHållande Tiugutusende Rijkzdaler, och intagit OttaHundrade Man till Guarnison; Och Hafwe de fyra-Hundrade Man af Erchiebispens folck, som tillförende der innelågh, lefwererat alle Fanor ifrån sigh och sedan stält sigh Vnder H. K. M:tz Soldatesqua. Och är j denne Staden till fånga tagit månge af Erchiebispens förnämbste tienare, såsom och eröfrat Hans Cantzlij och Archivum. Jtem en stoor Hoop af Hans LijfHästar, sampt Caretter, jämwäl och tijo halfwa Cartover, tiugu andre metallstycken, tuHundrade Centenärar Kruth, och myckit annat byte. Den 18. Februarij är Königzmark gången medh H. K. M:tz folck för Staden Boch[s]tehude, belägen twå mijler der ifrån; Hwilken faste orth Hafwer och så medh Hwars och ens förundran gifwit sigh på nåde och onåde, och deß Guarnizon, som war 300 man, godwilligt stält sigh Vnder. Sedan är Han gången för Staden Bremerförde Erchiebispens egen Residentz, och så wäl Slottet, som sielfwe Staden /: efftersom åthskillige inKompne tijdender för wiße der om förmäla :) sigh bemächtigat, der medh Ertzstifftet är mäst Vnder H. K. M:tt[z] wåldh och devotion bracht, förvthan denne lyckelige Success, så Hafwer och Öffwersten Helmet Wrangel på denne sijdan om Elfwen j Holstein, ruinerat Ellofwa Compagnies Danske Ryttare, Hwar af en stoor deel är blifwit på platzen och restan till fånga tagit; Sedan Hafwer Han och intagit ifrån fienden twå starcke Skantzer b:de KrogSkantzen och Steenborger skantzen, derj nederHuggit Ett Hundrade och femtijo Man och fångat fyraHundrade femtijo gamble Knechter af Öfwersten Buchwaldz Regemente, som wore skickade bem:te Skantzen till entsatt sampt en stoor Deel Officerer; der effter opbränt och ruinerat Heela Landet in till Stadzporten för Glückstadh och Krempe, satt Dittmarsken Vnder Contribution, och jagat dee Danske Vthur Hela Landet, och Hafwer så starckt förfolgt General Majoren Alefeldt, att Han medh den lilla resten af sitt Cavallerij sigh j Sunnerborg och Alsen Salvera måste, Hafwer intagit det fasta Slottet Haßlo j Glückstader Ma[r]schen på nåde och onåde, och der beKommit EttHundrade gemene Knechter, sampt be:te General Majorens Alefeldz Lijffana, en Öffwerste Wachtmestare, twå Leutenampter och fyra Metallstycken. Och är j Glückstadh en sådan skräck och Confusion, att alle deras mobilier flötties till Hamburg; Jgenom hwilket alt, fienden på den sijdan är nu åter skildh ifrån den störste och förnämste delen af Danmarkz Cronas Landh. Man Kan och icke Vnderlåta Här medh någre få ordh att ihugKomma, thet H. K. M:t Hafwer j deße dagar fått tijdender och Vnderrättelse ifrån Tysklandh och andre ortter, att en Hufwudslachtning skall wara j Bohmen den 24. Februarij, emellan Feldtmarskalken H:r Torstenßon och dee Keijserske, och dee Wåre erHållit platzen och en Härligh victoria, Hwar om H. K. Mt. dageligen förwänter någon mehra wißheet och particulariteter; Och derföre framdeles will låta göra Gudh en offentligh tacksäijelse. Nu emedan Gudh alzmächtigh Hafwer af sin grundlösa godheet och barmhertigheet ëmoth Oß och Wårt Käre Fäderneßlandh, så mildeligen täcktz j begynnelsen wid H. K. M:tz antagne actual Regering, wälsigna H. K. M:tz armeer och Wapn, och der igenom giordt fienden detta Krijgh så myckit beswärligare och gifwit H. K. M:t Hopp, att Kunna igenom Gudz Krafftige bijståndh, icke allenast förswara Wårt Käre Fäderneßlandh och deß Jnbyggiare H. K. M:tz trogne Vndersåthere, Vthan och så myckit förr, Komma medh Wåre illwiliande grannar dee Danske till en stadigh, trygg, säker och Rijksens Vndersåtere nyttigh och Hälsosam fredh, på Hwilken nu medh all flijt och ÿfwer, af H:s K. M:tz Commissarier som nu nedre på grentzen stadde äre, arbetas; Så är thet alles Wår Högsta skyldigheet emoth Gudh, att Hembära Honom för denne miraculöse nådh och lyckelige Successer, innerligh loff och ödmiuk tacksäijelse medh Gudeligh bön och san åKallar [sic], att Hans Guddomelige Allmacht wille nu ytterligare fullfölia medh denne sin stora Nådh emoth H. K. M:t och Fäderneßlandet, förläna Continuerlige Successer Vthj H. K. M:tz Krijgz actioner, och dirigera all H. K. M:tz loflige Consilia till en önskeligh effect, förwirra fiendens illistige Rådslagh, beskära och förläna, att deße tu blodige Krijger, som Wij och Wårt Käre Fäderneßlandh nu swäfwa Vthj och länge swäfwat Hafwe, måtte Vthslå i sinom tijdh till önskeligh fredh, sitt Helige Nampn till ewigh ähra, sin Helge Försambling till förmerelse och styrckio, sampt H. K. M:tt och Wårt Käre Fäderneßlandh till wälfärd, roo och säkerheet.

Cantetur,
»Wår Gudh är Oß en wäldigh borgh« etc. etc.

With modernised spelling:

Tacksägelse om freden emellan Sverige och Danmark.
Vi have stor orsak att offra Gud våra läppars offer och honom en innerlig och ödmjuk tacksägelse hembära, först och främst därföre att han uti dessa förlidna farliga tider haver så nådeligen uppehållit sin beträngda församling, enkannerligen styrkt och bevarat vårt kära Fädernesland, så ock regementet, och ibland så många farliga stämplingar och fientliga förehavanden hållit intill denna dag vårt väsende upprätt och gjort Hennes Kungliga Majestäts allas vår nådigste Drottnings krigsaktioner lyckosamma emot all mänsklig förhoppning, så att vi och många andra icke utan stor förundran hans gudomliga nådeverk emot oss i margahanda måtto erkänna och bekänna måtte.

Särdeles och i synnerhet have vi var med andra att se därav Guds dens Högstes underliga och goda skickelse att ehuruväl hans gudomliga rättvisa haver för våra synders skull i nästförlidna år hemsökt och besvärat oss och vårt kära Fädernesland med ett nytt krig emot konungen i Danmark.

Så haver likväl den nådefulle Gud allting så skickat och lagat att Hennes Kungliga Majestäts och Riksens vapen, som Hennes Kungliga Majestät är nödtvungen att taga i handen och till Riksens försvar föra emot bemälde fiende, äro icke mindre emellertid emot margahanda hans fattade rådslag oss att ruinera och fördärva än som förr detta (dess Gudi lov) det ena året efter det andra Tysklands emot våra och alla andra beträngda evangeliskas hätska fiender och förföljare skett är med lyckliga successer och åtskilliga stora och undersamma segervinningar både till lands och till vatten märkligen välsignade och därigenom fiendens farliga rådslag och listiga förehavande emot Hennes Kungliga Majestät och vårt kära Fädernesland till intet vordna, eftersom därom är många resor tillförne, särdeles uti det nästförlidna och i begynnelsen på innevarande år, blivit av detta rummet denna lovliga Guds församling förkunnat; och vi alltså ofta haft hög orsak jämte våra dagliga böner att göra Gudi därföre solenna tacksägelser uti hans församling.

Nu haver åter Gud ytterligare fullföljt sin mildhet och nåde i så måtto att oansett Hennes Kungliga Majestäts fältmarskalk herr Lennart Torstensson haver uti förlidna höst (sedan han hade igenom Guds milda bistånd och sin försiktiga konduit bragt näst hela Holstein, Jutland och Vendsyssel under Hennes Kungliga Majestäts och Sveriges Kronas devotion) fattat, som en klok kapten det rått, att gå med största delen av sin underhavande armé utur bemälda Holstein och Jutland och därigenom draga därut efter sig den stora kejserska armé (med vilkens general Gallas i nästförlidna sommar där inbruten var att göra merbemälde vår fiende konungen i Danmark bistånd och hjälp emot oss), lämnandes allenast uti de kvarteren jämte garnisonerna några få trupper, vilket fuller i förstone gav det anseende som skulle Hennes Kungliga Majestäts verk och krigsdessänger på den orten råka igenom hans uppbrott uti någon konfusion, eftersom våra fiender de danska då aktade tiden och någorledes fingo nåderum att draga all sin makt utur Skåne, Själland och Fyn över åt Holstein och Jutland, eftersom han ock vid sådant tillfälle sig bemäktigade därsammastädes några få och ringa platser, tenterandes alla medel och därtill brukandes icke allenast all sin egen makt, utan ock ärkebiskopens av Bremens assistens och tillhjälp att vinna igen vad som av välbemälde fältmarskalken med svärdsegg inkräktat var på den sidan.

Dock likväl haver det honom inte lyckats utan de få trupper som Hennes Kungliga Majestät där då hade under översten Helmut Wrangels kommende hava gjort fienden tappa motvärn och avbräck icke utan hans märkliga förlust på folk och maintenerat mestadels ock de förnämsta ockuperade platser och befästningar, och är detta därpå följt att sedan Hennes Kungliga Majestäts generallöjtnant Königsmarck (vilken på någon tid haver varit i aktion begripen att ock fullfölja på sin sida den gallaska armén och fältmarskalken assistera densamma totaliter att ruinera) var i nästförlidna februari månad gången med några Hennes Kungliga Majestäts regementer neder tillbaka in i ärkebiskopsstiftet Bremen, haver han i förstone igenom Guds bistånd och välsignelse lyckligen bemäktigat sig med beväpnat arm det Olde Land och Kehdinger Land, och efter dess erövrande är han sedan den 13 februari uppbruten därifrån med hela sin underhavande force för Stade, som är huvudstaden i samma stift och en plats av stor importans, och andra dagen därefter den dels med ackord, dels med makt intagit, varest ock borgerskapet därsammastädes hava straxt för plundringen erlagt till soldateskans underhållande tjugotusende riksdaler och intagit åttahundrade man till garnison; och hava de fyrahundrade man av ärkebispens folk som tillförne där innelåg, levererat alla fanor ifrån sig och sedan ställt sig under Hennes Kungliga Majestäts soldateska.

Och är i denna staden tillfångataget många av ärkebispens förnämsta tjänare, såsom ock eröfrat hans kansli och archivum; item en stor hop av hans livhästar samt karetter, jämväl ock tio halva kartover, tjugo andra metallstycken, tuhundrade centner krut och mycket annat byte.

Den 18 februari är Königsmarck gången med Hennes Kungliga Majestäts folk för staden Buxtehude, belägen två miler därifrån, vilken fasta ort haver också med vars och ens förundran givit sig på nåde och onåde, och dess garnison, som var 300 man, godvilligt ställt sig under.

Sedan är han gången för staden Bremervörde, ärkebispens egen residens, och såväl slottet som själva staden (eftersom åtskilliga inkomna tidender förvisso därom förmäla) sig bemäktigat, därmed erzstiftet är mest under Hennes Kungliga Majestät[s] våld och devotion bragt förutan denna lyckliga success. Så haver ock översten Helmut Wrangel på denna sidan om Elven i Holstein, ruinerat ellova compagnies danska ryttare, varav en stor del är blivit på platsen och resten tillfångataget.

Sedan haver han ock intagit ifrån fienden två starka skanser, benämnda Krogskansen och Stenborgerskansen, däri nederhuggit etthundrade och femtio man och fångat fyrahundrade femtio gamla knekter av översten Buchwalds regemente, som voro skickade bemälda skansen till entsatt, samt en stor del officerar; därefter uppbränt och ruinerat hela landet intill stadsporten för Glückstadt och Krempe, satt Dithmarschen under kontribution och jagat de danska utur hela landet och haver så starkt förföljt generalmajoren Ahlefeldt att han med den lilla resten av sitt kavalleri sig i Sönderborg och Alsen salvera måste; haver intagit det fasta slottet Hasloh i Glückstadter Marschen på nåde och onåde och där bekommit etthundrade gemena knekter samt bemälde generalmajorens Ahlefeldts livfana, en överstevaktmästare, två löjtnanter och fyra metallstycken. Och är i Glückstadt en sådan skräck och konfusion att alla deras mobilier flyttas till Hamburg, igenom vilket allt fienden på den sidan är nu åter skiljd ifrån den största och förnämsta delen av Danmarks Kronas land.

Man kan ock icke underlåta här med några få ord att ihågkomma det Hennes Kungliga Majestät haver i dessa dagar fått tidender och underrättelse ifrån Tyskland och andra orter att en huvudslaktning skall vara i Böhmen den 24 februari emellan fältmarskalken herr Torstensson och de kejserska, och de våra erhållit platsen och en härlig viktoria, varom Hennes Kungliga Majestät dagligen förvänter någon mera visshet och partikulariteter och därföre framdeles vill låta göra Gud en offentlig tacksägelse.

Nu emedan Gud Allsmäktig haver av sin grundlösa godhet och barmhärtighet emot oss och vårt kära Fädernesland så mildeligen täckts i begynnelsen vid Hennes Kungliga Majestäts antagna aktuell regering välsigna Hennes Kungliga Majestäts arméer och vapen och därigenom gjort fienden detta krig så mycket besvärligare och givit Hennes Kungliga Majestät hopp att kunna igenom Guds kraftiga bistånd icke allenast försvara vårt kära Fädernesland och dess inbyggare, Hennes Kungliga Majestäts trogna undersåtare, utan ock så mycket före komma med våra illviljande grannar de danska till en stadig, trygg, säker och Riksens undersåtare nyttig och hälsosam fred, på vilken nu med all flit och iver av Hennes Kungliga Majestäts kommissarier som nu nedre på gränsen stadde äro arbetas.

Så är det allas vår högsta skyldighet emot Gud att hembära honom för denna mirakulösa nåd och lyckliga successer innerlig lov och ödmjuk tacksägelse med gudlig bön och sann åkallan att Hans Gudomliga Allmakt ville nu ytterligare fullfölja med denna sin stora nåd emot Hennes Kungliga Majestät och Fäderneslandet, förläna kontinuerliga successer uti Hennes Kungliga Majestäts krigsaktioner och dirigera all Hennes Kungliga Majestäts lovliga consilia till en önsklig effekt, förvirra fiendens illistiga rådslag, beskära och förläna att dessa tu blodiga kriger som vi och vårt kära Fädernesland nu sväva uti och länge svävat have måtte utslå i sinom tid till önsklig fred; sitt heliga namn till evig ära, sin helga församling till förmerelse och styrko, samt Hennes Kungliga Majestät och vårt kära Fädernesland till välfärd, ro och säkerhet.

Cantetur: »Vår Gud är oss en väldig borg«, etc., etc.

French translation (my own):

Remerciement pour la paix entre la Suède et le Danemark.
Nous avons d'excellentes raisons d'offrir à Dieu nos remerciements et de lui exprimer notre profond et humble remerciement, avant tout pour la grâce qu'il a si gracieusement soutenue son assemblée assiégée, en ces temps périlleux, et plus particulièrement fortifié et préservé notre chère Patrie ainsi que son gouvernement. Malgré tant de complots dangereux et d'actes hostiles, il a maintenu notre existence jusqu'à ce jour et a permis à Sa Majesté Royale, notre très gracieuse Reine, de triompher dans la guerre, contre toute espérance humaine. C'est pourquoi, avec tant d'autres, nous avons dû, non sans une grande stupéfaction, reconnaître et confesser ses grâces divines manifestées à notre égard de multiples manières.

Nous avons particulièrement et surtout vu, avec d'autres, la remarquable et bienveillante disposition de Dieu le Très-Haut qui, à cause de nos péchés, a hanté et troublé notre chère Patrie et nous-mêmes au cours de l'année écoulée, par une nouvelle guerre contre le roi du Danemark.

Néanmoins, Dieu, dans sa grâce, a tout arrangé de telle sorte que les armes de Sa Majesté Royale et du Royaume, que Sa Majesté Royale est contrainte de prendre en main et d'utiliser pour la défense du Royaume contre l'ennemi, ne sont pas moins efficaces, d'une année sur l'autre, contre les nombreux plans qu'il a conçus pour nous ruiner et nous corrompre (Dieu soit loué). Les campagnes menées par l'Allemagne contre nos ennemis et persécuteurs, ainsi que ceux de tous les autres évangéliques assiégés, ont été remarquablement couronnées de succès et de nombreuses victoires éclatantes, tant sur terre que sur mer. De ce fait, les plans dangereux et les manœuvres sournoises de l'ennemi contre Sa Majesté Royale et notre chère Patrie ont été réduits à néant, car à maintes reprises, et particulièrement au cours de l'année écoulée et au début de l'année en cours, cela a été prêché par la louable congrégation de Dieu. Et nous avons souvent eu de bonnes raisons, en plus de nos prières quotidiennes, de rendre grâce solennellement à Dieu dans sa congrégation.

Or, une fois encore, Dieu a manifesté sa bonté et sa grâce à tel point que le feldmaréchal de Sa Majesté Royale, le sieur Lennart Torstensson, l'automne dernier (après avoir, grâce à l'aide de Dieu et à sa conduite prudente, placé la quasi-totalité du Holstein, du Jutland et du Vendsyssel sous la dévotion de Sa Majesté Royale et de la Couronne de Suède), décida, suivant le conseil d'un capitaine avisé, de retirer la plus grande partie de son armée du Holstein et du Jutland, entraînant ainsi avec lui la puissante armée impériale (dont le général Gallas s'était infiltré dans la région l'été précédent afin de prêter main-forte à notre ennemi, le roi du Danemark). Il ne laissa sur place que quelques troupes, ainsi que les garnisons, ce qui donna d'abord l'impression que son départ perturberait les opérations et les plans de guerre de Sa Majesté Royale, car nos ennemis les Danois, conscients du temps qui passait, disposaient de la marge de manœuvre nécessaire pour replier toutes leurs forces de Scanie, de Sélande et de Fionie vers le Holstein et le Jutland, car ils profitèrent également de cette occasion pour s'emparer de quelques petits territoires, usant de tous les moyens et utilisant non seulement toute sa propre force, mais aussi l'aide et le soutien de l'archevêque de Brême afin de reconquérir ce que ledit feldmaréchal avait conquis de ce côté par le tranchant de son épée.

Cependant, il n'aurait pas réussi sans les quelques troupes que Sa Majesté Royale avait là à ce moment-là sous le commandement du colonel Helmut Wrangel, qui firent perdre à l'ennemi ses défenses et le forcèrent à battre en retraite, non sans pertes considérables, et conservèrent pour la plupart les places fortes et les fortifications les plus importantes. Il s'ensuivit que, puisque le lieutenant-général de Sa Majesté Royale, Königsmarck (qui avait pendant un certain temps combattu à ses côtés pour poursuivre l'armée de Gallas et avait aidé le maréchal à la détruire complètement), était retourné en février dernier avec certains régiments de Sa Majesté Royale dans l'archevêché de Brême, il s'empara tout d'abord, avec l'aide et la bénédiction de Dieu, parvint à conquérir par la force armée Altes Land et Kehdinger Land, et après cette conquête, il partit de là le 13 février avec toutes ses forces pour Stade, capitale du même évêché et lieu d'une grande importance. Le lendemain, la ville fut prise en partie d'un commun accord et en partie par la force, après quoi la bourgeoisie locale avait, juste avant le pillage, payé vingt mille riksdalers pour l'entretien des soldats et avait amené huit cents hommes à la garnison; et les quatre cents hommes du peuple de l'archevêque qui y étaient auparavant stationnés rendirent tous leurs étendards et se placèrent ensuite sous l'autorité des soldats de Sa Majesté Royale.

Et dans cette ville, de nombreux serviteurs parmi les plus distingués de l'archevêque furent faits prisonniers, ainsi que sa chancellerie et ses archives; un grand nombre de ses chevaux et voitures personnels, ainsi que dix canons et demi, vingt autres pièces de métal, deux cents quintaux de poudre à canon et beaucoup d'autres butins.

Le 18 février, Königsmarck se rendit avec les hommes de Sa Majesté Royale à la ville de Buxtehude, située à deux milles de là, dont la place fortifiée avait également, à la surprise générale, capitulé par grâce et par disgrâce, et sa garnison, qui comptait 300 hommes, s'était soumise volontairement.

Il se rendit ensuite à Bremervörde, résidence de l'archevêque, et prit possession du château et de la ville (comme le rapportent plusieurs sources). L'archevêché se trouva ainsi en grande partie placé sous l'autorité et la dévotion de Sa Majesté, outre ce succès retentissant. De même, le colonel Helmut Wrangel, sur cette rive de l'Elbe, dans le Holstein, ruina onze compagnies de cavalerie danoise, dont une grande partie fut laissée sur place et le reste faite prisonnière.

Il s'empara ensuite de deux forteresses ennemies, Krog et Stenbourg, où il massacra cent cinquante hommes et captura quatre cent cinquante mercenaires du régiment du colonel Buchwald, envoyés en renfort, ainsi qu'un grand nombre d'officiers. Il incendia et ravagea la région jusqu'aux portes de Glückstadt et de Krempe, mit Dithmarse sous son joug et chassa les Danois du territoire. Il poursuivit le major-général Ahlefeldt avec une telle intensité que ce dernier dut se réfugier à Sonderbourg et Als avec le peu de cavalerie qui restait pour survivre. Il prit le château fortifié de Hasloh, dans les marches de Glückstadt, par la force et la brutalité, et y captura cent mercenaires, l'étendard personnel du général-major Ahlefeldt, un maître sentinelle, deux lieutenants et quatre pièces de métal. A Glückstadt, la terreur et la confusion sont telles que tous leurs biens mobiliers ont été transférés à Hambourg, ce qui a pour effet de séparer à nouveau l'ennemi de ce côté de la partie la plus vaste et la plus importante du territoire de la Couronne du Danemark.

Il convient de mentionner ici, en quelques mots, que Sa Majesté Royale a reçu ces derniers jours des nouvelles et des informations d'Allemagne et d'ailleurs selon lesquelles une bataille majeure a eu lieu en Bohême le 24 février entre le sieur feldmaréchal Torstensson et les Impériaux, et que nos hommes ont gagné la bataille et une glorieuse victoire, à propos de laquelle Sa Majesté Royale attend chaque jour davantage de précisions et de détails et souhaite donc qu'une action de grâce publique soit rendue à Dieu.

Or, puisqu'il a plu à Dieu Tout-Puissant, par son insondable bonté et sa miséricorde envers nous et notre chère Patrie, bénir, depuis le début de l'accession au gouvernement de Sa Majesté Royale, ses armées et ses armes, rendant ainsi cette guerre bien plus difficile pour l'ennemi et donnant à Sa Majesté Royale l'espérance que, grâce à la puissante aide de Dieu, elle pourra non seulement défendre notre chère Patrie et ses habitants, ses féaux sujets, mais aussi progresser vers une paix stable, sûre, durable et salutaire pour les sujets du Royaume, paix à laquelle travaillent actuellement avec diligence et zèle les commissaires de Sa Majesté Royale, stationnés à la frontière.

Il est donc de notre devoir le plus sacré envers Dieu de lui adresser, pour cette grâce miraculeuse et ces heureux succès, des louanges sincères et des remerciements humbles, accompagnées de prières divines et d'invocations sincères, afin que Sa Divine Omnipotence continue d'accorder Sa grâce à Sa Majesté Royale et à la Patrie, qu'elle assure des succès constants dans les guerres de Sa Majesté Royale et qu'elle guide tous ses louables conseils vers un effet bénéfique, qu'elle déjoue les ruses de l'ennemi, qu'elle fasse en sorte que ces deux guerres sanglantes dans lesquelles nous et notre chère Patrie sommes plongés depuis si longtemps prennent fin en temps voulu pour une paix désirable; pour la gloire éternelle de son saint nom, pour la croissance et la force de sa sainte assemblée, et pour le bien-être, la tranquillité et la sécurité de Sa Majesté Royale et de notre chère Patrie.

A chanter: «C'est un rempart que notre Dieu», etc., etc.

English translation (my own):

Thanksgiving for the peace between Sweden and Denmark.
We have great reason to offer God the offer from our lips and to render Him heartfelt and humble thanksgiving, first and foremost for that, in these past dangerous times, He has so graciously sustained His beleaguered congregation, especially strengthened and preserved our dear Fatherland, as well as the government, and amidst so many dangerous conspiracies and hostile activities has kept our existence upright to this day and made the war actions of Her Royal Majesty, our most gracious Queen, successful against all human hope, so that we and many others, not without great wonder, have had to acknowledge and confess His divine works of grace towards us in many ways.

We have particularly and especially seen, along with others, the remarkable and good disposition of God the Most High that, for the sake of our sins, His divine justice has in the past year haunted and troubled us and our dear Fatherland with a new war against the King of Denmark.

Nevertheless, the gracious God has so arranged everything so that Her Royal Majesty's and the Realm's weapons, which Her Royal Majesty is forced to take in hand and bring to the defense of the Realm against the enemy, are no less, however, against the many plans he has made to ruin and corrupt us than as before this (God be praised) one year after the other Germany's campaigns against our and all other beleaguered Evangelicals' hateful enemies and persecutors have been remarkably blessed with happy successes and numerous great and wonderful victories both on land and at sea, and thereby the enemy's dangerous plans and cunning undertakings against Her Royal Majesty and our dear Fatherland have come to nothing, since many times, especially in this past year and at the beginning of the present year, this has been preached by this God's laudable congregation; and we have often had great reason, in addition to our daily prayers, to offer God solemn thanksgiving in His congregation.

Now again God has further perfected His goodness and grace to such an extent that Her Royal Majesty's Field Marshal, Lord Lennart Torstensson, in the past autumn (after he had, through God's good assistance and his own prudent conduct, brought almost all of Holstein, Jutland and Vendsyssel under the devotion of Her Royal Majesty and the Crown of Sweden) decided, as a wise captain had advised, to go with the greater part of his existing army out of the said Holstein and Jutland and thereby draw out after him the great Imperial army (with whose general Gallas he had broken in there last summer in order to render more assistance and help to our enemy the King of Denmark), leaving only a few troops in those quarters along with the garrisons, which at first gave the impression that Her Royal Majesty's work and war designs in that place would encounter some confusion through his departure, since our enemies the Danes then were attentive of the time and had some room to draw all their power out of Skåne, Zealand and Funen and over to Holstein and Jutland, since they also at such an opportunity seized control of a few small places there, trying all means and using not only all his own power, but also the assistance and help of the Archbishop of Bremen in order to win back what had been encroached on that side by the said Field Marshal with the edge of his sword.

However, he would not have succeeded were it not for the few troops that Her Royal Majesty had there at that time under Colonel Helmut Wrangel's command, who made the enemy lose his defenses and retreat, not without remarkable loss of people, and maintained mostly the most important occupied places and fortifications, and this followed that since Her Royal Majesty's Lieutenant General Königsmarck (who for some time was in action to also pursue Gallas' army on his side and assisted the Field Marshal to completely ruin it) went this past February with some of Her Royal Majesty's regiments down back into the Archbishopric of Bremen, he first of all, through God's help and blessing, happily seized by armed force Altes Land and Kehdinger Land, and after conquering it he set out from there since February 13 with his entire force for Stade, which is the capital of the same bishopric and a place of great importance; and the next day it was taken partly by agreement and partly by force, whereupon the burgherdom there had, immediately before the plundering, paid twenty thousand riksdalers for the soldiery's maintenance and had taken eight hundred men to the garrison; and the four hundred men of the Archbishop's people who were previously stationed there surrendered all their standards and then placed themselves under Her Royal Majesty's soldiery.

And in this city many of the Archbishop's most distinguished servants were taken prisoner, as were his chancellery and archive; a large number of his personal horses and carriages, as well as ten and a half kartouwen, twenty other pieces of metal, two hundred hundredweights of gunpowder, and much other loot.

On February 18, Königsmarck went with Her Royal Majesty's people to the town of Buxtehude, located two miles away, the which fortified place had also, to everyone's surprise, surrendered on grace and disgrace, and its garrison, which numbered 300 men, voluntarily submitted itself.

Then he went to the city of Bremervörde, the Archbishop's own residence, and took possession of both the castle and the city itself (as several received reports certainly mention). The archbishopric is thereby mostly brought under Her Royal Majesty's dominion and devotion, in addition to this happy success. So also did Colonel Helmut Wrangel, on this side of the Elbe in Holstein, ruin eleven companies of Danish cavalry, of which a large part was left on the spot and the rest were taken prisoner.

Then he also took from the enemy two strong forts, called Fort Krog and Fort Stenborg, in which he cut down one hundred and fifty men and captured four hundred and fifty old mercenaries of Colonel Buchwald's regiment, who were sent to guard the fort as auxiliaries, as well as a large number of officers; then he burned and ruined the entire country up to the city gate of Glückstadt and Krempe, put Dithmarschen under contribution, and chased the Danes out of the entire land and pursued Major General Ahlefeldt so strongly that he had to go to Sønderborg and Als with the small remnant of his cavalry in order to save himself. He took the fortified castle of Hasloh in the Glückstadter Marschen by grace and disgrace, and there he obtained one hundred common mercenaries as well as the said Major General Ahlefeldt's personal standard, a superior master sentinel, two lieutenants and four pieces of metal. And in Glückstadt there is such terror and confusion that all their movable goods have been moved to Hamburg, whereby all the enemy on that side is now again separated from the largest and most important part of the land of the Crown of Denmark.

One cannot fail to mention here with a few words to remember that Her Royal Majesty has in these days received news and information from Germany and other places that a major battle took place in Bohemia on February 24 between Field Marshal Lord Torstensson and the Imperials, and our men have obtained the place and a glorious victory, about which Her Royal Majesty daily expects some more certainty and particulars and therefore wants to have a public thanksgiving made to God.

Now, since it has graciously pleased God Almighty has, by His unfathomable goodness and mercy towards us and our dear Fatherland, from the beginning since Her Royal Majesty assumed the current government, to bless Her Royal Majesty's armies and weapons, and has thereby made this war so much more difficult for the enemy and given Her Royal Majesty hope that, through God's powerful assistance, she will be able not only to defend our dear Fatherland and its inhabitants, Her Royal Majesty's faithful subjects, but also to come so much further with our ill-willing neighbours the Danes to a stable, safe, secure and beneficial and salutary peace for the subjects of the Realm, which is now being worked on with all diligence and zeal by Her Royal Majesty's commissioners, who are now stationed down at the border.

So it is our highest duty to God to render Him, for this miraculous grace and happy successes, heartfelt praise and humble thanksgiving with divine prayer and true invocation that His Divine Omnipotence now want to further continue with this His great grace towards Her Royal Majesty and the Fatherland, to grant continuous successes in Her Royal Majesty's war actions and to direct all of Her Royal Majesty's laudable counsels to a desirable effect, to confuse the enemy's wily counsels, to grant that these two bloody wars which we and our dear Fatherland are now floating in and have long been floating may be ended in due time for desirable peace; for the eternal glory of His holy Name, for the increase and strength of His holy congregation, and for the welfare, tranquility and security of Her Royal Majesty and of our dear Fatherland.

To be sung: "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God", etc., etc.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Lennart Torstensson.


Above: Hans Christoff von Königsmarck.

Notes: the Archbishop of Bremen = Prince Frederik of Denmark, future King Frederik III (1609-1670).

Olde Land (Olland) is the Low German name for Altes Land, an area of reclaimed marshland straddling parts of Lower Saxony and Hamburg. The High German name is a mistranslation, as "Olland" does not mean "Old Land", but it really means "Wooded Land" (Holtland) and stems from the same etymology that the term Holland originated from. The mistranslation has even carried over into Low German itself, as most speakers of those dialects today refer to Altes Land in their language as "dat Ole Land" ("the Old Land").

Kehdinger Land (Kehdingen) is the name of a landscape in the north German district of Stade on the Lower Elbe.

A kartouwe is a siege gun used in European warfare during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Elven is a rendering of the Low German name for the river Elbe.

Major General Ahlefeldt = Claus von Ahlefeldt (1614-1674), a member of the Ahlefeldt noble family of Holstein, who married Elisabeth Sofie Christiansdatter Gyldenløve (1633-1654), King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway's (1577-1648) daughter with Vibeke Kruse (born circa 1609, died 1648). Ahlefeldt rose to become a field marshal in Danish-Norwegian service.

Colonel Buchwald = Friedrich von Buchwald (1605-1676), of Bülk, Knoop (Knop), Seekamp, Holtenau (Holtenå; in Eckernförde) and Nedergaard (in Langeland).

Sönderborg is the Low German name for the Danish city of Sønderborg. Its name in High German is Sonderburg, and its name in South Jutlandic or South Jutish is Synneborre or Synnebo.

Alsen is the German name for the Danish island of Als.

Hasloh (Haselau) = Haseldörp (Haseldorf).

Saturday, August 30, 2025

Henry Woodhead on the rivalry between Sweden and Denmark, the Sound dues, and the Torstensson War

Source:

Memoirs of Christina, Queen of Sweden, volume 1, pages 138 to 152, by Henry Woodhead, 1863; original at the University of Michigan


The account:

It has already been mentioned that Christian of Denmark endeavoured to raise a coalition against Sweden. The old animosity between the two nations was increased by personal as well as political considerations. The King of Denmark had tried to take the place of head of the Protestants in Germany, and his own failure was embittered by the brilliant achievements of Gustavus Adolphus and his Generals. On the other hand, Christian's reception of Maria Leonora had given so much offence in Sweden, that it had even been proposed to make war on that account.

Mutual ill offices kept these feelings rankling on each side. Denmark viewed her neighbour's progress on the Continent with alarm as well as with jealousy, and she feared to be surrounded by a powerful and unfriendly State. Still Denmark delayed to take such measures of precaution as might perhaps have averted a war.

The Danish nobles were as jealous as the Swedish of the sovereign authority; but they pursued an opposite policy, because the administration, which in Sweden was in the hands of the nobles, was managed in Denmark by an able and energetic monarch.

The Swedish nobles wished for war, because they had the direction of affairs, and took care to keep the prizes among themselves. The Danish nobles thought that a war would increase the power of their King, and would give him an opportunity to ally himself with the people against their order. They therefore obstinately refused to allow their country to be put in such a state of defence as could alone ensure its safety. The King was alarmed at Torstenson's successes in 1642, and renewed his efforts to rouse his people. Still thwarted by the Council, he declared himself not responsible for the evils which he foresaw would presently afflict Denmark.

His warnings were disregarded; but even now it would have been too late, for the Swedish Council had determined on war, and although Christian was not in a condition to resist, he very injudiciously continued to provoke his rivals.

The Sound dues were a fruitful source of quarrel between Denmark and her neighbours. Viewed by her statesmen as a natural and legitimate kind of revenue, these dues were considered by other maritime nations much as travellers consider the ransom exacted by a robber chief who pounces on them from some fastness which they are obliged to pass. The Sound dues had long rested on custom, rather than on law, and were tolerated chiefly because few vessels went that way.

Dantzic, Stralsund, and Lübeck traded with Hamburg by land.

The Dutch were the greatest traders in that part, and they suffered the most, but Sweden also suffered indirectly.

Christian the Second made a treaty with Charles the Fifth in 1544, by which it was provided that vessels passing that way should pay the customary dues. This was the first time the Sound dues were formally recognized; but Charles was willing to oblige a relative at the expense of the industrious Netherlanders.

The Dutch affirmed that the customary dues only amounted to one rose noble for each vessel; but Christian the Fourth now found his other sources of revenue so scanty that he was induced to assert the extravagant principle that the King of Denmark's will was the only rule as to the amount of the Sound dues.

Charles the First, always ready to oppress freedom, joined in a treaty with Spain and Denmark in 1638, the object of which was the ruin of the Dutch trade. Happily, the malice of the high contracting parties was neutralized by their ignorance, for they imagined that their decrees would suffice to transfer the whole Baltic trade from Holland to Denmark.

To their great surprise[,] the Dutch trade went on much the same as if the treaty had never been made, and Christian endeavoured to compensate himself by claiming a toll from the Dutch vessels which sailed round the North Cape to trade with Russia.

Not content with this, he prohibited Dutch vessels from fishing at Spitzbergen, which he asserted belonged to Greenland, and consequently to him. Seldom have so great pretensions been joined to so little power of enforcing them. The only profitable toll was that of the Sound, and Christian determined to make the most of the only tax which it was in his power to collect. In 1639 he raised his toll to 30 per cent, on the value of the commodities, and the Dutch stated that they paid him six millions of rix-dollars in that year.

Even this did not satisfy Christian, for in 1640 he raised his tolls still higher, and the Dutch felt that even their great profits could not support a tax which, in fact, amounted to confiscation.

They sent an embassy to Stockholm, and urged the Swedes to interfere. The embassy was well received, for the old hostility to Denmark had just been stimulated by the flight of the Queen Dowager, besides which the Swedes began to discover that they were indirectly injured by these enormous dues.

Sweden had long enjoyed exemption from toll in the Sound; but her trade had been so inconsiderable that the privilege had been little valued. A free passage was guaranteed to Swedish vessels in 1570, and was confirmed at the conference of Flacksjöbäch in 1580.

At the peace of Knäröd, in 1613, this agreement was recognized for all articles of merchandise except drinkables, on which the Swedes were to pay the same duty as was paid by the Danes themselves.

In 1622 Christian, moved by jealousy at the successes of Gustavus Adolphus in Liefland, prohibited troops and military stores from passing the Sound, and though the order professed to be general, it was, in reality, directed against Sweden.

Gustavus showed his appreciation of this proceeding by marching his army to the frontier of Denmark, and Christian, who was not supported by his Council, hastened to withdraw the obnoxious regulation. He was, however, always on the watch to revive his favourite measure, and in 1637, when the power of Sweden appeared to be waning, he removed the toll. Gunpowder and saltpetre were especially taxed. These articles had hitherto been shipped at Gothenburg. In consequence of Christian's exactions, they were carried overland to the east coast, and the difficulties which attended this mode of transit contributed to bring about the grand project of the Trolhätta canal, to unite the North Sea with the Baltic.

The disputes about the Sound dues increased, and as the Swedish Government reckoned on naval assistance from the Dutch, they determined in 1643 to strike a sudden blow at Denmark.

The question of peace or war was debated in the Council on the 12th of May, and Christina attended the sitting for the first time on this important occasion.

Oxenstiern and Banér were the only two members who spoke in favour of peace, and their only reason was that they thought Sweden had enough to do in Germany. The rest of the Council declared for war. The Chancellor withdrew his opposition, for the excessive tolls, he said, were really equivalent to a war in which Sweden alone suffered, while Denmark reaped the benefit without the danger or expense.

Although Sweden had fair cause for complaint, the way in which she began the war was anything but honourable.

Troops were collected in Sweden with the greatest secrecy, and orders were dispatched to Torstenson to move his army northwards under other pretences, and then suddenly to attack Denmark. The Council also determined that if Torstenson's invasion failed, he was to be disowned, but if it succeeded, Denmark was to be attacked on the other side by the army collected in Sweden.

It was then debated whether any further remonstrance should be addressed to Christian. Many of the Council objected to such a course, for fear he should take the alarm, but Oxenstiern appears to have persuaded his own conscience, and the conscience of his colleagues, that a demand for redress might supply the place of a declaration of war.

Complaints were accordingly addressed to Denmark, but they were so carefully worded that no suspicion was entertained of the impending attack.

Torstenson performed his part with so much address that no mistrust was roused until he suddenly broke into Jutland.

Even Grotius, who condemned the manner in which the war was begun, admired the ability with which it was conducted.

The manifesto containing the causes of the war, was sent to Denmark in January 1644, some time after Torstenson's invasion. The herald was contemptuously dismissed, because the war had been commenced without a proper declaration; and Christian, as a public assertion of the justice of his cause, had a medal struck with the inscription "Justus Jehovah Judex."

All the allies of Denmark failed her in the time of need. Charles I. might justly have given his relatives some aid, because the Swedes were busy at this time in stirring up the Scotch, but his own affairs were far too unsettled to let him take an active part in foreign politics.

Uladislaus of Poland was much inclined to assist the King of Denmark, but on this occasion France did good service to Sweden by her negotiations.

Torstenson himself expressed some apprehensions of a diversion on the side of Poland, but the Council wrote to him, "We will take care that the Russians and Poles keep quiet, while you pluck the feathers from the Danes."

Frederick William of Brandenburg pursued a more friendly policy towards the Swedes than his father had done, because he still hoped to be the accepted suitor of Christina: he therefore remained deaf to Christian's appeals.

Sweden made unusual efforts by sea during this war. A strong fleet was equipped under Fleming, and another squadron was hired from the Dutch. The old antipathy to Denmark had not abated, the old wrongs were not forgotten, and the war was popular with all classes.

The animosity was at least equal on the other side, and it was manifested in a way which showed that public opinion had some weight. Political pamphlets were widely circulated in Denmark, in which Oxenstiern was compared to Pilate, Fleming to Herod, and Torstenson to Judas Iscariot.

Christian, although deserted by his allies, and ill supported by the Danish aristocracy, showed a degree of fortitude sufficient to atone for many errors. Although in his sixty-eighth year, he worked incessantly in the preparation of his ships. When urged to spare himself a little, he answered that he was indeed too old and infirm for land service, but that he would fight his ships in such a way that all the world should know he was true to his country. By great exertions forty ships were got ready for sea in a very short time, and the old King led them against the Swedes.

He fell in with the fleet commanded by Fleming on the 1st of July, and a furious battle ensued. Christian received no less than twenty-three wounds. One ball lodged in his head, another knocked out his right eye; a cannon shot struck a gun carriage near which he was standing, the splinters from which killed and wounded a number of men. It was at first thought that the gallant old King was among the former, as he fell on the deck covered with blood. The Danes were discouraged by the cry, "The King is dead;" but in a short time he was on his legs again, with his bleeding face tied up, and animating his men with his sword in his hand.

In reply to the exhortations of his officers to go below, he expressed his determination to conquer or die.

Fleming fought with equal obstinacy. The battle had lasted all day, and the Danes were somewhat troubled at the condition of their King. Then Fleming collected those ships which were least damaged for a final attack. He bore down on the enemy, but was so hotly received that he was with difficulty able to retire again among his own ships, and night put an end to a combat which had lasten ten hours. The victory was claimed by each side. The Danes captured two ships and lost none of their own, but the Swedes remained the longest on the scene of the battle.

The animosity of the rival commanders was excessive. Christian was urged to return to Copenhagen after the battle, in order that his wounds might receive more skilful treatment. "I do not wish to live", said the old monarch, "unless I can be revenged on the Swedes."

Fleming took his shattered fleet to a sheltered place on the coast of Jutland, and although Torstenson was near at hand, the Danes sent over 1200 men, with some cannon from Fyen, to annoy the Swedish vessels. They erected a battery on some high ground overlooking the sea, but the distance was too great, and one shot only took effect. It struck the water first, and then entered the window of the Admiral's cabin. Fleming was just washing his hands when he was mortally wounded, and a servant who was holding a towel was killed on the spot. Fleming gave some directions regarding his successor, then[,] turning to his son with a ferocity quite unlike his usual character, he said, "Do not grieve, my son! I die the enemy of Denmark; see that you do the same!"

Although the late sea fight had not been very decisive, Sweden's navy was so crippled by it as to make her ultimate success doubtful. The Dutch sailors also revolted, as if to show that mercenaries cannot be depended upon any more by sea than by land.

Christian was much wanted at Copenhagen, but as soon as he left the fleet a great change took place in the energy with which it was directed.

Admiral Galte was left to blockade the Swedish fleet, but the latter no sooner got a fair wind than it stood out to sea without meeting any opposition, and for this want of courage and zeal Galte lost his head. A great disaster to the Danes soon followed. Great exertions were made in Sweden to equip another fleet, of which Wrangel took the command. Du Quesne, afterwards so celebrated for his naval exploits, was second in command, and the Dutch sailors returned to their duty. In the next battle the Swedes did not lose a single ship, but the Danes had ten ships captured, two burned, and three driven on shore. Among the captured vessels taken in triumph to Stockholm was the one which had carried the Queen Dowager to Denmark.

Immediately after the invasion of Denmark, Christian had sent to solicit the alliance and assistance of the Emperor, and the Imperial General Gallas had been ordered to follow Torstenson into Holstein, where he was joined by a Danish Corps.

As Gallas did not venture to give battle, he was soon reduced to the greatest extremities by his adversary, who established fortified posts all round his position, and cut off his supplies. Gallas was even more unfortunate in his retreats than in his battles, and when he escaped from Holstein at last, it was with only 1000 infantry. The rest of his army had perished either by the sword or by famine. The soldiers called him the army-loser instead of the army-leader.

The Danes, also, were very bitter against him, for their country had been more ravaged by his troops than by the enemy. They cast a medal, on one side of which was the inscription, "What Gallas accomplished in Holstein." The other side was blank.

Such was the position of affairs when Christina, who was now eighteen years old, was declared to have attained her majority, and the Regents resigned their authority into her hands.

Notes: Danzig is the old German name for the city of Gdańsk, located in what is now northern Poland in the historical region of Pomerania.

Liefland = Livonia.

Henry Woodhead on Kristina's anticipation of the consequences of Johan Banér's passing and on Lennart Torstensson and Karl Gustav in the Thirty Years' War

Source:

Memoirs of Christina, Queen of Sweden, volume 1, pages 131 to 138, by Henry Woodhead, 1863; original at the University of Michigan


Kristina's letter of May 23/June 2 (Old Style), 1641 to Johan Kasimir is here:


The account:

Although Christina was only fifteen years old [sic], she fully appreciated the grave consequences that might ensue from the death of Banér at so critical a time. She wrote a letter to her uncle, the Prince Palatine, expressing her anxiety. She says, "I cannot conceal the bad news which has just arrived. Banér is dangerously ill, and not likely to recover. They do not think much about it here, and suppose that it will be easy to find one to take his place; but such men are not met with every day, and if he dies, our affairs will not go on well."

It was hardly to be expected that a successor should immediately be found who could take Banér's place. It was the fortune of Sweden to possess a man who even surpassed him in military ability — Leonard Torstenson.

Christina was, however, right in predicting the troubles which would follow the death of Banér. He had commanded an army composed of several different nations, which was, moreover, irregularly paid; but he had acquired such ascendancy over the soldiers as to be able always to keep them to their standards.

Immediately after his death, insurrections were threatened from all quarters. The different generals endeavoured to seize the command. The colonels formed a conspiracy to get more pay and more privileges. The men were mutinous and demanded their arrears. Torstenson had returned to Sweden on account of his health, and it was with reluctance that he again entered on active service, for which he believed himself unfit. Immediately on his arrival, he had an attack of gout, both in his hands and his feet, and the discontent of the soldiers increased at his consequent inaction. Secret negotiations were carried on with Austria by some officers of rank, and the whole army threatened to become disorganized.

The treason was discovered in a singular manner. Some papers relating to it were concealed in a stable. A kitten in search of playthings routed them out, when they were examined and taken to Torstenson.

A Swedish colonel named Seckendorf was arrested and condemned to death, but Torstenson, with a prudent generosity, declined to carry his investigations any further. He then began a series of movements which gave his troops no leisure for any more conspiracies.

He broke up his camp, and pretended to direct his march towards Westphalia, then turned suddenly about, and penetrated into Silesia, while the Imperial army was vainly seeking him in another direction.

Torstenson took Glogau, and was besieging Schweidnitz, when the Duke Francis Albert of Saxe-Lauenbourg attempted to relieve it. The Duke's force was completely routed, and he himself taken prisoner, mortally wounded.

Francis Albert was viewed with especial abhorrence by the Swedes, for in the earlier period of the war he had fought on their side, and it was believed that he had treacherously murdered Gustavus Adolphus at the battle of Lützen. It is at least certain that he was riding by the King's side at the time he received his death wound, and that he immediately afterwards deserted the Swedish service.

It cannot fail to be observed, as a curious coincidence, that the two warrior kings of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus and Charles XII. each fell in face of the enemy, but that in each case the fatal shot was supposed to have been fired by a traitor.

It was generally the policy of the Imperial commanders to avoid a battle when the forces were nearly equal, and it was almost always the policy of the Swedes to seek a battle under the same circumstances. For two months Torstenson constantly endeavoured to make Piccolomini fight; the latter, however, not only avoided a battle, but with great skill he took up a series of positions on the Riesengebirge, which could only be attacked at a great disadvantage, although his antagonist was thus prevented from penetrating into Bohemia. At last Torstenson was wearied with his obstinacy, and moved off to besiege Leipsic. This place was so important, that Piccolomini left his vantage ground to follow the Swedes. It was now Torstenson's turn to practise caution, for he did not wish to be shut in between the hostile fortress and so able a general: he therefore took up a position a short distance from Leipsic, at Breitenfeld.

The second battle of Leipsic took place on the same ground that the first battle had been fought, eleven years before, by Gustavus Adolphus, but the situation of the two armies was reversed, and the Swedes now held the ground which had been occupied by Tilly.

One of the first shots fired committed great havoc; it killed Torstenson's horse, knocked down that of Christina's cousin, Prince Charles Gustavus, and killed three officers of rank; but neither the General nor the Prince was injured by the fall he received. Slange, the Swedish Leonidas, was killed at the commencement of the battle, and his regiment fell into disorder, but was rallied by Charles Gustavus.

Wittenburg commanded the Swedish right wing, and was chiefly opposed to the Croats, who were more celebrated for their skill in marauding, than for their firmness in the day of battle. They fled at the first onset, although the Austrian regiments made a gallant and determined resistance.

The left flank of the Imperialists being thus disordered, Douglas was sent with four Scotch regiments to follow up the advantage. A fierce combat ensued. Liljehök endeavoured to cut off the Austrian regiments who were retreating to an entrenchment, but in his turn he was charged by a reserve of the Austrian Life Guards. The combat was once more doubtful, and Liljehök was left on the field mortally wounded. "Children", he said to his men, "I die content now that I have shown you the road; lay me down in the bushes." Charles Gustavus complied with his request, and then led a fresh charge, by which the formidable Life Guards were routed.

The battle raged with equal fury in the centre. One army burned to wipe off the defeat it had sustained on the same spot, the other army was equally eager to preserve its laurels. The Archduke fought like a common soldier, and Piccolomini led his regiment six times to the charge.

Their courage was in vain; the Imperialists were defeated along the whole line. Their cavalry fled. Their infantry took refuge in a wood, but it was so warmly cannonaded by the Swedes, that it was forced to take to the open again, where it was either captured or destroyed by the victorious cavalry. As soon as the battle was won, Charles Gustavus returned to the spot where he had left Liljehök. He was still alive, and inquired about the fortune of the day; he rejoiced at the victory of his countrymen, commended his wife and children to the care of the Prince, and prayed God to bless him, and his country through him. With these words on his lips the brave soldier died.

The Saxons had acquired the habit of thanking Heaven for successes by anticipation. During the battle they offered up their thanksgivings for the deliverance of Leipsic, but as the people came out of church they met crowds of the wounded, from whose accounts they found that their piety had again taken a wrong direction. All doubts were dispelled by the arrival of a Swedish trumpeter who came to summon the town, and Leipsic was glad to purchase immunity from plunder by a contribution of 150,000 rix-dollars.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Johan Banér.


Above: Lennart Torstensson.


Above: Karl Gustav.

Notes: Glogau is the German name for the city of Głogów in what is now the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. Its name in Czech is Hlohov.

Riesengebirge is the German name for the Giant Mountains, a mountain range located in the north of what is now the Czech Republic and the southwest of Poland, part of the Sudeten mountain system (part of the Bohemian Massif). Its name in Czech is Krkonoše and in Polish is Karlonosze. The Czech-Polish border, which divides the historic regions of Bohemia and Silesia, runs along the main ridge. The highest peak, Sněžka (Snieżka; Schneekoppe), is the Czech Republic's highest natural point with an elevation of 5,259 feet (1,603 meters).

Thursday, July 31, 2025

Kristina's letter to General Carl Gustaf Wrangel, dated August 20/30 (Old Style), 1645

Source:

Riksarkivet, images 312 to 313/pages 309 to 310 in Juli-September 1645; Riksregistraturet





The letter:

Christina etc.
Wår ynnest etc. Såsom J wete till påminna Eder H:r General Carl Gustaff Wrangel, Hwadh Wij Eder Vthur DaleHampn den 22. Maij tillskrefwe, och månde befalla Eder, att J Vthj medlertijdh, J emoth Danmarck brukades öfwer denne Sommar till Siös skulle tänckia opå resan opp till armeen, och förvth så disponera edre saker, att J emoth Hösten Kunde begifwa Eder dijt opp: Altså, och emedan nu tijden lijder, och eliest är genom Gudz nåde och tillHielp der till Kommet, att friden är numehra sluten emellan Oß och Konungen j Danmark, effter itt Halfft åhrs tractat emellan Oß och Konungen j Danmark, och all hostilitet emoth Danmark å Wår sijdo icke mindre är emoth Oß på Danmarkz sijdo måste Hafwa en ända; Ty Hafwe Wij till fölie af Wår resolution achtat nödigt och rådsampt Wår förne ordre Här widh reiterera, medh denne nådige befallning, att såsom störste delen af wår Örlogz Flotta nu strax går Hijt åth Swerige, och resten öfwerföhrer något folck från Skåne åth Pommern; Altså wele och J Vthan dilation göra Eder färdigh, att begifwa Eder op till Feldtmarskalken H:r Linnardt Torstenßon, att der föra wärcket och armeen, sedan Han går der ifrån, eller och Commendera Honom näst, der Han något lengre Kunde blifwa der qwarr, att sättia och göra Eder j medlertijdh så fast Vthj Commendet, att J sedan både medh så mycken större respect och authoritet, jämwäl och medh affection Hoos Soldatesquen må Kunna förrätta samme Embete till Wår och Rijksens Wårt Käre Fäderneßlandz märckelige tienst och säkerheet j Krigzwäsendetz Conservation. Och på det J så myckit bättre må Kunna Eder till resan montera, wele Wij Eder till för[t]ähringh och Vthstoffering medh näste Post och Lägenheet öfwersända en wexel på Tutusende Rijkzdaler. Efftersom Wij och wedh det samme wele Eder wår ytte[r]ligare och fullKombligare ordre tillskicka, öfwer Hwadh folck J medh Eder skole taga opp till armeen. Detta Wij Eder till effterrättelse icke wille förhålla, förblifwandes Eder medh gunst wäl bewågne. Och befalle etc.
Christina.

With modernised spelling:

Kristina, etc.
Vår ynnest, etc. Såsom I veta till påminna Eder, herr general Carl Gustaf Wrangel, vad Vi Eder utur Dalehamn den 22 maj tillskrevo och månde befalla Eder, att I uti mellertid I emot Danmark brukades över denna sommar till sjöss skulle tänka uppå resan upp till armén och förut så disponera Edra saker att I emot hösten kunne begiva Eder dit upp, alltså och emedan nu tiden lider och eljest är genom Guds nåde och tillhjälp därtill kommet att freden är numera sluten emellan Oss och konungen i Danmark, efter ett halvt års traktat emellan Oss och konungen i Danmark och all hostilitet emot Danmark å Vår sido icke mindre är emot Oss på Danmarks sido måste hava en ände; ty have Vi till följe av Vår resolution aktat nödigt och rådsamt Vår forna order härvid reiterera med denna nådiga befallning, att såsom största delen av Vår örlogsflotta nu strax går hit åt Sverige och resten överför något folk från Skåne åt Pommern, alltså ville ock I utan dilation göra Eder färdig att begiva Eder upp till fältmarskalken herr Lennart Torstensson att där föra verket och armén sedan han går därifrån eller och kommendera honom näst, där han något längre kunne bliva där kvar, att sätta och göra Eder emellertid så fast uti kommendet att I sedan både med så mycken större respekt och auktoritet, jämväl ock med affektion hos soldatesken må kunna förrätta samma ämbete till Vår och Riksens vårt kära Fäderneslands märkliga tjänst och säkerhet i krigsväsendets konservation.

Och på det I så mycket bättre må kunna Eder till resan montera, vele Vi Eder till förtäring och utstoffering med nästa post och lägenhet översända en växel på tutusende riksdaler, eftersom Vi ock vid detsamma vele Eder Vår ytterligare och fullkomligare order tillskicka över vad folk I med Eder skola taga upp till armén. Detta Vi Eder till efterrättelse icke ville förhålla, förblivandes Eder med gunst välbevågna; och befalle, etc.
Kristina.

French translation (my own):

Christine, etc.
Notre faveur, etc. Comme vous savez vous rappeler, Monsieur le général Charles-Gustave Wrangel, de ce que Nous vous avons écrit de Dalehamn le 22 mai et vous avons ordonné de faire, que, comme entre-temps vous avez été utilisé en mer contre le Danemark cet été, vous devriez penser à faire votre voyage jusqu'à l'armée et, avant cela, à organiser vos affaires de manière à pouvoir y aller à l'automne, et parce que maintenant le temps passe vite et pour le reste, par la grâce et l'aide de Dieu, il est arrivé que la paix est maintenant conclue entre Nous et le roi du Danemark, après un traité de six mois entre Nous et le roi du Danemark, et toute hostilité envers le Danemark de Notre côté comme non moins contre Nous du côté du Danemark doit prendre fin; en conséquence de Notre résolution, Nous avons donc jugé nécessaire et opportun de réitérer par la présente Notre ancien ordre avec ce gracieux commandement, que, comme la plus grande partie de Notre flotte de guerre se dirige maintenant ici vers la Suède et que le reste transfère des personnes de Scanie en Poméranie, puissiez-vous également vous préparer sans délai à vous rendre auprès de M. le feldmaréchal Lennart Torstensson pour diriger l'affaire et l'armée là-bas après son départ de là ou pour le commander ensuite, s'il peut y rester un peu plus longtemps, pour vous établir et vous rendre si ferme dans le commandement que vous puissiez alors, à la fois avec tout le plus grand respect et autorité ainsi qu'avec l'affection des soldats, être en mesure d'accomplir la même fonction pour le service remarquable et la sécurité de Nous et du royaume, notre chère Patrie, dans la conservation de la force militaire.

Afin que vous puissiez mieux vous préparer au voyage, Nous vous adressons, dès que possible, une lettre de change de deux mille riksdalers pour vos provisions et votre équipement. Nous vous transmettons également Notre ordre plus complet concernant les personnes que vous devez emmener à l'armée. Nous ne voulions pas vous cacher cette information, restant bien disposées envers vous avec Notre faveur; et Nous vous recommandons, etc.
Christine.

English translation (my own):

Kristina, etc.
Our favour, etc. As you know to remind yourself, Lord General Carl Gustaf Wrangel, of what We wrote to you from Dalehamn on May 22 and ordered you to do, that, as in the meantime you were used at sea against Denmark this summer, you should think about making your journey up to the army and, before that, arranging your affairs so that you could go up there in the autumn, and because now time is flying and for the rest, by God's grace and help, it has come to pass that peace is now concluded between Us and the King of Denmark, after a half-year's treaty between Us and the King of Denmark, and all hostility towards Denmark on Our side as no less against Us on Denmark's side must have an end; as a result of Our resolution, We have therefore considered it necessary and advisable to herewith reiterate our former order with this gracious command, that, as the greater part of Our war fleet is now going here to Sweden and the rest is transferring some people from Skåne to Pomerania, may you also therefore want to prepare yourself without delay to go up to Field Marshal Lord Lennart Torstensson to lead the affair and the army there after he leaves from there or to command him next, if he can remain there a little longer, to set and make you so firm in the command that you may then, both with all the greater respect and authority as well as with affection from the soldiery, be able to perform the same office for the remarkable service and security of Us and the realm, our dear Fatherland, in the conservation of the military force.

And so that you may be able to prepare yourself for the journey all the better, We want to send you a bill of exchange for two thousand riksdalers for your provisions and equipment with the next post and opportunity, as We also want to send you Our further and more complete order regarding what people you are to take with you to the army. We did not want to withhold this information from you, remaining well-inclined to you with Our favour; and We commend you, etc.
Kristina.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Carl Gustaf Wrangel.

Note: Dalehamn = Dalarö.

Thursday, July 17, 2025

Wilhelm Heinrich Grauert on Kristina and General Lennart Torstensson

Source:

Christina, Königinn von Schweden, und ihr Hof, volume 1, pages 183 to 187, by Wilhelm Heinrich Grauert, 1837; original at the Bavarian State Library


Kristina's letter of May 10/20 (Old Style), 1646, to General Lennart Torstensson is here:


The account:

Einen neuen Verbündeten erhielt die Königinn um diese Zeit an dem so ausgezeichneten General Lennart Torstenson, welcher aus Deutschland zurückkehrte. Nachdem dieser nämlich durch die Eroberung von Dänemark sich einen großen und furchtbaren Namen gemacht, und auf seinem Rückwege Gallas aufgerieben hatte, setzte er seinen Siegen durch die Schlacht bei Jankow (24. Febr. 1645), in welcher der Kaiser sein letztes Heer und seinen besten General nebst vielen hohen Officieren verlor, die Krone auf, und näherte sich der Kaiserstadt, so daß man dort den Donner seiner Kanonen hörte; daß seine großen Pläne mißlangen, rührte nur her von dem Mangel an Uebereinstimmung zwischen den Verbündeten, den Schweden, dem Fürsten Ragoczy von Siebenbürgen und den Franzosen. Aber schon lange litt er sehr heftig an der Gicht, und hatte deßhalb wiederholt um seine Abberufung nachgesucht: im Winter nach jenem ruhmvollen Feldzuge wurde das Leiden so stark, daß er bettlägerig in Leipzig bleiben mußte, und den Oberbefehl abgab, obschon er den dortigen Angelegenheiten fortwährend alle Aufmerksamkeit widmete. Endlich gewährte ihm seine Königinn die gewünschte Entlassung, und Karl Gustav Wrangel, der sich bereits im Dänischen und Deutschen Kriege sehr ausgezeichnet hatte, wurde zu seinem Nachfolger ernannt. Sie begleitete die Entlassung mit einem sehr huldvollen Schreiben, worin sie ihr herzliches Bedauern ausdrückt, daß er das große, mit so vielen ruhmvollen Thaten und Ereignissen gekrönte Werk seiner Gesundheit halber nicht zur Vollendung führen könne, für seine bisherigen großen Dienste auf's huldreichste dankt, und ihn auffordert, ihr künftig mit seinem Rathe zur Seite zu stehen; sie hoffe, die Huld und Gnade, die ihr Vater ihm erwiesen, werde auf sein Gemüth einen solchen Eindruck gemacht haben, daß er sich vollkommen seiner Pflichten gegen sie, als rechtmäßige Thronerbinn nach Gottes Willen, erinnern, und ihr Treue und Dankbarkeit beweisen werde; dann wende sie die Gnaden und Wohlthaten des Königs gegen ihn fortsetzen, und alle Welt in der guten Meinung von ihm bestärken, daß er stets auf der Bahn des Rechten gewandelt habe; er kenne freilich von selbst die Gerechtigkeit und Wichtigkeit dieser Vorstellung, indeß könne sie doch nicht fruchtlos sein, und er werde derselben in seinem Herzen die Stelle geben, die kein braver Schwede ihr versagen könne. Eben so drückte sie in dem Briefe an Wrangel ihre Hochachtung gegen Torstenson dadurch aus, daß sie ihn bat, sich nicht schlechter als sein Vorgänger zu halten. Ihr Versprechen, seine Dienste zu belohnen, erfüllte sie bald nach seiner Rückkehr: sie erhob ihn in den Grafenstand, verlieh ihm so beträchtliche Besitzungen, daß die Einkünfte, nach Chanut, damals 10,000 Reichsthaler betrugen, und ernannte ihn im folgenden Jahre zum General-Gouverneur von Dahl, Halland, Westgothland und Wärmland; wenn er in der Hauptstadt war, nahm er an den Berathungen des Senates sehr großen Antheil. Durch diese Freigebigkeit und Huld mußte Christina sich den ehrgeizigen Mann in hohem Grade gewinnen: und der obige Brief zeigt unverkennbar, daß sie darauf ausging; wie sie denn auch Chanut deutlich zu verstehen gab, ihre Absicht bei seiner Zurückberufung sei, einen tüchtigen Rathgeber zu erhalten, der zu dem allgemeinen Frieden mitwirke: sein großer Ruhm aber und sein außerordentliches Ansehn verlieh seiner Stimme ein bedeutendes Gewicht. Aber es war noch ein anderer wichtiger Grund, der ihn veranlaßte, auf die Seite der Königinn zu treten. Der Prinz Karl Gustav hatte unter ihm seine Kriegsschule gemacht, und beide waren durch vertraute Freundschaft verbunden: Torstenson gab dem Prinzen bald das Reiter-Regiment Kurland, und bewunderte die Tüchtigkeit desselben; zu seinen Ehren gab er bei dessen Abreise ein Gastmahl, und brachte über Tafel seine Gesundheit aus, mit dem Zusatze, er sei bestimmt, einst ein mächtiges und tapferes Volk zu beherrschen. Und ungeachtet Torstenson sich später der Wahl des Prinzen zum Nachfolger Christina's widersetzte, so sagte dieser doch nach des Feldherrn Tode, als bei der Reduction i. J. 1655 dessen Haus wegen Kronforderungen sollte eingezogen werden: "wenn sein Haus auf dem Schloßplatze läge, so sollten doch seine Erben es behalten: er hat Schweden herrliche Dienste geleistet, und mir den, daß er mein Lehrmeister in der Kriegsschule gewesen ist." Diese Anhänglichkeit der beiden vorzüglichen Männer wurde noch dadurch vermehrt, daß Torstenson mit Beata de la Gardie, Tochter des Reichsrathes Joh. Pontusson de la Gardie, eines Bruders des Reichsfeldmarschalls, vermählt, also, da Graf Magnus aus diesem Hause die Pfälzische Prinzessinn zur Gemahlinn hatte, mit dem Hause des Prinzen Karl Gustav nahe genug verwandt war. Ebenso war Torstenson mit Joh. Oxenstierna in sehr unfreundlichen Verhältnissen, da dieser als Bevollmächtigter in Deutschland ihm gar keinen Vorschub leistete; und gegen Karl Gustav zeigte derselbe ebenfalls Feindseligkeit. So umschlang also ein enges Band ihn und die mächtigen Häuser de la Gardie und Pfalz, und durch letzteres waren jene wieder mit der Königinn durch verwandtschaftliche Bande vereinigt. Nach diesem Allen ist es denn ohne Zweifel richtig, wenn Chanut auch den Feldmarschall Torstenson zu der Parthei der Königinn zählt; und es ist klar, daß diese eine bedeutende Stärke gewonnen hatte. Christina suchte aber ihr Gewicht beim Adel besonders auch dadurch zu erhöhen, daß sie eine Menge Personen in den Adelstand erhob, i. J. 1645. 25, im folgenden 27, im nächsten gar 47, und im folgenden wieder 30. Dieß ist allerdings unverhältnißmäßig viel, obschon auch früher manche Adelserhebungen Statt fanden.

English translation (my own):

At this time, the Queen gained a new ally in the distinguished General Lennart Torstensson, who was returning from Germany. After he had made a great and formidable name for himself by conquering Denmark and had destroyed Gallas on his return journey, he crowned his victories with the Battle of Jankow (February 24, 1645), in which the Emperor lost his last army and his best general, along with many high-ranking officers, and approached the Imperial City, so that the thunder of his cannons was heard there. The failure of his great plans was due solely to the lack of agreement between his allies: the Swedes, Prince Rákóczi of Transylvania, and the French.

But he had long suffered severely from gout and had therefore repeatedly requested his dismissal. In the winter following that glorious campaign, his illness became so severe that he had to remain bedridden in Leipzig and relinquished his command, although he continually devoted his full attention to affairs there. Finally, his Queen granted him the requested dismissal, and Carl Gustaf Wrangel, who had already distinguished himself greatly in the Danish and German wars, was appointed his successor.

She accompanied his dismissal with a very gracious letter in which she expressed her heartfelt regret that, due to his health, he could not complete the great work, crowned with so many glorious deeds and events, and she graciously thanked him for his great services to date. She invited him to stand by her side with his advice in the future. She hoped that the grace and mercy her father had shown him would have made such an impression on his mind that he would fully remember his duties to her, as the rightful heir to the throne, according to God's will, and show her loyalty and gratitude. Then she would continue the King's favours and kindnesses toward him, and strengthen everyone's good opinion of him, that he had always walked the path of righteousness. He certainly knew the justice and importance of this suggestion, but it could not be fruitless, and he would give it the place in his heart that no worthy Swede could deny it.

Likewise, in her letter to Wrangel, she expressed her respect for Torstensson by asking him not to behave worse than his predecessor.

She fulfilled her promise to reward his services soon after his return: she raised him to the rank of count, granted him such considerable estates that, according to Chanut, the income at that time amounted to 10,000 riksdalers, and she appointed him the following year governor general of Dal [Dalsland], Halland, Västergötland and Värmland. When he was in the capital, he took a very active part in the deliberations of the Senate.

Through this generosity and grace, Kristina was bound to win over the ambitious man to a great extent, and the above letter unmistakably shows that she intended this, as she clearly made it clear to Chanut that her intention in recalling him was to secure a capable advisor who would contribute to the general peace. His great fame and extraordinary prestige lent his voice considerable weight.

But there was another important reason that led him to side with the Queen. Prince Karl Gustav had completed his military training under him, and the two were bound by a close friendship. Torstensson soon gave the prince the Courland cavalry regiment and admired its prowess; in his honour, he hosted a banquet upon his departure and toasted to his health at the table, adding that he was destined to one day rule a mighty and brave people.

And although Torstensson later opposed the Prince's election as Kristina's successor, after the general's death, when his house was to be confiscated due to Crown demands during the Reduction in 1655, he said: "If his house were located on the castle square, his heirs should keep it; he has rendered Sweden splendid service, and me, by being my teacher in the school of war."

This attachment between the two distinguished men was further increased by the fact that Torstensson was married to Beata de la Gardie, daughter of councilman Johan Pontusson de la Gardie, a brother of the Grand Field Marshal. Since Count Magnus had the Palatine Princess of this house as his wife, he was closely related to the house of Prince Karl Gustav. Likewise, Torstensson was on very unfriendly terms with Johan Oxenstierna, since the latter, as his representative in Germany, offered him no assistance at all; and Karl Gustav also showed hostility toward him.

Thus, a close bond encircled him and the powerful Houses de la Gardie and Palatine, and through the latter, they were again united with the Queen through ties of kinship. Given all this, it is undoubtedly correct for Chanut to count Field Marshal Torstenson among the Queen's party; and it is clear that this party had gained considerable strength.

Kristina, however, also sought to increase her influence among the nobility by elevating a large number of people to the nobility: 25 in 1645, 27 in the following year, 47 in the following year, and 30 again in the following year. This is certainly disproportionately high, although many ennoblements had taken place earlier as well.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Lennart Torstensson.

Note: Jankow is one of the German names for the village of Jankov, in the Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of what is now the Czech Republic.