Showing posts with label 1654 stay in Brussels. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1654 stay in Brussels. Show all posts

Wednesday, October 22, 2025

Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès's biography of Kristina in "Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits", year 1834, part 7

Sources:

Les Femmes célèbres de tous les pays: leurs vies et leurs portraits, page 82, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, 1834; original at the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France)


Memoirs of Celebrated Women of All Countries. With Portraits by the Most Eminent Masters, pages 235 to 236, by Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès, and Joseph Straszewicz, translator anonymous, 1834; original at The British Library


The biography:

Peu de jours après cette grande action, car enfin il y a toujours de la grandeur à déposer une couronne, Christine quitta la Suède; mais elle ne conserva pas long-temps cette attitude vraiment grande que lui donnait son action: elle ne voulait plus quitter la Suède, et fit demander à son cousin la permission de demeurer dans le royaume. Charles refusa, et il fit bien. De pareilles actions ne sont pas jeux d'enfans; et ce n'est pas un jouet qu'un sceptre, bien que les rois ne le considèrent que de cette manière. Christine fit alors frapper une médaille, dont la légende portait que le Parnasse et les arts valaient bien plus qu'un trône.

Aussitôt qu'elle fut libre elle adopta un costume qui pouvait passer pour celui d'un homme, mais d'un homme fou. C'est dans cet habillement qu'elle traversa le Danemarck et une grande partie de l'Allemagne, pour se rendre à Bruxelles. Là il lui vint en tête que, si elle voulait aller en Italie, elle y serait assez mal vue comme protestante; il lui fallait donc changer de religion. Ce ne fut pas l'affaire d'un jour, mais de quelques heures. Elle devint catholique, puis partit à l'instant pour Inspruck. Ce fut dans cette ville qu'elle abjura authentiquement le luthéranisme. Le même soir elle fut au spectacle. Les protestans, qui ne croyaient pas à la vérité de sa conversion, dirent en se raillant d'elle:

— Les catholiques lui devaient, en conscience, donner le soir la comédie, puisqu'elle la leur avait donnée le matin. [sic]

Mais Christine riait de toutes ces choses. On lui fit voir, un jour, un manuscrit dans lequel on parlait en grande dérision de sa conversion... Elle le lut, puis elle écrivit, en marge, en italien:

Lo sa non lo scrive. Chi lo scrive non lo sa.

English translation (by anonymous translator):

A few days after this great action by Christina — for I cannot but designate as such the voluntary abandonment of a throne, she quitted Sweden and in a very short time lost all the dignity and greatness of soul by which she had previously been distinguished. She now repented of having left her native country, and demanded of her cousin permission to reside in Sweden: but Charles very wisely refused [sic]. Christina then had a medal struck, with an inscription implying that Parnassus and the arts were worth more than a throne.

She soon after adopted a peculiar costume, which might have passed for that of a man, but a madman. Thus attired, she travelled through Denmark and a great part of Germany, in order to reach Brussels. She there imagined that as her intention was to proceed to Italy, she should not, as a protestant, be well received in that country; she therefore resolved to change her religion. This was not the affair of one day, but of only a few hours [sic]. Christina[,] having become a catholic[,] immediately set out for Inspruck, where she publicly abjured the protestant faith. In the evening she visited the theatre, and the protestants, who placed no faith in the sincerity of her conversion, sarcastically observed:

"The catholics owe her, in all conscience, a comedy in the evening, in return for the one she entertained them with this morning." [sic]

Christina laughed at these remarks. One day a manuscript was brought to her, in which her conversion was spoken of in terms of derision. After perusing it, she wrote in the margin, in Italian: — "Chi legge non lo scrive — Chi lo scrive, non legge." [sic]


Above: Kristina.


Above: Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès.

Friday, September 5, 2025

Biography of Kristina in "The Town and Country Magazine", year 1774, part 7

Source:

The Town and Country Magazine, Or, Universal Repository of Knowledge, Instruction, and Entertainment, volume 6, page 639 (December, 1774), published by Archibald Hamilton, 1774; original at Harvard University


The biography:

Christina, soon after her abdication, embraced the catholic religion at Brussels, and publickly abjured Lutheranism at Inspruck. The same evening she went to a comedy, performed for her entertainment, which gave the protestants, who did not believe her change sincere, occasion to say, "It is but just that the catholics should give her a comedy in the evening, as she gave them a farce in the morning."

The sincerity of her conversion had indeed been much doubted; and it ought here to be observed, that it was this princess who took for her motto, "Fate viam invenunt"; "The destinies direct my course;" and who made the famous reply to the Jesuits of Louvain. These Jesuits flatteringly said to her, that, since she was become catholic, she would be placed among the saints, and by the side of St. Bridget of Sweden. "I would much rather", replied she keenly, "be placed among the philosophers."


Above: Kristina.

Sunday, August 31, 2025

Anonymous biography of Kristina in "Eccentric Biography; or, Memoirs of Remarkable Female Characters, Ancient and Modern", year 1803, part 10

Source:

Eccentric Biography; or, Memoirs of Remarkable Female Characters, Ancient and Modern, pages 96 to 97, by anonymous author, 1803; original at The British Library


The biography:

... She made her abjuration at Brussels, where she saw the great Conde, who, after his defection, made that city his asylum. 'Cousin', said she, 'who would have thought, ten years ago, that we should have met at this distance from our countries!' But there happened another thing less likely than their meeting, the great coolness with which, after they had been drawn towards each other by mutual admiration, they came together at last, when the interview which they had both so ardently desired, took place. The prince of Conde demanded to be received with the same honours that had been shewed to the Archduke Leopold at his interview with the queen; but this she refused. The prince, therefore, determined to see her incogn. and with that view he got into her apartment among the crowd; the queen knew him, the moment she saw him, by a picture which had been given her, and was about to give him a reception suitable to his rank; but the prince, seeing himself discovered, instantly withdrew; and perceiving that the queen followed to bring him back, he turned about and said, 'Madam, all or nothing:' and immediately left the room. From this time they never saw each other but by chance, with great coldness and a mutual discontent with each other. ...


Above: Kristina.


Above: Louis de Bourbon, the Prince de Condé.

Friday, August 15, 2025

William Henry Davenport Adams' biography of Kristina, 1890s, part 12

Source:

Some Historic Women; or, Biographical Studies of Women Who Have Made History, pages 290 to 292, by William Henry Davenport Adams, 1890-1899; original at the University of Toronto - Robarts Library


Kristina's letter of October 25/November 4 (New Style), 1655 to Karl Gustav is here:



Above: Kristina.

The biography:

II.
Five days afterwards she was on the road to Copenhagen, assuming a man's disguise as soon as she had crossed the frontier, and calling herself Count Dohna. At Hamburg she resumed her own dress and name so long as she remained there; but donned her black wig, hat, boots, breeches, sword, and carbine, when she set out for Antwerp. Thence she voyaged to Brussels along the great canal, her barge fitted up gloriously, and carrying twelve pieces of cannon. She was received at Brussels with royal honours; the houses were all illuminated, — soldiers lined the streets — and a magnificent display of fireworks turned night into day. It was here that the self-willed ex-Queen chose to make public abjuration of the Lutheran faith [sic], and thus to dishonour the memory of her father who had died as its champion. At Innsbruck she made public confession of her new religion, and thence she wrote a brief explanation to the new King of Sweden (November 4th, 1655).

"My Brother", she wrote, "I have arrived here safely, and have received permission from his Holiness to declare openly what has long been a secret.

"I am happy to obey him, and consider this a greater glory than that of reigning over the powerful states which are now yours.

"You ought to be pleased at this step of mine, even if you believe it to be mistaken, since it is so useful and so glorious to you.

"I declare, nevertheless, that the sentiments of friendship I have always felt for you remain undiminished.

"My love for Sweden is also unchanged; and will continue so while I live."

It would be a weariness to the reader, and would convert this chapter into an itinerary, if I followed the ex-Queen in her erratic course from city to city, and land to land. Two motives impelled her — her innate restlessness and thirst for novelty, and her desire to experience some of the honours paid to royalty, and to feel that[,] though she had laid aside her crown[,] she was still a Queen. When she entered Rome, on the 19th of December, she was welcomed with all the picturesque pomp the authorities could devise. Triumphal arches spanned the streets — flags and flowers added to the beauty of the spectacle; musicians at suitable points discoursed lively music; the Papal regiments were all under arms; the Roman ladies in their richest dress blazed in balcony and window like constellations of coloured stars, and along the resounding way rode Christina, in masculine fashion, on a snow-white horse. At St. Peter's she was met by the purple-robed dignitaries of the Church, who conducted her, still in her Amazonian attire, to the high altar, where she received the sacrament of Confirmation, and took the name of Alexandra, — in compliment, I suppose, to the Pope, Alexander VII.

She spent several months at Rome, patronizing artists and men of letters, and restlessly examining the works of art and treasures of antiquity which to this day are the glory of the ancient capital of the civilised world. Some characteristic anecdotes are told of her sayings and doings. At church she frequently scandalised the congregation by the freedom of her behaviour, and she loved to engage the Cardinals in lively conversation. As a delicate hint, the Pope sent her a rosary, with a recommendation to use it in prayer-time to prevent her attention from wandering. Christina pettishly replied, that she did not mean to be a Catholic according to the rosary.

A statue of Truth, by Bernini, elicited her cordial admiration. "Heaven be praised", said a Cardinal, "that your Majesty loves Truth, which persons of your exalted rank seldom appreciate." "That is very likely", answered the Queen, "for the truth is not always of marble."

When she inspected the College "de Propaganda Fide", the printing-presses were at work in two-and-twenty languages. Eight of them, in a few minutes, presented her with a printed welcome, — "May Christina live for ever!" And a group of scholars addressed to her some words of homage and congratulation in each of the twenty-two tongues, the polyglot compliments being afterwards printed with the title of "The Concordance of Languages in Praise of Christina."

She founded an Accademia, to which all the most distinguished men in Rome belonged. She received them once a week in her apartments, and presided over their discussions of things old and new with a surprising vivacity and intelligence.

Wednesday, July 30, 2025

Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge's essay on Kristina, year 1880, part 5

Source:

Queen Christina of Sweden: Lothian Prize Essay for 1880, pages 46 to 51, by Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge, 1880; original at the University of Michigan


The essay:

CHAPTER IV.
CHRISTINA'S LIFE AFTER HER ABDICATION.
IMMEDIATELY after her abdication and the coronation of her successor, Christina left Upsala. "She could not remain", she told Count Brahé, "in a land where she had once been queen, but where she would now be forced to see another reigning in her stead." She feared, moreover, that she might be detained by force, for the clergy, who had long suspected her religious tendencies, declared that she ought not to be allowed to quit the kingdom, and the peasants murmured bitterly at her carrying the money of the Swedish people out of the country, to squander it in foreign courts. A slight incident related by Chanut serves to shew the depth of the distrust with which (in spite of loyal manifestations on a great occasion like that of her resigning the Crown) she was regarded by the mass of her subjects. A fleet of twelve ships had been equipped by the new king to convey her to Wismar; she refused, however, to avail himself of them, and preferred to take the route through Denmark; and the people, whilst they complained of the useless expense incurred in fitting out the fleet, yet felt relieved after all that she should not have accepted it, as she would probably, they said, on arriving in Germany have sold it to the King of Spain.

The queen, meanwhile (for, by special agreement with the Estates, she still retained the rank and privileges of a crowned head), hurried on through Göta-Rike, passed Halmsted, the capital of the province of Halland, the last of the conquests wrested from the Danes, during the glorious early period of her reign, and arrived at Collen, on the confines of Sweden and Denmark. In this town she cut her hair short, and disguised herself as a man, with a plumed hat and sword, in order to travel more freely, and to avoid the inconveniences which might result from her passing through Denmark in her real character, without having given notice of her coming to the king (An absurd story is told of the Queen of Denmark's having disguised herself as a maid-servant in one of the inns where Christina was to pass, and even of her having waited at table, where, to her great disgust, she heard the Swedish queen indulge in violent and sarcastic invectives against the King of Denmark. Sophia Amelia was a bold, enterprising woman, as she proved in 1660; but though the story is generally received, there is an air of improbability about it, which requires better proof than the scandals current at the time. Galeazzo Gualdo denies it, and says that neither the king nor queen of Denmark could possibly have been at the time at the inn, when the meeting was said to have occurred.). Before long, the frontier was reached. A small brook divided the kingdom of Sweden from that of Denmark. Once more, Herr Linde, who had been appointed by the king as her escort, renewed, in his master's name, the oft-made offer of marriage. Christina's mind had, however, long been made up. Quietly, and without emotions, she declined what must have been felt to be a mere formal proposal; and, leaping from her carriage, sprang across the little border-stream. "At last", she cried, as she stood on the opposite bank, "I am free, and out of Sweden, whither I hope I may never return." Crossing the Sound at Elsinore, and, still in male disguise, Christina hurried through the Islands and the Danish mainland; and on the 10th of July, she reached Hamburg, where she lodged in the house of a wealthy Jewish merchant, named Manuel Texeira. In this town she shocked strict Lutherans, by leaving in her pew at church a richly-bound copy of Virgil, which she appears ostentatiously to have studied whilst the preacher, who knew her real character, was dilating on the Queen of Sheba, and her wisdom in leaving her throne to learn true knowledge from Solomon. This story, and that of her masculine disguise, soon spread to Sweden; the clergy thought that they saw their worst fears realised, and insisted that if she abjured her religion, she should forfeit all the lands secured to her on her abdication; whilst the Senate, foreseeing that in such a case troubles and difficulties must arise, and suspecting something from the peculiar tone of a letter written by her to the king, in which she seemed to imply that she would never return to her country, suggested that a deputation should be sent to dissuade her from any step, such as a change of faith, which might imperil her position at home.

In the meantime, Christina had left Hamburg, passing Bremen, at that time at war with Sweden, and crossing the territories of the Dukes of Brunswick-Luneburg, and of the Bishop of Munster, in whose capital she paid a visit to the Jesuits' college, she reached the frontier of the Republic of Holland. The Dutch magistrates had ordered all honours to be shewn to her, but she preferred to retain her incognito, and without visiting any of their principal cities, such as Amsterdam, Leyden, or the Hague, she took the road through Deventer, Utrecht, and the Eastern Provinces, into the Spanish Netherlands, where, on her arrival at Antwerp, she again resumed female attire.

On Spanish soil every mark of respect awaited her; for her intrigues with Piementelle, and the dislike she had shewn during the last years of her reign to France, were well known. She was visited by the Archduke Leopold of Austria, son of the Emperor Ferdinand III., whom he afterwards succeeded, and at that time Viceroy for the King of Spain in the Low Countries. Leopold, a reserved, punctilious little man, in appearance as well as in character, (if we except his passion for music,) more Spanish than German, was received by her with the ceremonious etiquette of which he was so fond; and shortly afterwards left Antwerp, to prepare a magnificent entry for her into Brussels. A very different character, the Prince de Condé, was also in Flanders at this time. Driven from his country by the troubles of the Fronde, he had resolved to re-enter it, like Coriolanus, at the head of a foreign army, and he was now engaged at Brussels in struggling against the hopeless stupidity and officialism of the Spanish authorities. Christina had always admired Condé; years before, whilst she was still a girl, and whilst the Thirty Years' War was still raging, she had written to him in praise of his "extraordinary virtue", and had assured him that her own successes had not given her more pleasure than his splendid victories: her first letter almost after her abdication had been one in which she informed him of that act, and hoped that it would meet his approval, "which she valued more than the crown, and the loss of which could alone make her regret having resigned it." Unfortunately, the pride of Condé prevented a meeting between himself and the queen, to which both had looked forward with impatience. He asked to be received by her with the same ceremonial as the archduke, an honour to which he was not entitled, and which might very likely have given offence to the Spaniards. The interview could not, therefore, take place, but it is said that later on Christina recognised the well-known features of the great general amidst a crowd of nobles at a court party of some kind, and broke the ice by addressing him in a free and familiar manner: "Well, cousin", she asked, "who would have guessed ten years ago that we should have met in two such positions?" A longer interview was afterwards arranged between the queen and Condé in the park at Brussels, but it was cold and formal, and Vossius, who was at the time in Flanders, informed Heinsius in a letter that "Christina had completely quarrelled with the prince." She was visited at the same time by Elizabeth Stuart, the high-spirited Queen of Bohemia, who lived in retirement at the Hague, and by some of the learned men and old acquaintances whom she had known in Sweden; amongst them, Chanut, now ambassador of France in Holland, who endeavoured in vain to alter the feelings of dislike with which she had learned, under Spanish influence, to regard her ancient allies.

The day after her arrival at Brussels, whither she removed from Antwerp, she gave a signal mark of her sympathy with Spain and Spanish ideas, by abjuring Protestantism in the private chapel of the Archduke Leopold. The ceremony was performed by a Spanish Dominican named Guemes, who had accompanied Piementelle into Sweden; and the only persons present, besides the Archduke and his secretary, were the Spanish generals, Fuensaldaña and Montecuculi. The event was, however, announced to the population of Brussels by repeated salvos of artillery.

The great and solemn act in which she had just taken the chief part, an act which would affect the whole of her subsequent life, and which had excluded her from all hope of regaining the crown should she feel so disposed, did not produce any visible effects upon Christina's conduct, or appear to make her think or act with greater seriousness and prudence. On the contrary, the months she spent in Brussels immediately after her abjuration, were passed in a continuous whirl of pleasures and amusements. Her free and careless manner of life, her aversion and contempt, which she took no pains to conceal, for the female sex, her neglect of religious observances, her coarse masculine language, and her uproarious gaiety, astonished a society accustomed to the grave piety and cumbrously formal etiquette which were fashionable at the Spanish court. Those who did not know of her abjuration, inquired why she had brought no Lutheran chaplains with her; and were startled at hearing her answer with a laugh, that before leaving Sweden she had got rid of all superfluous or useless baggage. Picture-galleries, balls, hunting-parties, and plays, occupied all her leisure; comedies and masques were daily performed before her by French, Italian, and Spanish actors; even Mazarin, though at war with the court of Brussels, sent over a troop of players, under a flag of truce, to amuse her. "My occupations", she writes to Countess Sparre, "are to eat and sleep well, read a little, talk, laugh, look at French, Spanish, and Italian comedies; in fine, to pass my time agreeably. I listen to no more sermons; I despise all orators; as Solomon says, all is vanity, let each man live happily, eating, drinking, and singing."

Christina's best friends beheld this behaviour with great misgivings. Nicholas Heinsius spoke with regret of her imprudence, and hoped that she would return to wiser courses before it was too late to mend her reputation. Chanut could only excuse it by comparing it to the wild gaiety of the Carnival, which precedes the austerities of Lent and which he trusted, in Christina's case, would soon give way to conduct more suited to her dignity as a queen. Nor, perhaps, was the idea which lay at the bottom of this parallel altogether a bad one. Much of the unrestrained frivolity of Christina's conduct at Brussels may be explained, by regarding it as a temporary reaction against her former life. Accustomed ever since she could remember to act as a queen, her gay [cheerful], impulsive nature had only been kept down by the consciousness of the high position which she filled. The masculine and almost Spartan training, which from state circumstances she had received, though it enabled her queenly pride to place checks upon her natural disposition, at the same time utterly unfitted her for all quiet womanly pursuits; and once the motives for such pride were removed, made her all the more ready to enjoy to the full, and without restraint, her new position of irresponsible freedom. There was good hope that when once this reaction had spent its force, she would see the folly of a complete indifference and disregard for public opinion, and for the conventionalities, however senseless in themselves, which regulate ordinary society.

It was not to be expected that so charitable a judgment would be passed upon her conduct in Sweden. She did not often hear from her former kingdom, for she tells Count Peter Brahé, that he was the only man in it who remembered her. The Chancellor Oxenstyerna had died a few months after her departure, in August, 1654. His last words were, it is said, about Christina; and with him, the old generation of statesmen who had grown up around Gustavus Adolphus, and who[,] in spite of strong oligarchical tendencies[,] had for his sake been generally loyal to his daughter, might be considered to have passed away. Brahé, to whom she wrote in March, 1655, and who had strongly protested against her resigning the crown, was almost its last survivor. But, though Christina heard little from Sweden, the reports about her life in Brussels had reached that country, and created a great sensation there; so much so, that she was obliged to write to King Charles, begging him to correct undeserved calumnies against her, and to secure her in the possession of the revenues fixed to her by the Recess of 1654, but of which the clergy might at any moment attempt to deprive her.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge.

Wednesday, July 9, 2025

Faith Compton Mackenzie on Kristina's departure from Sweden, travel through Denmark, stay in Hamburg, travel through Germany and the Netherlands, and her stays in Antwerp and Brussels

Source:

The Sibyl of the North: The Tale of Christina, Queen of Sweden, pages 111 to 123 (part 2: "Cap and Bells"), by Faith Compton Mackenzie, 1931; original scan at the Universal Digital Library


Kristina's letter to the Prince de Condé, written in or after June 1654, is here:


Kristina's letter to Pierre Hector Chanut, which she had written on February 17/27 or 18/28 (New Style), 1654, is here:


Kristina's undated letter written in Brussels in 1655 to Ebba Sparre is here:


Kristina's letter of March 30/April 9 (Old Style), 1655 to Karl Gustav is here:


Her letter of April 5/15 (Old Style), 1655 to him is here:


The account:

CHAPTER VII.
THE LABYRINTH
THE journey through Sweden was a dull anti-climax. Only sitting back in her coach that rainy night[,] Christina could console herself with the nearly tangible sensation of all Europe stirring under the superb gesture she had made. But her departure was almost a flight, and so secret did she keep the details of it that even Charles Gustavus, King of Sweden, was deceived.

Imagining that she would go by sea from Kalmar to Germany, he ordered twelve ships of the line to be ready to escort her, but she sent a message at the last moment that[,] owing to contrary winds[,] she had decided to go by land and the Sound to Denmark. What did the commissioning of a battleship more or less matter to her, however exasperated the nation might be at more useless expenditure? So by land she went, and, disguised as the son of Count Dohna, who, with the faithful Steinbergh, was in attendance on her, she did most of the journey on horseback, her gun slung over her shoulder, a red scarf worn in the Spanish manner and her pistols at her side. Only four of her gentlemen attended her, and none of them had any idea where she was going. Clairet Poisonnet knew, for he had gone ahead as Marshal of her lodgings.

When she arrived at Helsingborg, the port for Denmark, an emissary from Charles Gustavus made a final but half-hearted appeal on his behalf that she would change her mind at last and marry him. He must have felt fairly secure on this point. Christina's reply was naturally a refusal. It was not likely she would care to return to Sweden as a mere consort after reigning as Queen. But it was quite a clever move of Charles's, and left an excellent impression, even on Christina herself, who was more than half taken in by it.

In spite of her disguise, the news of her arrival in Denmark spread like wildfire. Curiosity to see this famous figure drove the Queen of Denmark to disguise herself as a maid and wait on Christina at a country inn. This was Sophie Amalie of Brunswick, whose jealousy had driven Christina's friends, the Ulfelds, from the Danish Court. Christina talked of nothing but the iniquities of the Danish Queen all through the meal. Though she said when told of the identity of her waiting-maid: "What! that cabaret maid, the Queen of Denmark! Well, listeners never hear good of themselves. It serves her right", there is a strong suspicion that she knew of the plot beforehand, and rewarded the royal eavesdropper with much more than she bargained for. Probably Clairet was responsible for the whole affair.

The talk of Europe, though it was concerned with one burning topic, was a babel of diverse theories.

"Who is this lady who light-heartedly resigns what most of us fight and long for in vain?" cried Condé.

Christina had been anxious enough about his opinion to write to him before her abdication, hoping for the continuance of his admiration in spite of her change of state. She was sure to meet him at last in Flanders.

That her abdication was the act of a saint — that she had to renounce the throne because Sweden was getting too hot for her — that on the other hand her principal motive was to escape the horrible climate of her native land — that her aversion from marriage with her cousin which was being forced upon her drove her forth — that her vanity was not satisfied with the attention she attracted in Sweden — that she wanted to scandalize the world — that she was becoming a Papist because she wanted to be Queen of Rome — these were only a few of the theories propounded by the wise.

Christina was prepared for all this. She wrote to Chanut:

"I leave it to everyone to judge the affair according to his own lights. I don't know how I could withhold this liberty from anyone, and if I did, I shouldn't want to. I am not ignorant that some people will judge me favourably, and I am glad to think that you are one of that small number. As for the rest of the world[,] they don't know my character nor my mood, as I have not explained myself to anyone but you and one great man among my friends [probably Pimentelli] as understanding as yourself."

When she had stood before the silver throne in her plain white silk garment, her royal robes and her crown gladly surrendered, she saw herself a free woman, a citizen of the world who[,] by her own greatness[,] would conquer men's minds and hearts. Her vast self-confidence would not even contemplate the possibility of any loss of prestige resulting from this voluntary resignation of her high estate.

She was Christina — unique and unassailable; and it was because she was Christina that, freed from the throne, she was going to be so much more astonishing a figure in history than she could ever have been as Queen of Sweden, slave to her Parliament, her people and her throne. Her last State document was signed — her abdication, in which she discharged her people from the oath they had sworn to her.

"Christina, by the Grace of God, Queen of Sweden, of the Goths and Vandals, Princess of Finland, etc." Only four years ago the herald had cried:

"The most powerful Christina is crowned. Herself and no other!"

And now she stood stripped of her glory, bravely defying Fate. She, who had never been anything but Queen, had never known, had not even dimly visualized anything but absolute dominion, complete security. She did not see that, with the purple robe that slid to her feet and the crown she so firmly removed from her own head, went defences that never again could be summoned for her protection.

Heinsius, her honest philosopher, was profoundly right when he wrote to her:

"You have cast away your shield; of your flatterers few praised Christina, most the Queen."

Position is a surer guard than character; it is the only thing the world respects. Though Christina's morals had always been freely discussed throughout Europe, whatever criticism came to her ears only amused her. She knew she was invulnerable, and eagerly listened to the latest bit of gossip about herself; the more exaggerated it was, the more she was amused. But now the shield was gone; every shaft was going to hurt.

By the time she reached Hamburg[,] the rumour of her conversion convulsed Sweden. The clergy demanded that her revenue should be reduced; indeed there was a strong movement that she should be deprived altogether for her breach and change of faith if the rumour were a true one. The fact that she was travelling en cavalier was also a vexation to her late subjects. Tales of her extravagant behaviour were already drifting into Sweden.

She had certainly thrown off her yoke with a vengeance. At Hamburg Pimentelli had arranged for her to lodge in the Jew Texiera's house, which was enough to scandalize the Lutherans. Christina was quite satisfied with her lodgings and host, and when she heard of the expostulations of the clergy from their pulpits, she remarked that[,] after all[,] Jesus Christ was a Jew and consorted with Jews all His life. She made Texiera her agent, and he played an important part in her subsequent battles over revenue.

At Hamburg she resumed feminine attire for a time, and there was no public sign of her conversion. She attended in state the church of St. Peter's, accompanied by the Landgrave of Hesse. Here a sermon was preached in her honour, comparing her to the Queen of Sheba. She presented the preacher with a gold chain; but his gratification was tempered by the discovery of a finely-bound Virgil in her pew, which she received with a smile when it was restored to her.

That was really rather a good joke.

She did not linger long in Hamburg. After a gorgeous entertainment in her honour "without the walls" given by the Landgrave of Hesse on July 30, which lasted until early morning, she set off, in male attire again, on her journey to Antwerp, accompanied by Steinbergh and her four other gentlemen, the rest of the retinue being ordered to meet her in Amsterdam later.

At Münster the Jesuit College was visited by a young gentleman of quality, who was shown and took a lively interest in the library, the church and the precincts generally. He chaffed the holy father on the morals of the Order, and its members being "all things to all men". He heard Mass with his attendants, and after refusing the refreshment of a cup of wine, saying, "I am no wine-bibber", departed, leaving everyone the better for his cheerful company. One of the Fathers, who had a portrait of Christina, saw through the black wig, big hat and high boots of her disguise, but he kept his own counsel until she was gone. Next day she sent a hundred ducats, which no doubt consoled the brotherhood for this feminine intrusion.

Holland was traversed incognita. She would not consent to a royal reception. She had little interest in that country, and only wished to get through this part of the journey as fast as possible. A girl she met on the road fell in love with her, and gave her a little amusement, but she was glad to get to Antwerp, where she became a woman again.

Here she lodged with a rich merchant, Gerard Salian, and her first visitor was the Archduke Leopold, who governed the Low Countries for Spain. She received him with great ceremony, going to the foot of the stairs to meet him, addressing him as Highness, and at the end of the audience conducting him again to the bottom of the stairs. They conversed in Italian. Because he represented Spain, Christina could not do him enough honour.

Condé was in Brussels, and naturally was as eager to meet Christina as she was to know him. The usual preliminaries were observed. Condé demanded the same ceremonial reception as the Archduke had had. Christina flatly refused to give it, knowing well how this attitude would please the Spaniards. Both were equally obstinate; it was a deadlock. But Condé's curiosity was not to be denied. He went to one of her receptions in the suite of a friend. Christina's keen eyes and instinct were not to be deceived. Apart from the obvious greatness of Condé, she had a nose for royal blood, and as soon as she saw him she approached him. He retired hastily[,] but she pursued him. When she still followed him and came close, he muttered "All or nothing!" and escaped.

The situation was so very ridiculous between these two fine people, who should have known better, that their friends arranged a chance meeting where formality could be dispensed with. This took place when Christina was on a visit to Brussels. They met, and their disappointment with each other was not concealed. They walked up and down the Mall in the Brussels Park, talking very frankly and coldly. No one knows what they discussed, but whatever it was, they never discussed it or anything else again.

Another person who was curious to see, but not to meet, Christina, was Elizabeth of Bohemia, who travelled from the Hague for that purpose. She had not forgiven Christina for the death of Descartes, and she sat through an evening at the theatre, gloomily regarding the levity of her late rival in the royal box, and returned to the Hague but little consoled by the sight of her. Chanut also came from the Hague, bidden by Christina, who was anxious to see her old friend. This visit was at once construed as having political significance. It was at once assumed that Chanut was wanting Christina to intercede for peace between France and Spain. Chanut, horrified by this interpretation of a simple, friendly visit, wrote begging her to give the lie to the rumour publicly. She made matters worse by writing a violent letter of vituperation against France. Though Chanut's reply to this was a model of dignity and diplomacy, he thought it necessary to lay the whole correspondence before the Court of Sweden. King Charles Gustavus and his Ministers could only protest that they knew nothing about the matter, and understood less. It was evidently another of Christina's moves to flatter the Spaniards, and as she was no longer in power in Sweden[,] they were not responsible for her vagaries.

Christina stayed in Antwerp until December, combining a great deal of amusement with the serious business of her conversion. Her desire was to be received privately into the Catholic Church, and for the safety of her revenue, keep the matter secret, even though she should visit Rome. Innocent X was Pope at the time, and communication with the Vatican had for some time been established through Philip of Spain and Pimentelli, but there was not much hope that Rome would consent to keep so important a conversion secret. Meanwhile, rumour grew ever more insistent in Sweden, and there is little doubt that the rumour was a death-blow to the old Chancellor Oxenstierna, already sick and discouraged as he was. That Christina should cast aside the sacred trust of the crown left her by Gustavus Adolphus had been a bitter disillusion to the old man; but that she should forsake the faith that her father had so fanatically loved was almost sacrilege. He could not face this, and in August, only two months after her abdication, he died.

The journey from Antwerp to Brussels was made by canal, and at the head of the procession was the gorgeous State barge, gilded and richly decorated, in which sat Christina and the Archduke. The banks were lined with people and soldiers who fired volleys in her honour. The sun set on all this magnificence, and Christina, as she floated through the stillness, could see through the twilight the city of Brussels far away across the flat country, lit by bonfires and thousands of torches, shining each moment more brightly like a great star on the horizon. An elaborate illumined "set piece" over the gates, was discerned as they approached, with two angels holding up a laurel wreath crowned with the name of Christina. Cannon roared, rockets flared[,] and all the bells of the city clanged and crashed as Christina went through the carpeted streets to the Archduke's palace, at three o'clock in the morning.

Later that day, Christmas Eve, in a private apartment of the Palace, she made her secret profession of the Catholic Faith.

Pimentelli was there, and so were Montecuculi and the Archduke. It was regarded as a miraculous coincidence that the artillery, which had had orders that all the guns of the city were to fire a volley at some time during the ceremony, hit upon the very moment when Christina was being absolved by the Dominican Père Guêmes who had been in attendance on Pimentelli in Sweden.

For seven weeks Christina was the guest of the Archduke. Her days and nights were filled with charming amusements. Mazarin sent a company of French players to entertain her. There were balls and hunting parties, tournaments and endless fireworks. Nor were the savants lacking. Vossius came to pay his respects, and was commissioned to buy more books, so he was able to add to his own library in the usual way. Gassendi, Bochart and Heinsius were among the faithful. But most of her protégés of the scholarly days became her bitterest enemies, and were responsible for much of the slander that was let loose in Europe, as soon as she abdicated, in lampoons and pasquinades, in striking contrast to the panegyrics of Stockholm.

Christina had wanted the Ulfelds to join her suite, but they had refused. There were other adventures in store for them. Ebba Sparre, too, had hurt Christina by declining to come with her. From Brussels she wrote to her:

"How supreme would be my good fortune if I could share it with you, and if you could see my happiness. I assure you that the gods might envy me if I could only have the joy of seeing you. But as I cannot have this satisfaction, I can only pray you to believe that wherever I am in this world, I shall treasure your precious memory, and that over there, beyond the mountains, I shall carry with me the passion and tenderness I have always felt for you.

Keep me at least in your dear memory, and do not spoil by forgetfulness the happiness of the one being in all the world who honours you most.
Adieu, Belle.
Remember your CHRISTINA.

PS. — I forgot to tell you that I am perfectly well, and that I am the object of a thousand honours here, and on good terms with all the world, except the Prince de Condé, whom I only see at the play and the Court. My occupations are to eat well, sleep well, study a little, talk, laugh and see the French, Italian and Spanish comedies, and to pass the time agreeably. Lastly, I hear no more sermons; I distrust orators, and I agree with Solomon that all is vanity, and everyone should eat, drink and be merry."

.......

That miraculous volley of guns at the moment of her absolution had not only made a deep impression on the Faithful, but the occasion of it could not well be kept from the world in general. What happened in Brussels was immediately known in Sweden. There were spies everywhere, and it is not likely that so loudly proclaimed an event should not reverberate in Stockholm. The rumour of her conversion had now become a certainty, and another event put the possibility of any more secrecy out of the question. Innocent X, who had not definitely insisted on the immediate public proclamation, died, and was succeeded by Cardinal Fabio Chigi, as Alexander VII. The King of Spain had been trying to negotiate her secret reception in Rome, but when Alexander came into power[,] he made it clear at once that she must openly avow her change of faith.

Christina again became seriously alarmed for her future. She knew the feeling that was growing in Sweden, and she could not ignore the reasonable resentment of her late Lutheran subjects at her duplicity. The Senate sent Count Tott to Brussels, hoping that his representations and the sight of one of the pleasantest people she had left behind her in Sweden might persuade her to change all her plans and come and spend the income they were going to be obliged to give her in her native land, and forget all about Rome and the Catholic religion. Few converts to Rome have escaped the futile eleventh-hour appeal from distracted relations and friends, and Christina was naturally less influenced than most by such a thing.

From Tott she gained a clear insight into the state of feeling in Sweden, and was driven to write an urgent letter to Charles X:

"SIR AND BROTHER, — Count Steinbergh, who is returning to Your Majesty's side, will assure you by word of mouth of the goodwill that I feel towards your Person and the Crown. I shall always preserve these sentiments, and I should deem myself unworthy of life if I were capable of losing the love I have for my country, and the friendship I feel for Your Majesty. These are sentiments that will last longer than my life. And I beg you to believe that I should be happy to render some service to my country by which I could acquit myself of the obligations of my birth. Meanwhile, I pray you to continue to give me your friendship, and to believe that I shall live and die,
Sir and Brother, etc.
CHRISTINA.
BRUSSELS,
March 30, 1655."

This letter was closely followed by another, more explicit, in which she frankly begs him to look after her interests, at the same time assuring him that she will never do anything that could prejudice the honour of the country she has left, and that all the evil rumours as to her conduct were false. She did not mention her conversion.

The progress of affairs with Rome went slowly, and Christina, after her visit to the Archduke, moved to the Palace of the Duc d'Egmont, where she began to live at her own expense. She had not been there long when all gaieties were suspended by the news of her mother's death in Stockholm. She retired to the country for three weeks, and when she returned to Brussels her life was much quieter, and the desire to move on towards Rome became keener. It was no use wasting money in Brussels which could be spent in Rome. There was nothing for it but to proclaim herself to the world and risk the consequences. The Pope was elated by the prospect of welcoming so distinguished a convert, and the advantages of her living in Rome were obvious.

Christina therefore started on her journey South in September. She had meanwhile collected her retinue, which was a very mixed assembly. The star was Don Antonio Pimentelli, who, as Ambassador Extraordinary to his Catholic Majesty Philip IV, was attended by a suite of twenty persons. Don Antonio de la Cueva y Silva was Grand Equerry, and his wife, of Flemish birth, chief lady-in-waiting to. Their suite consisted of eighteen persons. A good many odd people attached themselves in various capacities, in order to travel at Christina's expense to whatever destination on the road suited them. There were only four Swedes in the whole company, which amounted to about two hundred souls, including a guard of twenty-five, the Dominican Father Guêmes, only five women, and, of course, Italian musicians who were an absolute necessity to the Queen wherever she was.

France was gracefully represented by, among others, Gabriel Gilbert, the Parisian, her secretary. He was the author of plays good enough for Molière and Racine to dip into and help themselves when at a loss for quelques bons mots, and plenty of ingenious light verse, from which the following quatrain will serve to speed Christina and her cheerful company on their way:

"A LA REINE DE SUÈDE APRÈS SON ABDICATION
En servant cette Reine égale aux Amazones
Je n'aurai pas perdu six ans:
Car qui sçait donner des couronnes
Sçait bien faire d'autres presens."


Above: Kristina.


Above: Ebba Sparre.


Above: Karl Gustav.


Above: Claes Tott.

Saturday, June 14, 2025

H. E. Friis on Kristina's journey to and stay in Antwerp in 1654 and her stay in Brussels in 1654-1655

Source:

Dronning Christina af Sverrig 1626-1689, pages 70 to 78, published by H. E. Friis, 1896; original at Harvard University


Kristina's undated letter written in Brussels in 1655 to Ebba Sparre is here:


The account:

Fra Hamburg rejste Dronning Christina atter incognito, iført Mandsdragt med Sværd ved Siden, ind gennem det mindre venligtsindede Bremens Distrikt. Byen Wolfenbüttel, som ejede et af de største og berømteste Biblioteker i Europa, havde smigret sig med, at den lærde og kundskabsrige Dronning, der var ypperlig Bogkender, vilde havde lagt Vejen derover for at bese Biblioteket der, men man bedrog sig; Dronning Christina tog nemlig Vejen over Münster, hvor hun under et kort Ophold besøgte Jesuiterkollegiet dersteds; hun gjorde imidlertid et slet Indtryk paa Fædrene i Klostret der ved sin junkeragtige og temmelig frie Konversation, og det uagtet hun gav dem 100 Dukater til Klosterbrødrenes fælles Bedste, og uagtet hun havde talt med dem om, at hun vilde gaa over til deres Tro.

Fra Münster drog Dronning Christina til Byen Deventer ved Yssel for der at besøge den meget lærde Gronovius, der ejede et udmærket Bibliotek. Uagtet hun kom temmeligt sent til Byen, tilbragte hun dog den halve Nat med at efterse Bibliotekets Indhold og have en lærd Disput med den indsigtsfulde Vært og Filolog.

Fra Deventer drog Christina til Antwerpen og ankom der d. 5te August. Her antog hun igen sit rette Navn og Dragt og samlede sit Følge omkring sig, efterhaanden som de forskellige Personer, som vare efterladte i Hamburg, ankom dertil.

Da det var rygtedes, at Dronning Christina var kommen til Antwerpen, kom der mange Notabiliteter og lærde Folk, som før havde besøgt hendes Hof i Stockholm, for nu at gøre hende deres Opvartning. Kejser Ferdinand d. 3dje sendte Ærkehertug Leopold Wilhelm og Feltherren Montecuculli for at ønske hende velkommen paa Flanderns Grund.

Blandt dem, der kom for at gøre Dronning Christina deres Opvartning, var ogsaa den franske Hærfører, «den store Condé», som han kaldtes, thi dels havde han jo tidligere korresponderet med Dronning Christina, og dels brændte han af Nysgærrighed efter at se «denne Kvinde, der saa let havde givet Afkald paa sin Krone», — den Krone, sagde han, som vi andre kæmpe for og tragte efter hele vort Liv igennem, dog uden at naa den.

Dronning Christina, som tidligere havde følt et vist Sværmeri for Condé, var nu ogsaa meget spændt paa at faa ham at se. Da der imidlertid ved Audientsen opstod en Etikettestrid, som den fødte franske Prins ikke vilde finde sig i, faldt Mødet ud til gensidig Skuffelse, og fra den Dag af var Dronning Christinas Lovtale over den tapre Helt forbi, ham, hun før havde omtalt og tilskrevet i saa smigrende Udtryk.

Af tidligere bekendte, der kom til Dronning Christina, var ogsaa den forhenværende franske Gesandt i Stockholm, Mr. Chanut, som nu var fransk Gesandt i Haag. Ligeledes kom den lærde Hollænder Vossius for at forny det tidligere Bekendtskab, og han blev paany betroet til at være Dronning Christinas Bibliotekar. Fremdeles meldte Eventyreren Dr. Bourdelot sig til Audients hos Dronning Christina, men fik en noget kølig Modtagelse og affærdigedes temmelig hurtigt, saa han maatte nok udbryde: «Ak, hvor forandret!»

Paa Dronning Christinas Opfordring indfandt Don Pimentelli sig nu ogsaa snart fra Spanien og forblev ved hendes Hof i Belgien og fulgte hende dernæst senere paa Rejsen igennem Tyskland over Innsbruck til Rom.

Da Don Pimentelli nu atter blev Dronning Christinas uundværlige og almægtige Yndling saavel her i Belgien som tidligere i Sverrig, saa vakte denne intime Fortrolighed nogen Forargelse saavel her ligesom i tidligere Dage i Sverrig.

Med Hensyn til Dronning Christinas Opførsel saavel i Hamburg som senere paa Rejsen begyndte allerede hendes djærve og lidet kvindelige Optræden at vække Opsigt og give Anledning til, at Misfornøjelsen gav sig Udtryk hos dem, der følte sig saarede. Dronning Christinas mandlige Optræden, junkeragtige Væsen og utvungne Ytringer i Forbindelse med stærk Brug af Eder vakte den største Forbavselse, ligesom hun ved sin Hang til Satire, sit kaade Lune og sin djærve Tale ikke altid tog Hensyn til Personerne. Istedetfor at betænke, at det kongelige Purpur nu ikke længere beskyttede hende, idet hun nu egentlig kun betragtedes som Privatperson, — saa var der dog ingen Forskel i hendes Gøren og Laden fra forhen og nu, og i de nye Forhold vakte det end mere Opsigt. Da man i Sverrig fik at høre det mindre gode Indtryk, hun gjorde i Udlandet, vakte det megen Misnøje der. Dette, sammenlagt med, hvad man forud vidste om hendes Omgang med Jesuiterne, forøgede Mistanken om, at hun skulde ville forlade sine Forfædres Tro.

Kong Carl Gustav stod i saa stor Taknemmelighedsgæld til Dronning Christina, at han nødigt vilde træde op imod hende, da han vilde holde sit Løfte til hende: ikke at ytre sig om eller blande sig i hendes Forhold. Dog hverken kunde eller vilde Kong Carl Gustav forhindre, at der fra Sverrigs Rigsstænder udgik til hende, med en betroet svensk Mand, en skriftlig Formaning om at vende tilbage til Sverrig og til Faderen Gustav Adolfs Grundsætninger; — men det var naturligvis en Røst i Ørkenen.

For Resten havde Kong Carl Gustav ikke noget imod, at Dronning Christina tog Ophold udenfor Sverrigs Grænser; tværtimod, han kunde vistnok se det farefulde og vanskelige i at have slig en urolig Aand indenfor sit Lands Omraade. Kong Carl Gustav havde af eget Initiativ skrevet til Kongerne i Frankrig og Spanien m. fl. for at bede dem at tage vel imod Dronning Christina, naar hun kom. I disse Breve havde han tillige skrevet, at al den Opmærksomhed, de viste hende, vilde han betragte, som om den var vist imod han selv. Da Dronning Christina fik dette at vide, blev hun stødt og sagde: «Jeg anser det for overflødigt at anbefale mig, thi jeg haaber, at mine egne Fortjenester og min daadrige Regering overalt ville berede mig en passende Modtagelse.»

Opholdet i Antwerpen var særdeles behageligt for Dronning Christina, idet det var en Kæde af Fester, Adspredelser og Kunstnydelser. Stadens Mærkværdigheder bleve besete, især de kostbare Maleri- og Kunstsamlinger. Dronning Christina forbavsede ved sit Geni, sin Lærdom og sine usædvanlige Kundskaber. Hun følte sig rigtig tilfreds, og da hun forstod at vinde dem, hun vilde vinde, var Tilfredsheden imellem hende og Indvaanerne i Antwerpen gensidig; der blev sagt, at hun lejlighedsvis udbrød: «Jeg vil hellere være Markgrevinde af Antwerpen end Dronning i Sverrig.»

Det hændte sig i Antwerpen — hvad der før og senere skete — at Dronning Christina ved Bortgangen fra Aftengudstjenesten glemte sin Bog i Kirkestolen der; den katolske Præst, som fandt Bogen og bragte hende den, aabnede den halvt og saa straks, det var en Vergil. Dronning Christina modtog den med et lunt Smil, som om hun var glad ved, at han havde kunnet se, hvilken Bønnebog hun betjente sig af.

Trods den gensidige Velvilje imellem Dronning Christina og Antwerpens Indbyggere ønskede hun dog helst at tilbringe Vinteren i Bryssel, hvor Statholderregentens Hof var, og hvor der altsaa var Udsigt til et mere fyldigt og potenseret Liv for den aandfulde og livslystne unge Dronning.

Det kunde dog ikke saa godt lade sig gøre, at Dronning Christina opholdt sig i Bryssel og nød godt af det derværende Hofs Gæstfrihed, uden at hun først var af samme Trosbekendelse som Hoffet der, hvor Katolicismens fornemste og ivrigste Forsvarer, Kongen af Spanien, var Hersker.

Da Dronning Christina udtalte sin Beredvillighed til at gaa over til Katolicismen, befalede Kong Philip d. 4de af Spanien at modtage hende i Bryssel paa saa højtidelig og pragtfuld en Maade som vel gørligt.

De Forberedelser, der nu bleve gjorte i den Anledning, tog imidlertid længere Tid, end Dronning Christina kunde udholde at afvente; hun foretog derfor, i al Indgetogenhed, for egen Regning et 4 Dages Besøg i Bryssel for forlods at have et fornuftigt Overblik over Tingene. Ikke længe før Jul vare alle Forberedelser omsider til Ende, og Ærkehertugen kom selv til Antwerpen for paa sin Konges Vegne at bede Dronning Christina at holde sit Indtog i Bryssel d. 23de Decbr. Samme Dags Morgen tog Dronningen fra Antwerpen, ledsaget af et stort Følge, Halvvejs fra Bryssel kom Ærkehertugen hende imøde med en glimrende Suite. Der var opført en Pavillon, hvor Dronning Christina kunde holde Middagstaffel, forinden hun drog videre. Tæt derved var en Kanal, paa hvilken Rejsen fortsattes op ad Floden i en prægtig udstyret kongelig Chalup, som blev trukket af 12 Heste op imod Strømmen. Det øvrige Følge befordredes i andre Fartøjer. Flodbredden var fyldt af sammenstimlede Folk, der vilde forsøge at faa et Glimt at se af den mærkelige Dronning fra det høje Norden.

Da Mørket faldt paa, forinden Toget kom til Bryssel, bleve Kanalens Sider oplyste af Fakler og Fyrværkeri, saa det saa ud, som om Solen var ved at staa op igen, saa lyst var det, og saa straalende tog det hele sig ud. Først Kl. 9 Aften ankom Dronning Christina til Stadens Port; over denne saas hendes Navn i Transparent, omslynget af en Laurbærkrans og baaret af Engle, foruden andre sindrige og smigrende Inskriptioner. Soldater vare opstillede og afskød Æressalver for hende, da Chaluppen lagde til, og hun traadte ud af Skibet for derfra ved Ærkehertugens Side at køre til Slottet. Husene vare illuminerede, og der, hvor den høje Gæst skulde sætte sin Fod, vare Gader og Opgange belagte med Klæde. Bryssels pragtfulde Raadhus og dets Taarn vare prydede med Transparanter, Inskriptioner og mere end 3000 Blus. Paa Gaderne bølgede der en usædvanlig stor Skare af Mennesker, og fra alle Sider saa man Fyrværkeri og hørte Kanonskud. Kirkeklokkerne ringede over den hele Stad, og hvor hun kom frem, lød der begejstrede Hurraraab, saa det var ret en Modtagelse efter Dronning Christinas Sind, thi foruden dette festlige Indtog var Slottet, hvor hun stod af, istandsat, med megen Smag og stor Udgift, til hendes Brug.

Dagen efter Ankomsten til Bryssel, d. 24de Decbr., virkeliggjorde Dronning Christina, Datteren af Protestantismens største Helt, den Tanke, der i lang Tid havde foresvævet hende, nemlig sit Frafald fra den lutherske Lære og sin Antagelse af den katolske Trosbekendelse.

Da Dronning Christina dog skammede sig ved, idetmindste foreløbigt, at give denne religiøse Akt nogen offentlig Karakter, foregik den ikke i hendes egne Gemakker paa Slottet, derimod i al Indgetogenhed i Ærkehertugens Sengekammer, i Overværelse af 6 mandlige Vidner, nemlig Ærkehertugen, den kejserlige General Montecuculli, Don Pimentelli og tre andre spanske Herrer. I ovennævnte Rum afsvor Dronning Christina sine Fædres Tro, antog den katolske og lovede ved sin Sjæls Salighed ikke at huse nogen Mening, der stred imod denne Lære.

Don Pimentellis Skriftefader, Pater Guemes, modtog hendes Bekendelse, optog hende i den katolske Kirke og gav hende paa dennes Vegne Forladelse for hendes tidligere Vildfarelser. I det Øjeblik, Skriftefaderen udtalte Syndsforladelsen, løsnedes der, paa et givet Tegn, Kanonskud fra Bryssels Volde; dette var for Resten en løjerlig Maade at holde Sagen skjult paa, naar den skulde være hemmelig, men dette var vel ejheller saa ganske Katolikernes Mening.

Sagen blev naturligvis ogsaa snart bekendt og blev et almindeligt Taleemne. Protestanterne harmede sig over Dronning Christinas Skridt, medens Katolikerne jublede i høje Toner, dog ikke ret længe, thi de bleve snart nødte til at slaa koldt Vand i Blodet og holde gode Miner til slet Spil. Spørges der, om denne Dronning Christinas Omvendelse var oprigtig, saa er det tilladt at tvivle derpaa, idet nemlig hendes Tronfrasigelse fremkaldte den. Det literære Kongedømme, som hun drømte om i Italien, kunde ikke erhverves uden at betale det med Religionsskifte. Hvad Paris var for Kong Henrik d. 4de, var Rom for Dronning Christina. Hun gav efter og skiftede Tro i det forønskede Øjeblik, som om det havde staaet skrevet paa et Program.

I lange Tider havde hun lagt saare liden Gudsfrygt for Dagen; det var derfor et vanskeligt Mirakel at tro paa, at Naadestødet, Omvendelsen, pludseligt skulde ramme denne Dr. Bourdelots lærvillige Elev.

Som før berørt dementerede Dronning Christinas Opførsel i øvrigt ogsaa hele hendes indre Genfødelse, idet hun i Bryssel ved sin meget utvungne, højst uceremonielle Optræden, junkeragtigt frie Udtalelser, forstærket ved hyppig Brug af gængse Eder, trak, mere end ønskeligt var, Opmærksomheden hen paa sig.

De højeste Rangspersoner ved det lille spanske Hof i Bryssel, der vare vante til deres egen Dronnings næsten præstelige Optræden, betragtede med Studsen og Forargelse den ejendommelige, frie Opførsel, som den fra den svenske Trone nedstegne Dronning udviste.

Katolicismen var for Dronning Christina sandsynligvis kun en Glædens og Pragtens Religion, hvor Udøvelsen af Kirkeskikkene og Underkastelsen under Ortodoksien bragte Tilgivelse for og dækkede alle Fejl. Katolikerne mærkede snart, at Dronning Christina ytrede en vis Kølighed overfor den nye Tro, noget, der ellers er saa sjældent hos en nyomvendt Person, og desforuden skimtede hendes inderste Tanker ofte frem af hendes spottende Udtalelser.

Da der en Dag blev spurgt hende, hvem der for Tiden var hendes Sjælesørger, svarede hun: «Jeg har ingen saadan, thi alt, hvad der er unødvendigt, har jeg efterladt mig i Sverrig.»

Ved et Besøg, hun aflagde hos Jesuiterne i Løewen, vilde en af disse sige hende en Artighed, idet han sagde: »Efter Antagelsen af vor saliggørende Tro vil Eders Majestæt ufejlbarligt blive stillet mellem Helgeninderne ved Siden af Sanct Birgitte af Sverrig», hvortil Dronning Christina svarede, idet hun faldt ham i Talen: «Jeg vilde sætte mere Pris paa, at man satte mig mellem de vise.»

Senere hen udkom der i Rom en Bog med følgende Titel: «Beretning om den svenske Dronning Christinas Omvendelse til Katolicismen

Dronning Christina, som fik Bogen i Hænde, understregede Titlen, samt skrev i Marginen ved Siden af: «Den, som har skrevet denne Bog, forstaar ikke noget deraf, og den, som forstaar det (Christina), har aldrig skrevet noget derom

Paa Grund af Dronning Christinas høje Byrd og hendes Sympathier for de spanske Interesser, som Don Pimentelli havde indpodet hende, blev der vist hende den største Opmærksomhed fra den spanske Konges Side, da Dronning Christina først havde afsværget sine Fædres Tro. Saavel hun som hendes hele Hofstat bleve underholdte i Bryssel paa den spanske Konges Bekostning en hel Maaned igennem.

I Bryssel var der i al den Tid fuldt op af Baller, Skuespil, Jagter, Turneringer og Maaltider. Hendes Ven fra Fortiden, Don Pimentelli, førte an ved disse larmende Fester. Uagtet der var Krig imellem Frankrig og Spanien, havde Kardinal Mazarin, der dog gerne vilde staa sig vel med og hædre Dronning Christina, sendt franske Skuespillere fra Paris, som opførte Komedier paa flere Sprog.

Dronning Christina, for hvem alt dette var sat i Scene, følte sig i den syvende Himmel. Til sin forhenværende Hofdame i Stockholm, den smukke Frk. Ebba Sparre — den eneste Kvinde, Dronning Christina nogensinde har vist sand Hengivenhed for — og det var endda gensidigt, — skrev hun: «Jeg befinder mig udmærket vel, jeg modtager og modtager atter og atter 1000 Æresbevisninger, og jeg er tilfreds med den hele Verden her, med Undtagelse af Prinsen af Condé, som jeg dog kun ser i Operaen og ved Hoffet. Mine Beskæftigelser ere at spise godt, sove godt og studere en Smule, derimellem at passiare og le, samt se franske, spanske og italienske Komedier. Med ét Ord, jeg fordriver Tiden saare behageligt, jeg er fri for at høre Prædikener, jeg foragter alle Prædikanter, undtagen Salomo, alt det øvrige er bare Dumheder, etc.

Farvel min vakre Ebba, tænk paa Eders Christina.»

With modernised spelling:

Fra Hamborg rejste dronning Kristina atter inkognito, iført mandsdragt med sværd ved siden, ind gennem det mindre venligtsindede Bremens distrikt. Byen Wolfenbüttel, som ejede et af de største og berømteste biblioteker i Europa, havde smigret sig med, at den lærde og kundskabsrige dronning, der var ypperlig bogkender, ville havde lagt vejen derover for at bese biblioteket der, men man bedrog sig; dronning Kristina tog nemlig Vejen over Münster, hvor hun under et kort ophold besøgte jesuitterkollegiet dersteds; hun gjorde imidlertid et slet indtryk på fædrene i klostret der ved sin junkeragtige og temmelig frie konversation, og det uagtet hun gav dem 100 dukater til klosterbrødrenes fælles bedste, og uagtet hun havde talt med dem om, at hun ville gå over til deres tro.

Fra Münster drog dronning Kristina til byen Deventer ved IJssel for der at besøge den meget lærde Gronovius, der ejede et udmærket bibliotek. Uagtet hun kom temmeligt sent til byen, tilbragte hun dog den halve nat med at efterse bibliotekets indhold og have en lærd disput med den indsigtsfulde vært og filolog.

Fra Deventer drog Kristina til Antwerpen og ankom der den 5. august. Her antog hun igen sit rette navn og dragt og samlede sit følge omkring sig, efterhånden som de forskellige personer, som vare efterladte i Hamborg, ankom dertil.

Da det var rygtedes, at dronning Kristina var kommen til Antwerpen, kom der mange notabiliteter og lærde folk, som før havde besøgt hendes hof i Stockholm, for nu at gøre hende deres opvartning. Kejser Ferdinand den tredje sendte ærkehertug Leopold Vilhelm og feltherren Montecuccoli for at ønske hende velkommen på Flanderns grund.

Blandt dem, der kom for at gøre dronning Kristina deres opvartning, var også den franske hærfører, «den store Condé», som han kaldtes, thi dels havde han jo tidligere korresponderet med dronning Kristina, og dels brændte han af nysgerrighed efter at se «denne kvinde, der så let havde givet afkald på sin krone», — den krone, sagde han, som vi andre kæmpe for og tragte efter hele vort liv igennem, dog uden at nå den.

Dronning Kristina, som tidligere havde følt et vist sværmeri for Condé, var nu også meget spændt på at få ham at se. Da der imidlertid ved audiensen opstod en etikettestrid, som den fødte franske prins ikke ville finde sig i, faldt mødet ud til gensidig skuffelse, og fra den dag af var dronning Kristinas lovtale over den tapre helt forbi, ham, hun før havde omtalt og tilskrevet i så smigrende udtryk.

Af tidligere bekendte, der kom til dronning Kristina, var også den forhenværende franske gesandt i Stockholm, monsieur Chanut, som nu var fransk gesandt i Haag. Ligeledes kom den lærde hollænder Vossius for at forny det tidligere bekendtskab, og han blev på ny betroet til at være dronning Kristinas bibliotekar. Fremdeles meldte eventyreren dr. Bourdelot sig til audiens hos dronning Kristina, men fik en noget kølig modtagelse og affærdigedes temmelig hurtigt, så han måtte nok udbryde: «Ak, hvor forandret!»

På dronning Kristinas opfordring indfandt don Pimentelli sig nu også snart fra Spanien og forblev ved hendes hof i Belgien og fulgte hende dernæst senere på rejsen igennem Tyskland over Innsbruck til Rom.

Da don Pimentelli nu atter blev dronning Kristinas uundværlige og almægtige yndling såvel her i Belgien som tidligere i Sverige, så vakte denne intime fortrolighed nogen forargelse såvel her ligesom i tidligere dage i Sverige.

Med hensyn til dronning Kristinas opførsel såvel i Hamburg som senere på rejsen begyndte allerede hendes djærve og lidet kvindelige optræden at vække opsigt og give anledning til, at misfornøjelsen gav sig udtryk hos dem, der følte sig sårede. Dronning Kristinas mandlige optræden, junkeragtige væsen og utvungne ytringer i forbindelse med stærk brug af eder vakte den største forbavselse, ligesom hun ved sin hang til satire, sit kåde lune og sin djærve tale ikke altid tog hensyn til personerne. I stedet for at betænke, at det kongelige purpur nu ikke længere beskyttede hende, idet hun nu egentlig kun betragtedes som privatperson, — så var der dog ingen forskel i hendes gøren og laden fra forhen og nu, og i de nye forhold vakte det end mere opsigt.

Da man i Sverige fik at høre det mindre gode indtryk, hun gjorde i udlandet, vakte det megen misnøje der. Dette, sammenlagt med hvad man forud vidste om hendes omgang med jesuitterne, forøgede mistanken om, at hun skulle ville forlade sine forfædres tro.

Kong Karl Gustav stod i så stor taknemmelighedsgæld til dronning Kristina, at han nødigt ville træde op imod hende, da han ville holde sit løfte til hende: ikke at ytre sig om eller blande sig i hendes forhold. Dog hverken kunne eller ville kong Karl Gustav forhindre, at der fra Sveriges Rigsstænder udgik til hende, med en betroet svensk mand, en skriftlig formaning om at vende tilbage til Sverige og til faderen Gustav Adolfs grundsætninger; — men det var naturligvis en røst i ørkenen.

For resten havde kong Karl Gustav ikke noget imod, at dronning Kristina tog ophold udenfor Sveriges grænser; tværtimod, han kunne vistnok se det farefulde og vanskelige i at have slig en urolig ånd indenfor sit lands område. Kong Karl Gustav havde af eget initiativ skrevet til kongerne i Frankrig og Spanien m. fl. for at bede dem at tage vel imod dronning Kristina, når hun kom. I disse breve havde han tillige skrevet, at al den opmærksomhed, de viste hende, ville han betragte, som om den var vist imod han selv. Da Dronning Kristina fik dette at vide, blev hun stødt og sagde:

«Jeg anser det for overflødigt at anbefale mig, thi jeg håber, at mine egne fortjenester og min dådrige regering overalt ville berede mig en passende modtagelse.»

Opholdet i Antwerpen var særdeles behageligt for dronning Kristina, idet det var en kæde af fester, adspredelser og kunstnydelser. Stadens mærkværdigheder bleve besete, især de kostbare maleri- og kunstsamlinger. Dronning Kristina forbavsede ved sit geni, sin lærdom og sine usædvanlige kundskaber. Hun følte sig rigtig tilfreds, og da hun forstod at vinde dem, hun ville vinde, var tilfredsheden imellem hende og indvånerne i Antwerpen gensidig; der blev sagt, at hun lejlighedsvis udbrød: «Jeg vil hellere være markgrevinde af Antwerpen end dronning i Sverige.»

Det hændte sig i Antwerpen — hvad der før og senere skete — at dronning Kristina ved bortgangen fra aftengudstjenesten glemte sin bog i kirkestolen der; den katolske præst, som fandt bogen og bragte hende den, åbnede den halvt og så straks, det var en Vergil. Dronning Kristina modtog den med et lunt smil, som om hun var glad ved, at han havde kunnet se, hvilken bønnebog hun betjente sig af.

Trods den gensidige velvilje imellem dronning Kristina og Antwerpens indbyggere ønskede hun dog helst at tilbringe vinteren i Bryssel, hvor statholderregentens hof var, og hvor der altså var udsigt til et mere fyldigt og potenseret liv for den åndfulde og livslystne unge dronning.

Det kunne dog ikke så godt lade sig gøre, at dronning Kristina opholdt sig i Bryssel og nød godt af det derværende hofs gæstfrihed, uden at hun først var af samme trosbekendelse som hoffet der, hvor katolicismens fornemste og ivrigste forsvarer, kongen af Spanien, var hersker.

Da dronning Kristina udtalte sin beredvillighed til at gå over til katolicismen, befalede kong Filip den fjerde af Spanien at modtage hende i Bryssel på så højtidelig og pragtfuld en måde som vel gørligt.

De forberedelser, der nu bleve gjorte i den anledning, tog imidlertid længere tid, end dronning Kristina kunne udholde at afvente; hun foretog derfor, i al indgetogenhed, for egen regning et 4 dages besøg i Bryssel for forlods at have et fornuftigt overblik over tingene. Ikke længe før jul vare alle forberedelser omsider til ende, og ærkehertugen kom selv til Antwerpen for på sin konges vegne at bede dronning Kristina at holde sit indtog i Bryssel den 23. december.

Samme dags morgen tog dronningen fra Antwerpen, ledsaget af et stort følge; halvvejs fra Bryssel kom ærkehertugen hende imøde med en glimrende suite. Der var opført en pavillon, hvor dronning Kristina kunne holde middagstaffel, forinden hun drog videre. Tæt derved var en kanal, på hvilken rejsen fortsattes op ad floden i en prægtig udstyret kongelig chalup, som blev trukket af 12 heste op imod strømmen. Det øvrige følge befordredes i andre fartøjer. Flodbredden var fyldt af sammenstimlede folk, der ville forsøge at få et glimt at se af den mærkelige dronning fra det høje Norden.

Da mørket faldt på, forinden toget kom til Bryssel, bleve kanalens sider oplyste af fakler og fyrværkeri, så det så ud, som om solen var ved at stå op igen, så lyst var det, og så strålende tog det hele sig ud. Først kl. 9 aften ankom dronning Kristina til stadens port; over denne sås hendes navn i transparent, omslynget af en laurbærkrans og båret af engle, foruden andre sindrige og smigrende inskriptioner. Soldater vare opstillede og afskød æressalver for hende, da chaluppen lagde til, og hun trådte ud af skibet for derfra ved ærkehertugens side at køre til slottet.

Husene vare illuminerede, og der, hvor den høje gæst skulle sætte sin fod, vare gader og opgange belagte med klæde. Bryssels pragtfulde Rådhus og dets tårn vare prydede med transparanter, inskriptioner og mere end 3,000 blus. På gaderne bølgede der en usædvanlig stor skare af mennesker, og fra alle sider så man fyrværkeri og hørte kanonskud. Kirkeklokkerne ringede over den hele stad, og hvor hun kom frem, lød der begejstrede hurraråb, så det var ret en modtagelse efter dronning Kristinas sind, thi foruden dette festlige indtog var slottet, hvor hun stod af, istandsat, med megen smag og stor udgift, til hendes brug.

Dagen efter ankomsten til Bryssel, den 24. december, virkeliggjorde dronning Kristina, datteren af protestantismens største helt, den tanke, der i lang tid havde foresvævet hende, nemlig sit frafald fra den lutherske lære og sin antagelse af den katolske trosbekendelse.

Da dronning Kristina dog skammede sig ved, i det mindste foreløbigt, at give denne religiøse akt nogen offentlig karakter, foregik den ikke i hendes egne gemakker på slottet, derimod i al indgetogenhed i ærkehertugens sengekammer, i overværelse af 6 mandlige vidner, nemlig ærkehertugen, den kejserlige general Montecuccoli, don Pimentelli og tre andre spanske herrer. I ovennævnte rum afsvor dronning Kristina sine fædres tro, antog den katolske og lovede ved sin sjæls salighed ikke at huse nogen mening, der stred imod denne lære.

Don Pimentellis skriftefader, pater Güemes, modtog hendes bekendelse, optog hende i den katolske Kirke og gav hende på dennes vegne forladelse for hendes tidligere vildfarelser. I det øjeblik, skriftefaderen udtalte syndsforladelsen, løsnedes der, på et givet tegn, kanonskud fra Bryssels volde; dette var for resten en løjerlig måde at holde sagen skjult på, når den skulle være hemmelig, men dette var vel ej heller så ganske katolikkernes mening.

Sagen blev naturligvis også snart bekendt og blev et almindeligt taleemne. Protestanterne harmede sig over dronning Kristinas skridt, medens katolikkerne jublede i høje toner, dog ikke ret længe, thi de bleve snart nødte til at slå koldt vand i blodet og holde gode miner til slet spil. Spørges der, om denne dronning Kristinas omvendelse var oprigtig, så er det tilladt at tvivle derpå, idet nemlig hendes tronfrasigelse fremkaldte den. Det litterære kongedømme, som hun drømte om i Italien, kunne ikke erhverves uden at betale det med religionsskifte. Hvad Paris var for kong Henrik den fjerde, var Rom for dronning Kristina. Hun gav efter og skiftede tro i det forønskede øjeblik, som om det havde stået skrevet på et program.

I lange tider havde hun lagt såre liden gudsfrygt for dagen; det var derfor et vanskeligt mirakel at tro på, at nådestødet, omvendelsen, pludseligt skulle ramme denne dr. Bourdelots lærvillige elev.

Som før berørt dementerede dronning Kristinas opførsel i øvrigt også hele hendes indre genfødelse, idet hun i Bryssel ved sin meget utvungne, højst uceremonielle optræden, junkeragtigt frie udtalelser, forstærket ved hyppig brug af gængse eder, trak, mere end ønskeligt var, opmærksomheden hen på sig.

De højeste rangspersoner ved det lille spanske hof i Bryssel, der vare vante til deres egen dronnings næsten præstelige optræden, betragtede med studsen og forargelse den ejendommelige, frie opførsel, som den fra den svenske trone nedstegne dronning udviste.

Katolicismen var for dronning Kristina sandsynligvis kun en glædens og pragtens religion, hvor udøvelsen af kirkeskikkene og underkastelsen under ortodoksien bragte tilgivelse for og dækkede alle fejl. Katolikkerne mærkede snart, at dronning Kristina ytrede en vis kølighed overfor den nye tro, noget, der ellers er så sjældent hos en nyomvendt person, og desforuden skimtede hendes inderste tanker ofte frem af hendes spottende udtalelser.

Da der en dag blev spurgt hende, hvem der for tiden var hendes sjælesørger, svarede hun: «Jeg har ingen sådan, thi alt, hvad der er unødvendigt, har jeg efterladt mig i Sverige.»

Ved et besøg, hun aflagde hos jesuitterne i Leuven, ville en af disse sige hende en artighed, idet han sagde: »Efter antagelsen af vor saliggørende tro vil Eders Majestæt ufejlbarligt blive stillet mellem helgeninderne ved siden af sankt Birgitte af Sverige», hvortil dronning Kristina svarede, idet hun faldt ham i talen: «Jeg ville sætte mere pris på, at man satte mig mellem de vise.»

Senere hen udkom der i Rom en bog med følgende titel: «Beretning om den svenske dronning Kristinas omvendelse til katolicismen

Dronning Kristina, som fik bogen i hænde, understregede titlen, samt skrev i marginen ved siden af: «Den, som har skrevet denne bog, forstår ikke noget deraf, og den, som forstår det (Kristina), har aldrig skrevet noget derom.»

På grund af dronning Kristinas høje byrd og hendes sympatier for de spanske interesser, som don Pimentelli havde indpodet hende, blev der vist hende den største opmærksomhed fra den spanske konges side, da dronning Kristina først havde afsværget sine fædres tro. Såvel hun som hendes hele hofstat bleve underholdte i Bryssel på den spanske konges bekostning en hel måned igennem.

I Bryssel var der i al den tid fuldt op af baller, skuespil, jagter, turneringer og måltider. Hendes ven fra fortiden, don Pimentelli, førte an ved disse larmende fester. Uagtet der var krig imellem Frankrig og Spanien, havde kardinal Mazarin, der dog gerne ville stå sig vel med og hædre dronning Kristina, sendt franske skuespillere fra Paris, som opførte komedier på flere sprog.

Dronning Kristina, for hvem alt dette var sat i scene, følte sig i den syvende himmel. Til sin forhenværende hofdame i Stockholm, den smukke frøken Ebba Sparre — den eneste kvinde, dronning Kristina nogensinde har vist sand hengivenhed for — og det var endda gensidigt, — skrev hun:

«Jeg befinder mig udmærket vel, jeg modtager og modtager atter og atter 1,000 æresbevisninger, og jeg er tilfreds med den hele verden her, med undtagelse af prinsen af Condé, som jeg dog kun ser i operaen og ved hoffet. Mine beskæftigelser ere at spise godt, sove godt og studere en smule, derimellem at passiare og le, samt se franske, spanske og italienske komedier. Med ét ord, jeg fordriver tiden såre behageligt, jeg er fri for at høre prædikener, jeg foragter alle prædikanter, undtagen Salomo, alt det øvrige er bare dumheder, etc.

Farvel, min vakre Ebba, tænk på Eders Kristina.»

English translation (my own):

From Hamburg, Queen Kristina traveled incognito again, wearing men's clothing with a sword at her side, through the less friendly district of Bremen. The city of Wolfenbüttel, which owned one of the largest and most famous libraries in Europe, had flattered itself that the learned and knowledgeable Queen, who was an excellent book connoisseuse, would have made her way there to visit the library there, but they deceived themselves.

Queen Kristina took the road via Münster, where she visited the Jesuit College there during a short stay; she made a bad impression on the fathers of the monastery there, however, by her boyish and rather free conversation, and despite the fact that she gave them 100 ducats for the common good of the monks, and despite the fact that she had spoken to them about her intention to convert to their faith.

From Münster, Queen Kristina went to the city of Deventer on the IJssel to visit the very learned Gronovius, who owned an excellent library. Although she arrived in the city quite late, she spent half the night inspecting the contents of the library and having a learned debate with the insightful host and philologist.

From Deventer, Kristina went to Antwerp and arrived there on August 5. Here she again assumed her real name and dress and gathered her entourage around her as the various people who had been left behind in Hamburg arrived there.

When it was rumoured that Queen Kristina had come to Antwerp, many notables and scholars who had previously visited her court in Stockholm came to pay her their respects. Emperor Ferdinand III sent Archduke Leopold Wilhelm and Field Marshal Montecuccoli to welcome her to Flanders.

Among those who came to pay their respects to Queen Kristina was also the French army commander, "le Grand Condé", as he was called, partly because he had previously corresponded with Queen Kristina, and partly because he was burning with curiosity to see "this woman who had so easily given up her crown" — the crown, he said, that the rest of us fight for and strive for all our lives, yet without ever achieving it.

Queen Kristina, who had previously felt a certain infatuation for Condé, was now also very excited to see him. However, when a dispute of etiquette arose at the audience, which the French-born Prince would not accept, the meeting ended in mutual disappointment, and from that day on Queen Kristina's praising talk of that brave hero, whom she had previously spoken of and written to in such flattering terms, was completely over.

Among the former acquaintances who came to Queen Kristina was the former French envoy in Stockholm, Monsieur Chanut, who was now French envoy in The Hague. Likewise, the learned Dutchman Vossius came to renew the former acquaintanceship, and he was once again entrusted with being Queen Kristina's librarian. The adventurer Dr. Bourdelot also reported for an audience with Queen Kristina, but received a somewhat chilly reception and was dismissed rather quickly, so that he probably had to exclaim: "Oh, how she's changed!"

At Queen Kristina's invitation, Don Pimentel soon arrived from Spain and remained at her court in Belgium, and he later accompanied her on her journey through Germany via Innsbruck to Rome.

When Don Pimentel now once again became Queen Kristina's indispensable and all-powerful favourite, both here in Belgium and earlier in Sweden, this intimate familiarity aroused some outrage both here and in earlier days in Sweden.

With regard to Queen Kristina's behaviour both in Hamburg and later on the journey, her bold and unfeminine appearance already began to arouse attention and give rise to the expression of displeasure among those who felt hurt. Queen Kristina's masculine appearance, boyish nature and unforced expressions in connection with the strong use of oaths aroused the greatest astonishment, just as she, with her penchant for satire, her exuberant disposition and her bold speech, did not always take people into account. Instead of considering that the royal purple no longer protected her, as she was now really only considered a private person, there was no difference in her actions and behaviour from before and now, and in the new circumstances it aroused even more attention.

When people in Sweden heard about the less than good impression she made abroad, it aroused much displeasure there. This, combined with what was previously known about her association with the Jesuits, increased the suspicion that she wanted to abandon the faith of her forefathers.

King Karl Gustav was so indebted to Queen Kristina that he was reluctant to act against her, as he wanted to keep his promise to her: not to speak out about or interfere in her affairs. However, King Karl Gustav could not and would not prevent the Estates of the Kingdom of Sweden from sending her, through a trusted Swedish man, a written admonition to return to Sweden and to the principles of her father Gustav Adolf; — but it was, of course, a voice in the wilderness.

For the rest, King Karl Gustav had no objection to Queen Kristina staying outside Sweden's borders; on the contrary, he could certainly see the danger and difficulty in having such a restless spirit within his country's territory. King Karl Gustav had, on his own initiative, written to the Kings of France and Spain, etc., asking them to welcome Queen Kristina when she came. In these letters, he had also written that he would consider all the attention they showed her as if it had been shown to himself. When Queen Kristina heard this, she was offended and said:

"I consider it superfluous to recommend myself, for I hope that my own merits and my good government will prepare me a suitable reception everywhere."

The stay in Antwerp was very pleasant for Queen Kristina, as it was a chain of parties, entertainments and artistic enjoyments. The curiosities of the city were visited, especially the precious collections of paintings and art. Queen Kristina amazed people with her genius, her learning and her unusual knowledge. She felt really satisfied, and when she knew how to win those she wanted to win, the satisfaction between her and the inhabitants of Antwerp was mutual; it was said that she occasionally exclaimed: "I would rather be margravine of Antwerp than queen of Sweden."

It happened in Antwerp — which happened before and after — that Queen Kristina, on leaving the evening service, forgot her book in the pew there; the Catholic priest who found the book and brought it to her half-opened it and saw at once that it was a Virgil. Queen Kristina received it with a warm smile, as if she were pleased that he had been able to see what prayer book she was using.

Despite the mutual goodwill between Queen Kristina and the inhabitants of Antwerp, she preferred to spend the winter in Brussels, where the stadtholder-regent's court was, and where there was a prospect of a fuller and more potent life for the spirited and lively young Queen.

However, it was not possible for Queen Kristina to stay in Brussels and enjoy the hospitality of the court there without first being of the same faith as the court where the most distinguished and ardent defender of Catholicism, the King of Spain, was ruler.

When Queen Kristina expressed her willingness to convert to Catholicism, King Philip IV of Spain ordered her to be received in Brussels in as solemn and magnificent a manner as possible.

The preparations that were now being made for this occasion, however, took longer than Queen Kristina could bear to wait; she therefore, in all her haste, made a four-day visit to Brussels at her own expense in order to have a reasonable overview of things in advance. Not long before Christmas all preparations were finally completed, and the Archduke himself came to Antwerp to ask Queen Kristina, on behalf of his King, to hold her entry into Brussels on December 23.

The same morning the Queen left Antwerp, accompanied by a large retinue; halfway from Brussels the Archduke met her with a splendid suite. A pavilion had been built where Queen Kristina could have dinner before she went on. Close by was a canal, on which the journey continued up the river in a magnificently equipped royal shallop, which was drawn by 12 horses against the current. The rest of the retinue was transported in other vessels. The riverbank was filled with crowded people who wanted to try to catch a glimpse of the strange Queen from the high North.

When darkness fell before the train reached Brussels, the sides of the canal were illuminated by torches and fireworks, so that it seemed as if the sun was about to rise again, so bright was it, and so brilliant did everything appear. It was not until 9 o'clock in the evening that Queen Kristina arrived at the city gate; above it her name was seen in a banner, surrounded by a laurel wreath and borne by angels, in addition to other ingenious and flattering inscriptions. Soldiers were lined up and fired salutes of honour for her when the shallop docked, and she stepped out of the ship and from there, at the Archduke's side, rode to the palace.

The houses were illuminated, and where the high guest was to set foot, the streets and staircases were covered with cloth. Brussels' magnificent Town Hall and its tower were adorned with banners, inscriptions, and more than 3,000 flares. An unusually large crowd of people thronged the streets, and fireworks could be seen and cannon shots heard from all sides. The churchbells rang throughout the city, and wherever she appeared there were enthusiastic cheers, so it was quite a reception to Queen Kristina's liking, for in addition to this festive entry, the palace where she stood had been renovated, with great taste and expense, for her use.

The day after arriving in Brussels, December 24, Queen Kristina, the daughter of the greatest hero of Protestantism, realised the thought that had been floating in her mind for a long time, namely her apostasy from the Lutheran doctrine and her acceptance of the Catholic faith.

However, since Queen Kristina was ashamed to give this religious act any public character, at least for the time being, it did not take place in her own apartments in the palace, but rather in all solemnity in the Archduke's bedchamber, in the presence of 6 male witnesses, namely the Archduke, the Imperial General Montecuccoli, Don Pimentel and three other Spanish gentlemen. In the aforementioned room, Queen Kristina abjured the faith of her fathers, adopted the Catholic faith, and promised on the salvation of her soul not to harbour any opinion that contradicted this doctrine.

Don Pimentel's confessor, Father Güemes, received her confession, received her into the Catholic Church, and on its behalf absolved her of her former errors. At the moment the confessor pronounced the absolution, cannon shots were fired from the ramparts of Brussels, at a given signal; this was, moreover, a ridiculous way of keeping the matter hidden when it was supposed to be secret, but this was not entirely the Catholics' intention.

The matter, of course, soon became known and became a common topic of conversation. The Protestants were outraged by Queen Kristina's step, while the Catholics rejoiced to the skies, but not for long, for they were soon forced to cool their tempers and to grin and bear it. If it is asked whether this Queen Kristina's conversion was sincere, then it is permissible to doubt it, as her abdication of the throne provoked it. The literary kingdom that she dreamed of in Italy could not be acquired without paying for it with a change of religion. What Paris was for King Henry IV, Rome was for Queen Kristina. She gave in and changed her faith at the desired moment, as if it had been written on a program.

For a long time she had shown very little fear of God; it was therefore a difficult miracle to believe that the stroke of grace, the conversion, should suddenly strike this eager student of Dr. Bourdelot.

As mentioned before, Queen Kristina's behaviour also belied her entire inner rebirth, as in Brussels, through her very unforced, highly unceremonious conduct and her boyishly free statements, reinforced by frequent use of common oaths, she drew more attention to herself than was desirable.

The highest ranking persons at the little Spanish court in Brussels, who were accustomed to the almost priestly conduct of their own Queen, regarded with astonishment and indignation the peculiar, free behaviour displayed by the Queen who had abdicated from the Swedish throne.

Catholicism was probably for Queen Kristina only a religion of joy and splendour, where the practice of church customs and submission to Orthodoxy brought forgiveness for and covered all failings. The Catholics soon noticed that Queen Kristina expressed a certain coolness towards her new faith, something that is otherwise so rare in a newly converted person, and moreover, her innermost thoughts were often glimpsed through her mocking statements.

When she was asked one day who was currently her spiritual director, she replied: "I don't have one, for I have left everything that is unnecessary behind me in Sweden."

During a visit she made to the Jesuits in Louvain, one of them wanted to pay her a civility, saying: "After the acceptance of our beatifying faith, Your Majesty will infallibly be placed among the saints next to Saint Birgitta of Sweden", to which Queen Kristina replied, interrupting him: "I would appreciate it more if I were placed among the wise."

Later, a book was published in Rome with the following title: "Relation of the Swedish Queen Kristina's Conversion to Catholicism".

Queen Kristina, who got the book in her hands, underlined the title and wrote in the margin next to it: "The one who wrote this book understands nothing of it, and the one who understands it (Kristina) has never written anything about it."

Because of Queen Kristina's high birth and her sympathy for Spanish interests, which Don Pimentel had instilled in her, she was shown the greatest attention by the Spanish King, when Queen Kristina had first renounced the faith of her fathers. Both she and her entire court were entertained in Brussels at the expense of the Spanish King for a whole month.

Brussels was all the time full of balls, plays, hunts, tournaments and meals. Her friend from the past, Don Pimentel, led these noisy celebrations. Although there was war between France and Spain, Cardinal Mazarin, who wanted to get on well with and honour Queen Kristina, had sent French actors from Paris who performed comedies in several languages.

Queen Kristina, for whom all this was staged, felt herself on cloud nine. To her former lady-in-waiting in Stockholm, the beautiful Lady Ebba Sparre — the only woman for whom Queen Kristina has ever shown true affection — and it was even mutual, — she wrote:

"I am doing very well, I receive and receive again and again 1,000 honours, and I am content with the whole world here, with the exception of the Prince de Condé, whom I only see at the opera and at court. My occupations are to eat well, sleep well and study a little, in between chattering and laughing, and to watch French, Spanish and Italian comedies. In a word, I pass the time very pleasantly. I am free from hearing sermons, I despise all preachers except Solomon, all the rest is just nonsense, etc.

Farewell, my beautiful Ebba, think of your Kristina."


Above: Kristina.