Wednesday, September 30, 2020

Kristina's letter to Prince Adolf Johan, dated April 13/23 (Old Style), 1661

Source:

Mémoires concernant Christine, volume 2, page 59, Johan Arckenholtz, 1751


The letter:

De Norköping le 13. d'Avril 1661.
Mon Cousin. Je serois au désespoir d'être cause que la fête, que vous préparez, fut troublée en ma considération, & puisque l'on souhaite que Vous la différiez, je Vous prie aussi de donner cette satisfaction à vos amis. Je serois ravie de pouvoir différer mon voiage jusques au mois de Mai: mais mes affaires ne me permettant pas de différer plus longtems mon départ, m'obligent d'une nécessité absoluë de me rendre au plûtôt à Hambourg. J'espére que vous recevrez mes excuses aussi bien que celles de ces Messieurs, & que Vous me permettrez de partir, sans vous causer autre incommodité que celle de vous dire adieu par une lettre, que je vous écrirai avant que de partir, pour vous assurer que je suis
Mon Cousin
Votre très-affectionnée & véritable
Amie & Cousine
CHRISTINE ALEXANDRA.

Je vous prie d'embrasser ma Cousine, la Princesse votre femme de ma part, pour l'assurer de tout tendresse de mon amitié.

Swedish translation (my own):

Från Norrköping den 13 april 1661.
Min Kusin,
Jag vore förtvivlad över att få festen som Ni förbereder att bli störd i min övervägande, och eftersom man vill att Ni skall skjuta upp den, ber jag Er också att ge denna tillfredsställelse till Era vänner. Jag skulle gärna kunna skjuta upp min resa till maj; men mina affärer, som inte tillåter mig att skjuta upp min avresa längre, tvingar mig att åka till Hamburg istället. Jag hoppas att Ni kommer att få min ursäkt såväl som de här herrarnas, och att Ni vill tillåta mig lämna, utan att orsaka Er några andra besvär än att säga Er farväl genom ett brev, som jag kommer att skriva till Er innan jag åker, för att försäkra Er att jag är
Min Kusin,
Er mycket tillgiven och sanna vän och kusine
Kristina Alexandra.

Vänligen kyss min kusine, Prinsessan Er maka, för mig, för att försäkra henne om all ömheten i min vänskap.

English translation (my own):

From Norrköping, April 13, 1661.
My Cousin,
I would be in despair to cause the feast that you are preparing to be disturbed in my consideration, and since it is desired that you postpone it, I beg you also to give this satisfaction to your friends. I would be delighted to be able to postpone my trip until May; but my affairs, not allowing me to postpone my departure any longer, oblige me to go to Hamburg instead. I hope that you will receive my apologies as well as those of these gentlemen, and that you will allow me to leave without causing you any inconvenience other than that of saying goodbye to you via a letter which I will write to you before I leave, to assure you that I am,
My Cousin,
Your very affectionate and true friend and cousin
Kristina Alexandra.

Please kiss my cousin, the Princess your wife, for me, to assure her of all the tenderness of my friendship.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Adolf Johan.


Above: His second wife, Elsa Elisabeth Brahe.

Kristina's letter to Seved Bååth, dated May 16/26 (Old Style), 1661

Source:

Mémoires concernant Christine, volume 2, page 58, Johan Arckenholtz, 1751


The letter:

Monsieur Bååt. Je viens de parler au Comte Gualdo qui m'a fait le récit des conférences qu'il a euës avec ceux de la Régence pour l'affaire qui vous est connuë. Je suis très-satisfaite de la réponse que l'on m'a donnée. Et quoique raisonnablement j'en pourrois espérer une meilleure, je ne me plains pas. Je vous prie de demander un passeport à la Régence pour l'homme que vous savez, afin qu'il puisse passer sans crainte. Je l'envoïerai aussi-tôt que je l'aurai reçu, & je partirai moi-même dans peu de jours. Je vous prie, hâtez-vous de vous rendre ici au plûtôt, afin que je puisse vous parler avant mon départ, & apportez-moi de l'argent pour mon voïage; car aussitôt que j'en aurai, je partirai sans attendre une heure. Je desire fort de vous voir avant que de partir. Adieu. Norköping ce 16 Mai 1661.
CHRISTINE ALEXANDRA.

Swedish translation (my own):

Herr Bååth,
Jag har just nu talat med greve Gualdo, som berättade för mig om de konferenser han hade med förmyndarna om den affär som Ni känner till. Jag är mycket nöjd med det gensvar jag fått. Och även om jag rimligen kunde hoppas på en bättre, så klagar jag inte. Jag ber Er att be regeringen om ett pass för mannen Ni känner, så att han kan passera utan rädsla. Jag skickar den så fort jag har fått den, och jag kommer att lämna mig själv om några dagar. Jag ber Er, skynda Er att komma hit så snart som möjligt så att jag kan tala med Er innan min avresa; och ta med mig pengar för min resa, för så fort jag har några, går jag utan att vänta en timme. Jag vill innerligen se Er innan jag reser. Farväl. Norrköping, den 16 maj 1661.
Kristina Alexandra.

English translation (my own):

Lord Bååth,
I have just spoken to Count Gualdo, who told me about the conferences he had with the men of the regency on the affair which is known to you. I am very satisfied with the response given to me. And although I could reasonably hope for a better one, I do not complain. I beg you to ask the regency for a passport for the man you know, so that he can pass without fear. I will send it as soon as I receive it, and I will be leaving myself in a few days. I beg you, make haste to get here as soon as possible so that I can speak to you before my departure; and bring me money for my trip, because as soon as I have some, I will leave without waiting an hour. I greatly desire to see you before I depart. Farewell. Norrköping, May 16, 1661.
Kristina Alexandra.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Count Galleazzo Gualdo Priorato.


Above: Governor General Seved Bååt.

Kristina's letter to Seved Bååth, dated March 7/17 (Old Style), 1661

Sources:

Mémoires concernant Christine, volume 2, page 55, Johan Arckenholtz, 1751


The History of Christina: Queen of Sweden, page 209, Jacques Lacombe, 1766


Christina of Sweden, page 212, by Ida Ashworth Taylor, 1909


The Sibyl of the North: The Tale of Christina, Queen of Sweden, page 193, by Faith Compton Mackenzie, 1931


The letter:

Monsieur Bååt. Je suis étonnée du procédé de la Cour, & sachant que j'ai mérité quelque chose de plus doux & le plus civil, je fais un dernier effort pour adoucir la bizarrerie de mes ennemis. Emploïez-vous, auprès du Sénat & faites-le souvenir que s'il m'arrive un affront, la honte en sera pour le Roi & pour l'Etat plus que pour moi. Si les Ministres étrangers n'avoient aucun privilége, je ne me plaindrois pas, mais que je sois traitée plus mal que le plus petit Ministre étranger, c'est ce qui répugne à la Raison, au Droit des Gens & à toutes les Loix divines & humaines. Je ne puis ni ne veux m'opposer à la violence que par des priéres, mais enfin faites-les souvenir de leur propre honneur, & qu'ils se souviennent que quelque malheureuse que je sois, je ne puis jamais devenir leur sujette. Je leur abandonne mon bien & ma vie, & ne demande autre grace, que de pouvoir sortir de Suède sans voir blesser mon honneur & violer le Droit des Gens, qui doit être si sacré envers les personnes de ma condition. Qu'ils m'ôtent plûtôt la vie à moi & à mes gens, & qu'ils se souviennent que la mort me sera moins rigoureuse que le deshonneur & l'affront qu'ils me feront en violant le Droit des Gens en ma personne ou en celles de mes domestiques. Je suis plus criminelle que mes pauvres domestiques, & vous verrez, que je hazarderai la vie pour eux, en conservant ma religion. Que fais-je autre chose que de confirmer tous les jours ce que j'ai promis aux Etats de n'avoir jamais aucune prétention ni espérance à l'avenir, puisqu'il suffit de professer la Religion Catholique pour n'avoir plus rien à espérer en Suède. Au nom de Dieu empêchez que la Nation Suédoise ne se rende abominable par une action si indigne que de manquer de respect à une Princesse qui ne l'a pas méritée. Mais au nom de Dieu hâtez-vous de remettre mon argent, afin que je puisse sortir au plûtôt de ce païs, où je suis si cruellement persécutée; car je vous assure, que si mon argent étoit remis, je ne demeurerois pas une heure en ce lieu, & que j'aimerois mieux mourir misérable ailleurs, que de vivre en Suède sujette à recevoir tous les jours des affronts. J'attendrai vos réponses, & si l'on viole tous droits divins & humains, enfin si l'on oublie ce que l'on me doit, je souffrirai cet affront avec tant de constance, que j'en tirerai de la gloire pour moi & de la honte pour eux, qui sera suivie d'un repentir, qui peut-être leur prendra trop-tôt, & je m'assure que les Etats mêmes, qui ont permis aux Ministres étrangers ce que l'on me dispute à moi, trouveront étranges les procédures de la Régence, & auront peut-être quelque compassion de me voir maltraité[e] contre la raison & le droit des gens, qui sont plus anciens que vos loix, qui vous causeront mille malheurs, que vous ne prévoïez pas à présent, & que le tems vous fera voir, puisqu'elles ne vont qu'à empêcher la grandeur & la prospérité de la Suède. Je souhaiterois de pouvoir la garantir de tous ces malheurs au prix de mon sang & de ma vie. Si vous aimez mon service & mon contentement, tâchez de disposer mes affaires de façon, que je puisse sortir au plûtôt d'ici, car je vous jure sur mon honneur, que dès qu'elles seront rangées je n'y resterai pas une heure.
CHRISTINE ALEXANDRA.
Norköping le 7/17
Mars 1661.

Swedish translation (my own):

Herr Bååth,
Jag är förvånad över hovets uppträdande, och med vetskapen om att jag har förtjänat något sötare och mer civiliserat, gör jag en sista ansträngning för att mildra mina fienders konstigheter. Arbeta med Rådet och påminn dem om att om en förolämpning skulle hända mig, kommer skammen att vara för konungen och för staten mer än för mig. Om utrikesministrarna inte hade några privilegier skulle jag inte klaga, men att jag blev behandlad sämre än den minsta utrikesministern, det är detta som stöter bort förnuftet, nationernas rättigheter och alla gudomliga och mänskliga lagar. Jag kan och kommer inte att motsätta mig våld annat än genom böner, men slutligen få dem att minnas sin egen ära, och få dem att minnas att hur olycklig jag än är, så kan jag aldrig bli deras undersåtarinna. Jag överlämnar min egendom och mitt liv till dem, och ber ingen annan nåd än att få lämna Sverige utan att se min heder skadad och mänskliga rättigheter kränkta, som måste vara så heliga mot människor i mitt tillstånd. Må de hellre ta livet från mig än från mitt folk, må de komma ihåg att döden kommer att vara mindre sträng för mig än den vanära och den kränkning som de kommer att göra mig genom att kränka människors rättigheter i min person eller mina tjänares rättigheter. Jag är mer kriminell än mina stackars tjänare, och Ni kommer att se att jag kommer att riskera mitt liv för dem och behålla min religion. Vad gör jag annat än att varje dag bekräfta det jag har lovat Ständerna att aldrig ha någon pretention eller framtidshopp, eftersom det räcker med att bekänna den katolska religionen för att inte ha något mer att hoppas på i Sverige. I Guds namn, hindra den svenska nationen från att göra sig själv avskyvärd genom en handling så ovärdig att det respekterar en prinsessa som inte har förtjänat det. Men skynda i Guds namn att lämna över mina pengar så att jag istället kan komma ut ur detta land, där jag är så grymt förföljd; ty jag försäkrar Er att om mina pengar återlämnades, så skulle jag inte stanna en timme på denna plats, och att jag hellre skulle dö olycklig någon annanstans än att leva i Sverige med förolämpningar varje dag. Jag kommer att vänta på Era svar, och om alla gudomliga och mänskliga rättigheter kränks, enfin om det som är skyldigt mig glöms bort, kommer jag att utstå denna förolämpning med så mycket konstant att jag kommer att dra ära av den för mig och skam för dem, som kommer att följas av omvändelse, som kanske kommer att ta dem för tidigt, och jag ser till att just de ständer som har tillåtit utrikesministrar denna tvist om mig, kommer att tycka att regentskapets tillvägagångssätt är konstigt och kanske kommer att ha lite medlidande att se mig misshandlade mot förnuft och mänskliga rättigheter, som är äldre än Era lagar, som kommer att orsaka Er tusen olyckor, som Ni inte förutser i nuet, och som tiden kommer att visa Er, eftersom de bara kommer att förhindra Sveriges storhet och välstånd. Jag önskar att jag kunde garantera henne från alla dessa olyckor på bekostnad av mitt blod och mitt liv. Om du älskar min tjänst och min belåtenhet, försök ordna mina angelägenheter så att jag kan ta mig härifrån istället, ty jag svär Er på min ära att så snart de är i ordning, så stannar jag inte där en timme.
Kristina Alexandra.
Norrköping, den 7/17 mars 1661.

Partial English translation (by Lacombe):

The proceedings of the court of Sweden astonish me! Well assured that I have merited civiller treatment, I make this last effort to soften the disposition of my inveterate enemies — If the ministers of foreign princes did not enjoy this very privilege, I should not complain; but to be treated with greater indignity than the most insignificant envoy, is a rebellion against reason, as it wounds the rights of mankind, and is repugnant to all laws divine and human — In the name of God, do not suffer my country to become an abomination to the earth, by the guile of so shameful an action! and prevent an instance of such unexampled disrespect to a princess who never deserved it — Since to profess the same faith with people on the other side the mountain, is an objection sufficient to destroy all hope of succession in Sweden, what could I do more to satisfy the states than give them a confirmation of relinquishing all future pretensions to the crown? Endeavour to dispose my affairs in a manner that may allow me to depart with all possible expedition; when they are settled, I will not remain a moment longer in this place.

English translation (my own):

Lord Bååth,
I am amazed at the Court's conduct, and knowing that I have deserved something sweeter and more civil, I make a last effort to soften the strangeness of my enemies. Work with the Senate, and remind them that if an affront should happen to me, the shame will be for the King and for the State more than for me. If the foreign ministers had no privileges, I wouldn't complain, but that I was treated worse than the smallest foreign minister, this is what repels reason, the rights of nations and all divine and human laws. I cannot and will not oppose violence except by prayers, but finally make them remember their own honour, and make them remember that however unhappy I am, I can never become their subject. I surrender my property and my life to them, and ask no other grace than to be able to leave Sweden without seeing my honour injured and human rights violated, which must be so sacred towards people of my condition. May they rather take the life from me than from my people, may they remember that death will be less rigourous to me than the dishonour and the affront that they will make me by violating the rights of the people in my person or those of my servants. I am more criminal than my poor servants, and you will see that I will risk my life for them, keeping my religion. What am I doing other than confirming every day what I have promised to the Estates never to have any pretension or hope for the future, since it is enough to profess the Catholic religion to have nothing more to hope for in Sweden. In the name of God, prevent the Swedish nation from making herself abominable by an action so unworthy as to disrespect a princess who has not deserved it. But in the name of God, hurry to hand over my money so that I can instead get out of this country, where I am so cruelly persecuted; because I assure you that if my money were returned, I would not remain an hour in this place, and that I would rather die miserable elsewhere than to live in Sweden subject to receiving insults every day. I will wait for your answers, and if all divine and human rights are violated, enfin if what is owed me is forgotten, I will suffer this affront with so much constancy that I will draw glory from it for me and shame for them, which will be followed by repentance, which perhaps will take them too soon, and I make sure that the very Estates which have allowed foreign ministers this dispute on me, will find the procedures of the regency strange, and will perhaps have some compassion to see me mistreated against reason and human rights, which are older than your laws, which will cause you a thousand misfortunes, which you do not foresee in present, and which time will show you, since they will only prevent the greatness and prosperity of Sweden. I wish I could guarantee her from all these misfortunes at the cost of my blood and my life. If you love my service and my contentment, try to arrange my affairs so that I can get out of here instead, for I swear to you on my honour that as soon as they are in order, I will not stay there for an hour.
Kristina Alexandra.
Norrköping, March 7/17, 1661.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Governor General Seved Bååt.

Saturday, September 26, 2020

Kristina's signed open letter, dated November 24, 1653

Source:




The letter:

Wij Christina medh Gudz nåde, Sweriges Göthes och Wändes Drottningh, Stoorfurstinna till Finlandh, Hertiginna uthi Estlandh, Carelen, Brehmen, Wehrden Stetin, Pomeren Caßuben och Wenden, Furstinna till Rüghen, Frw öfwer Jngermannelandh och Wißmar, Giöre witterligen att effter som Wår troo tienare Ehrligh och Wällachtadt Peder Larßon hafwer på ehn rund tijdh låtit sigh bruka i Wår Kongl Hoff för ehn Jndiupare och der uthinnan giordt goda prooff och intet låtit feela at giöre Wår tienst och sin skÿldigheet at nöija; Tÿ haffwe wij aff gunst och Nådhe, så och uthi anseende till hans långlige tienst tilbretroodh och förordnadt, som wij här medh, och i Krafft af dette Wårt öpne breff tilbetroo och förordne mehrbe:te Peder Larßon till Wår Hoffprowiantzmästare, och skall han näst den Huldheet och trooheet, medh hwilken Oß i gemeen han ähr bebunden, weele denne ehn Kannerliga wara sin plicht att wäl Conservera och bewara den provision som honom warder under händer gifwen, och trooligen dher medh umgåå, så att intet der aff försnilles, eller genom oachtsamheet fördärfwes; han skall och effter undfångne medhell till dhe provisioners indiup som dageligen till Wårt Kiök behöfwes medh all flijt tilhålla inköparne som under hans hand ähre, att dhe sådane pertzedler inköpa som goda och ostraffelige ähro, Och så Wij som alla Wåre bekiente, dhe dher uthur Wårt Kiök sin Spijßningh haffwa skole kunna wara benögda medhafwandes på dem noge inseende, att dhe alt för at billigt prijß upföra, och att Skaffaren intet uthgifwer, uthan hwadh honom aff sigh och androm som wederböre blifwer befallat och föreskrifwit. Rättandes sigh uthi alt det öfrige som denne hans tienst honom till obligerar effter HoffJntendantens Ordre och den Jnstruction honom här brede wijdh gifwähr, och sigh der uthinnan förefällandes, som han det för Gudh, Oß och hwar redeligh Man, trÿggeligen will och kan answara när påfordradt ward[...] Och på det han detta sitt Embete så mÿcket bättre må kunna förestå och förrätta, Tÿ beståå Wij honom till åhrligh löön och underhåld Sex hundradhe Dahl. SulfwerMÿnt, uthaff dhe anordningar som till Wår Hoff Stat deputerade ähro eller blifwa. Der alle som detta wijdkommer werte sigh tilbörligen att effterrätta. Till ÿttermehra wißo hafwe Wij detta medh egen hand underskrifwit och Wårt Secret bekräffta låtit. Giffwit på Wårt Slott Wpsala den 24 Novemb. A.o 1653.
Christina.
(Locus Sigilli:)


Above: Kristina.

Thursday, September 24, 2020

Letter excerpt from Mahmut, "a Turkish spy", to Bassa Afis reporting Kristina's illness, Lennart Torstensson being made a count, and on Pierre Hector Chanut getting into an argument with Kristina's secretary of State, dated January 28/February 7 (New Style), 1647 (APOCRYPHAL; FABRICATION BY GIOVANNI PAOLO MARANA)

Sources:

L'espion dans les cours des princes chrétiens, volume 3, pages 28 to 30 (Lettre VI), by Giovanni Paolo Marana, 1739 (Erasme Kinkius edition); original at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign


Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy: Who lived Five and forty Years, Undiscovered, at Paris, volume 3, pages 218 to 220 (Book II, Letter XXII), by Giovanni Paolo Marana, translated by William Bradshaw, 1687 (1691 edition); scan in the collections Early English Books, 1641-1700; Books In Microfilm; and Microfilm, via the Internet Archive


The Eight Volumes of Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy: Who Liv'd Five and Forty Years Undiscover'd at Paris, volume 3, page 173 (Letter XXII), by Giovanni Paolo Marana, 1748 (twelfth edition); original at Harvard University


The letter excerpt (in French translation, Kinkius edition, 1739):

... LEs dépêches venues depuis peu à cette Cour, & de cette Cour à celle de Suede, contiennent plûtôt des matieres à complimens, que des affaires importantes. La Reine Christine a été fort mal, ce qui a donné lieu à la Reine Regente de France d'écrire des lettres de condoléance.

Celles qui viennent de Suede, disent que le Général Torstenson a été fait Comte, & qu'en recompense des grands services qu'il a rendus à la Couronne, cette dignité passera jusqu'à ses descendans.

Ces mêmes lettres ajoûtent qu'il y a eu de grosses paroles entre Monsieur Chanut, & le Secretaire d'Etat de Suede; & que le dernier en sortant de la Chambre où ils se disputoient, mit la main sur son épée, & dit ces mots à Monsieur Chanut: «Si le droit des gens ne mettoit pas votre personnes à couvert, je vous répondrois en une autre langue.» Monsieur Chanut répondit à cela: qu'il portoit une épée pour s'en défendre, & pour défendre son honneur aussi-bien qu'aucun Suedois.

Le sujet du démêlé étoit, que trop d'étrangers Catholiques Romains alloient à la Chapelle de Monsieur Chanut; que cela déplaisoit aux Suedois, qui ne permettoient pas dans le Royaume l'exercice de la Religion Romaine. On coupe les génitoires à tous les Prêtres qu'on peut attraper, & l'on inflige de rigoureuses peines aux particuliers. Monsieur Chanut soutint le droit des gens; & après que le Secretaire lui eût dit, que la Reine permettoit à lui & à sa maison l'exercice de leur Religion; mais qu'elle le prioit de ne recevoir dans sa Chapelle aucune autre personne de quelque nation qu'elle fût; ce Ministre répondit: Qu'il ne pouvoit recevoir de sa Majesté la liberté d'exercer sa Religion comme une faveur, ou comme une permission, puisqu'il la tenoit seulement du Roi de France son Maître, qui l'avoit envoyé en Suede; & qu'il ne fermeroit point la porte de sa Chapelle à ceux qui y viendroient. Que leur Loi, qui selon leur supputation, avoit été fait plus de deux cens ans après la fondation de leur Etat, ne pouvoit point abroger le droit des gens, qui est éternel: Que cette Loi particuliere accordoit des privileges particuliers à certaines gens, & sur tout aux Ministres des Princes étrangers: Que leur nouvelle Loi, telle qu'elle étoit, n'ayant été faite que pour maintenir le Service public, ne regardoit en aucune façon ce qui se faisoit chez un Ministre étranger par un privilege special: & qu'il n'étoit d'aucune consequence à l'Etat, que ces étrangers servent Dieu, ou ne le servent pas, ou qu'ils le servent bien ou mal: Qu'il ne venoit aucun Suedois à sa Chapelle, mais seulement quelques François demeurans dans le pays: Qu'en France on ne traitoit pas ainsi les Ambassadeurs de Suede, qui recevoient dans leur Chapelle ceux qu'ils vouloient. Que la Maison où il demeuroit apartenoit au Roi de France; & que par consequent il n'en pouvoit refuser l'entrée à aucuns Catholiques, & principalement à ceux qui étoient nés sujets du Roi son Maître: Et qu'enfin il étoit fort dur de l'obliger d'être l'exécuteur de cette rigoureuse Loi, en le contraignant, contre les loix d'hospitalité, contre l'honneur d'un Ministre public, & contre la volonté de son Souverain, à fermer ses portes à ses compatriotes.

Le Secretaire répondit à cela d'une maniere trop picquante. Ils s'échaufferent sur cela, & l'Ambassadeur François résolu de maintenir son privilege, le Secretaire éclata avec emportement, de la maniere que j'ai déja dit, & mit la main sur son épée en sortant de la chambre.

Les Suedois ont le défaut des peuples des autres pays Septentrionaux de l'Europe; c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont de leur naturel brusques & offensans. La civilité & les manieres honnêtes & obligeantes des François, sont des choses qu'ils ne connoissent point. La Reine cependant, ayant apris la chose, ne fut pas contente de son Ministre, & fit des excuses à Monsieur Chanut, en lui disant: que le Secretaire étoit un serviteur fidéle, mais qu'il avoit été élevé dans les bois avec les Ours.

With modernised spelling:

... Les dépêches venues depuis peu à cette cour, et de cette cour à celle de Suède, contiennent plutôt des matières à compliments que des affaires importantes. La reine Christine a été fort mal, ce qui a donné lieu à la reine-régente de France d'écrire des lettres de condoléance.

Celles qui viennent de Suède disent que le général Torstensson a été fait comte et qu'en recompense des grands services qu'il a rendus à la Couronne, cette dignité passera jusqu'à ses descendants.

Ces mêmes lettres ajoutent qu'il y a eu de grosses paroles entre Monsieur Chanut et le secrétaire d'État de Suède et que le dernier, en sortant de la chambre où ils se disputaient, mit la main sur son épée et dit ces mots à Monsieur Chanut: «Si le droit des gens ne mettait pas votre personne à couvert, je vous répondrais en une autre langue.»

Monsieur Chanut répondit à cela qu'il portait une épée pour s'en défendre, et pour défendre son honneur aussi bien qu'aucun Suédois.

Le sujet du démêlé était que trop d'étrangers catholiques romains allaient à la chapelle de Monsieur Chanut; que cela déplaisait aux Suédois, qui ne permettaient pas dans le royaume l'exercice de la religion romaine. On coupe les génitoires à tous les prêtres qu'on peut attraper, et l'on inflige de rigoureuses peines aux particuliers.

Monsieur Chanut soutint le droit des gens; et, après que le secrétaire lui eut dit que la reine permettait à lui et à sa maison l'exercice de leur religion, mais qu'elle le priait de ne recevoir dans sa chapelle aucune autre personne de quelque nation qu'elle fût, ce ministre répondit qu'il ne pouvait recevoir de Sa Majesté la liberté d'exercer sa religion comme une faveur ou comme une permission, puisqu'il la tenait seulement du roi de France, son maître, qui l'avait envoyé en Suède; et qu'il ne fermerait point la porte de sa chapelle à ceux qui y viendraient.

Que leur loi, qui, selon leur supputation, avait été fait plus de deux cens ans après la fondation de leur État, ne pouvait point abroger le droit des gens, qui est éternel; que cette loi particulière accordait des privilèges particuliers à certaines gens, et surtout aux ministres des princes étrangers. Que leur nouvelle loi, telle qu'elle était, n'ayant été faite que pour maintenir le service public, ne regardait en aucune façon ce qui se faisait chez un ministre étranger par un privilège spécial, et qu'il n'était d'aucune conséquence à l'État que ces étrangers servent Dieu ou ne le servent pas, ou qu'ils le servent bien ou mal.

Qu'il ne venait aucun Suédois à sa chapelle, mais seulement quelques Français demeurants dans le pays; qu'en France on ne traitait pas ainsi les ambassadeurs de Suède, qui recevaient dans leur chapelle ceux qu'ils voulaient. Que la maison où il demeurait appartenait au roi de France et que, par conséquent, il n'en pouvait refuser l'entrée à aucuns catholiques, et principalement à ceux qui étaient nés sujets du roi son maître; et qu'enfin il était fort dur de l'obliger d'être l'exécuteur de cette rigoureuse loi, en le contraignant, contre les lois d'hospitalité, contre l'honneur d'un ministre public et contre la volonté de son souverain, à fermer ses portes à ses compatriotes.

Le secrétaire répondit à cela d'une manière trop piquante. Ils s'échauffèrent sur cela; et, l'ambassadeur français résolu de maintenir son privilège, le secrétaire éclata avec emportement, de la manière que j'ai déjà dit, et mit la main sur son épée en sortant de la chambre.

Les Suédois ont le défaut des peuples des autres pays septentrionaux de l'Europe; c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont de leur naturel brusques et offensants. La civilité et les manières honnêtes et obligeantes des Français sont des choses qu'ils ne connaissent point. La reine, cependant, ayant appris la chose, ne fut pas contente de son ministre et fit des excuses à Monsieur Chanut en lui disant que le secrétaire était un serviteur fidèle, mais qu'il avait été élevé dans les bois avec les ours.

Swedish translation (my own):

... De depescher som nyligen kommit till detta hov, och från detta hov till Sveriges, innehåller mer material för komplimanger än viktiga ärenden. Drottning Kristina har varit mycket sjuk, vilket har föranlett Frankrikes drottningregentinna att skriva kondoleansbrev.

De som kommer från Sverige säger att general Torstensson har blivit greve och att denna värdighet, som belöning för de stora tjänster han utförde Kronan, skall gå vidare till hans ättlingar.

Samma brev tillägger att det förekom ett hetsigt gräl mellan monsieur Chanut och den svenske statssekreteraren, och att den senare, när han lämnade rummet där de hade grälat, drog sitt svärd och sade till monsieur Chanut: »Om folkrätten inte skyddade Er person, skulle jag svara Er på ett annat språk.«

Monsieur Chanut svarade att han bar ett svärd för att försvara sig själv och sin heder så bra som vilken svensk som helst.

Orsaken till grälet var att alltför många romersk-katolska utlänningar gick till monsieur Chanuts kapell; detta misshagade svenskarna, som inte tillät utövandet av den romerska religionen i sitt rike. Könen på alla präster som kunde gripas avskars, och svåra straff utdömdes för privatpersoner.

Monsieur Chanut försvarade folkrätten; och efter att sekreteraren hade sagt till honom att drottningen tillät honom och hans hushåll att utöva sin religion, men att hon bad honom att inte ta emot någon annan person i sitt kapell, oavsett vilken nation de än var, svarade denne minister att han inte kunde få friheten att utöva sin religion från Hennes Majestät som en tjänst eller som ett tillstånd, eftersom han endast hade den från Frankrikes konung, sin herre, som hade sänt honom till Sverige; och att han inte skulle stänga dörren till sitt kapell för dem som ville komma dit.

Att deras lag, som enligt deras påstående hade stiftats mer än tvåhundra år efter grundandet av deras stat, inte kunde upphäva folkrätten, som är evig; att just denna lag gav särskilda privilegier till vissa personer, och särskilt till utländska furstars ministrar. Att deras nya lag, som den lydde, hade stiftats endast för att upprätthålla offentlig tjänst, inte på något sätt berörde vad som gjordes av en utrikesminister under ett särskilt privilegium, och att det inte var av någon betydelse för staten huruvida dessa utlänningar tjänade Gud eller inte, eller om de tjänade honom väl eller dåligt.

Att inga svenskar kom till hans kapell, utan endast ett fåtal fransmän som bodde i landet; att i Frankrike behandlades inte Sveriges ambassadörer på detta sätt, utan tog emot vem de ville i sitt kapell. Att huset där han bodde tillhörde Frankrikes konung och att han följaktligen inte kunde vägra inträde för några katoliker, och särskilt inte för dem som var födda undersåtar till konungen, hans herre; och att det slutligen var mycket svårt att tvinga honom att verkställa denna stränga lag, som tvingade honom att, mot gästfrihetslagarna, mot en offentlig ministers heder och mot sin suveräns vilja, stänga sina dörrar för sina landsmän.

Sekreteraren svarade på detta på ett alltför pikant sätt. De blev upprörda över det; och eftersom den franske ambassadören var fast besluten att behålla sitt privilegium, blev sekreteraren rasande på det sätt jag redan har berättat om och satte handen på sitt svärd när han lämnade rummet.

Svenskarna delar felet med folken i de andra nordeuropeiska länderna; det vill säga, de är till sin natur bryska och kränkande. Fransmännens artighet och ärliga och förpliktande maner är något de inte känner till. Drottningen, som emellertid fick veta detta, var inte nöjd med sin minister och bad monsieur Chanut om ursäkt, sägande att sekreteraren var en trogen tjänare, men att han hade uppfostrats i skogen med björnarna. ...

English translation (by Bradshaw):

SEveral Dispatches have been lately sent between this Court and that of Suedeland; containing rather Matter of Compliment, than any Things of Great Importance. Queen Christina has been very Ill, which has occasion'd Letters of Condoleance from the Queen-Regent of France.

Those which come from that Part say, That General Torstenson is made a Count, and the Dignity entail'd to his Posterity, in Recompense to his Eminent Services to the Suedish Crown.

These Letters add, That there have pass'd some high Words, between Monsieur Chanut, and the Suedish Secretary of State. And, that the latter, in going out of the Chamber where they discoursed, laid his Hand upon his Sword, with these Words; "Monsieur Chanut, Were it not for the Fence which the Law of Nations has raised about your Person, I would answer you in another Language." To which Monsieur Chanut replied, That he wore a Sword to defend himself and his Private Honour, as well as any Suede in the Kingdom.

The Occasion of this Quarrel was, the great Resort of Roman Catholick Strangers to Monsieur Chanut's Chappel, which gave disgust to the Suedes, who allow not the Exercise of the Roman Religion within their Territories. They castrate all the Priests of that Communion, whom they find; and prosecute the Laity with rigorous Penalties. But, Monsieur Chanut pleaded the Law of Nations: And, when the Secretary told him, That the Queen permitted him and his Family the Liberty of their Religion, but desired him not to admit any other Persons of what Nations soever; This Minister replied, That he could not receive as a Favour or Permission from her Majesty, the Liberty of Exercising his Religion; since, he held it only of his Master, the King of France, who had sent him thither, and, that he would not shut the Door of his Chappel, against any that would come in: That their Law, which according to their own Calcule, was made above Two Thousand Years after the Foundation of their Estate, could not abrogate the Law of Nations, which is Eternal: That this Perpetual Law, gave particular Privileges to certain Persons, and especially to the Ministers of Foreign Princes: That their New Law, such as it was, being only made to maintain the Publick Worship, respected not what was done in the House of a Foreign Minister, by a Special Privilege; it being of no Consequence to the State, whether such Foreigners served God or not, or whether they worshipped Him in a Right or Wrong Way: That no Suede came to his Chappel, but only some French who were Sojourners in the Land: That they did not use the Suedish Ambassadors so in France, who admitted whom they pleased into their Chappels. That the House where he now dwelt, was the House of the King of France, and that therefore, he could not by Consequence refuse any Catholicks an Entrance into it, especially such as were born Subjects of his Master: And, in Fine, That it was very Rude, to oblige him to be the Executioner of this severe Law, in requiring him to shut his Doors upon his Countrymen, against the Common Laws of Hospitality, the Honour of a Publick Minister, and the Pleasure of the King his Sovereign.

To this the Secretary made something too tart a Reply. Whereupon, Words increasing between them, and the French Ambassador being resolute to assert his Privilege, the Secretary broke out into a Passion, as I have before mention'd, laying his Hand upon his Sword, as he was leaving the Room.

The Suedes, are Naturally a rugged, surly People, as are all the Northern Europeans. They are Strangers to Civility, and the Gentile Address of the French. Yet, the Queen, when she heard of this Passage, was angry with her Minister, and excused his Rudeness to Monsieur Chanut; telling him, That the Secretary was a Faithful Servant, but had been educated among the Bears of the Forest. ...
Paris, 7th. of the 2d. Moon,
of the Year 1647.

With modernised spelling:

Several dispatches have been lately sent between this court and that of Swedeland, containing rather matter of compliment than any things of great importance. Queen Kristina has been very ill, which has occasioned letters of condolence from the Queen Regent of France.

Those which come from that part say that General Torstensson is made a count and the dignity entailed to his posterity, in recompense to his eminent services to the Swedish Crown.

These letters add that there have passed some high words between Monsieur Chanut and the Swedish secretary of State and that the latter, in going out of the chamber where they discoursed, laid his hand upon his sword with these words: "Monsieur Chanut, were it not for the fence which the law of nations has raised about your person, I would answer you in another language."

To which Monsieur Chanut replied that he wore a sword to defend himself and his private honour as well as any Swede in the kingdom.

The occasion of this quarrel was the great resort of Roman Catholic strangers to Monsieur Chanut's chapel, which gave disgust to the Swedes, who allow not the exercise of the Roman religion within their territories. They castrate all the priests of that communion whom they find and prosecute the laity with rigorous penalties.

But Monsieur Chanut pleaded the law of nations; and, when the secretary told him that the Queen permitted him and his family the liberty of their religion, but desired him not to admit any other persons of what nations soever, this minister replied that he could not receive as a favour or permission from Her Majesty the liberty of exercising his religion since he held it only of his master the King of France, who had sent him thither, and that he would not shut the door of his chapel against any that would come in.

That their law, which, according to their own calcule, was made above two thousand years after the foundation of their estate, could not abrogate the law of nations, which is eternal; that this perpetual law gave particular privileges to certain persons, and especially to the ministers of foreign princes. That their new law, such as it was, being only made to maintain the public worship, respected not what was done in the house of a foreign minister by a special privilege, it being of no consequence to the State whether such foreigners served God or not, or whether they worshipped Him in a right or wrong way.

That no Swede came to his chapel, but only some French who were sojourners in the land; that they did not use the Swedish ambassadors so in France, who admitted whom they pleased into their chapels. That the house where he now dwelt was the house of the King of France and that therefore he could not by consequence refuse any Catholics an entrance into it, especially such as were born subjects of his master; and, in fine, that it was very rude to oblige him to be the executioner of this severe law in requiring him to shut his doors upon his countrymen, against the common laws of hospitality, the honour of a public minister, and the pleasure of the King, his sovereign.

To this the secretary made something too tart a reply; whereupon, words increasing between them, and the French ambassador being resolute to assert his privilege, the secretary broke out into a passion, as I have before mentioned, laying his hand upon his sword as he was leaving the room.

The Swedes are naturally a rugged, surly people, as are all the northern Europeans. They are strangers to civility and the genteel address of the French. Yet the Queen, when she heard of this passage, was angry with her minister and excused his rudeness to Monsieur Chanut, telling him that the secretary was a faithful servant, but had been educated among the bears of the forest. ...
Paris, 7th of the second moon, of the year 1647.

The 1748 version of Bradshaw's translation:

Queen Christina has been very ill, which has occasion'd Letters of Condolance from the Queen Regent of France.

English translation (my own):

The dispatches that have recently come to this court, and from this court to that of Sweden, contain more material for compliments than important matters. Queen Kristina has been very ill, which has prompted the Queen Regent of France to write letters of condolence.

Those which come from Sweden say that General Torstensson has been made a count and that, in reward for the great services he rendered to the Crown, this dignity will pass to his descendants.

These same letters add that there was a heated argument between Monsieur Chanut and the Swedish secretary of State, and that the latter, upon leaving the room where they had been arguing, drew his sword and said to Monsieur Chanut: "If the law of nations did not protect your person, I would answer you in another language."

Monsieur Chanut replied that he carried a sword to defend himself and his honour as well as any Swede.

The source of the quarrel was that too many Roman Catholic foreigners were going to Monsieur Chanut's chapel; this displeased the Swedes, who did not permit the practice of the Roman religion in their kingdom. The genitories of all priests who could be caught were cut off, and rigorous pains were inflicted on private persons.

Monsieur Chanut defended the law of nations; and, after the secretary had told him that the Queen allowed him and his household to practice their religion, but that she asked him not to receive in his chapel any other person, of whatever nation they might be, this minister replied that he could not receive from Her Majesty the liberty to practice his religion as a favour or as a permission, since he held it only from the King of France, his master, who had sent him to Sweden; and that he would not close the door of his chapel to those who would come there.

That their law, which, according to their supputation, had been made more than two hundred years after the founding of their State, could not abrogate the law of nations, which is eternal; that this particular law granted special privileges to certain people, and especially to the ministers of foreign princes. That their new law, as it stood, having been made only to maintain public service, did not in any way concern itself with what was done by a foreign minister under a special privilege, and that it was of no consequence to the State whether these foreigners served God or not, or whether they served Him well or badly.

That no Swedes came to his chapel, but only a few French people residing in the country; that in France the ambassadors of Sweden were not treated in this way, receiving in their chapel whomever they wished. That the house where he was staying belonged to the King of France and that, consequently, he could not refuse entry to any Catholics, and especially to those who were born subjects of the King, his master; and that, finally, it was very difficult to force him to be the executor of this rigorous law, compelling him, against the laws of hospitality, against the honour of a public minister, and against the will of his sovereign, to close his doors to his compatriots.

The secretary replied to this in a too piquant manner. They became heated over it; and, the French ambassador resolute on maintaining his privilege, the secretary flew into a rage, in the manner I have already told of, and put his hand on his sword as he left the room.

The Swedes share the fault of the peoples of the other northern European countries; that is to say, they are by nature brusque and offensive. The civility and the honest and obliging manners of the French are things they do not know. The Queen, however, having learned of this, was not content with her minister and made excuses to Monsieur Chanut, telling him that the secretary was a faithful servant, but that he had been raised in the woods with the bears.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Anne of Austria, Queen Regent of France.


Above: Lennart Torstensson.

Notes: General Lennart Torstensson became Count of Ortala and Väddö Parish in Uppland. His promotion to count took place on February 5/15 (Old Style).

The secretary of State = Andreas Gyldenklou (1602-1665).

Description of Kristina in a pamphlet translated from French, year 1656

Source:

A relation of the life of Christina Queen of Svveden: with her resignation of the crown, voyage to Bruxels, and journey to Rome. Whereunto is added, her Genius, Translated out of French, by I. H., 1656


The description:

And in truth, he that will reflect upon the most remarkable passages of her life, shall see in her a marvelous disposition to the knowledge of all things worthy; much of Generosity, and a Lightness incredible. Minerva had the first years of her life; Venus drew her off at last from her profound meditations and studies, and set her on a height of Gallantry: Mercury taking his turn, to shew his power, made her cast her self down from a Throne, to take her walks about the world. But Mars hath always had the Ascendent during the whole course of her life, to this present: for it must be confessed, that whether she gave her self to studie, or to Divertisements, or to Walks, that in all things she shewed her self a very generous Queen. During her under-age, she was observed to take pleasure in all the Exercises that might beseem the perfection of a Princess: and that with such towardliness, that thereby she gave ground of very great and extraordinary hopes concerning her. So soon as her Wit was somewhat ripened, that she saw her self capable of the knowledge of gallant things, she ceased not to take pains for the acquiring a perfect knowledge therein. She sought out for the greatest men in Europe, to satisfie this her natural greediness that she had after all kinde of Knowledge. This Princess hath been seen, in the coldest days of Winter, in that cold Country, to rise by four of the clock in the morning, to have communion with the Muses in her Cabinet; where she stayed commonly until nine, when she was to prepare for her appearing in publike, and to the Council of her Kingdom, where she shewed an admirable depth of wit, by the ready and subtil resolutions that she gave upon all sorts of affairs that were there proposed. The Divertisements that she loved best, were, to be conversant with knowing personages, and with them to commune about some point of learning. Her ordinary Entertainments were very different from such as for the most part are used in Courts, especially in any Court whereof a woman is the head. Her poorest entertainment was as good, as the profoundest studies of the greatest Doctor of the Sorbonne could have given: and one would easily have believed, to hear this Princess utter so many excellent things, that she had had secret communication with some Goddess, that inspired her with such high knowledge: yea, I perswade my self, that she might easily have gain'd the same opinion of her self, amongst that gross-witted people of Sweden, as the Ceremonious Pompilius had amongst the people of Rome, before they were polished, & whilst they yet slept in the rudeness of such persons as inhabit Forests and Mountains. The extraordinary assiduity, wherewith she gave her self to the reading of all books of greatest worth, so replenished her minde with sparkling light, that in one hour she uttered more choice & rare sayings, then is ordinarily done in a whole year, in the most famous University of Europe; and one moment of her discourse gave more instruction, than an hundred lessons taken from the greatest Doctor of Salamanca. Hath any ever seen a Princess possess the knowledge of nine or ten Tongues, as she doth? If History vaunteth of Queen Elizabeth so much, that she could hold discourse in good French with the French Ambassadour, in perfect Castilian with the Ambassadour of Spain, and in very refined Tuscan with the Princes of Italy: what praises shall be recorded in favour of the Great Christina, who can hold discourse almost with all the Nations in Europe, in their own Languages? History can never speak so well of this Princess, as she speaks of it; whereof she hath an admirable knowledge. She hath learned all the Sciences that are called Humane, with so much perfection, that there is no Author, Greek or Latine, yea even the most difficult Poets, which she doth not expound with a marvelous facility. The Mathematicks, Philosophy Natural and Moral, have not escap'd her knowledge; which she hath carryed along even unto Theologie, whereof I have heard her discourse with an incredible subtilty. Behold, what the Genius of the Great Christina hath been, under the Empire of Minerva! to whom Venus succeeded.

This gentle Goddess, that had but sorrily acted her part in the formation of the body of this Princess, she being but poorly furnished with those accommodations requisite to the beauty of a woman, (for she is little, and crooked, having a hollow bending on one side, that spoils the grace of her walking) would yet have it to be seen, that this body, so poorly fashioned, was sufficiently capable of the highest sort of Gallantries: and after Christina had abandoned the Muses, she was observed to delight her self in Dancing and Balls, wherein she had always the better. Such discourses as were most dissolute, pleased her best; and wanton postures liked her better by far, than a modest behaviour. Great men for Learning (as Bouchard and Naudaeus) were in no more esteem with her, because they were not more gallant than became them; and their demeanour was accounted by her ridiculous, because they were too serious, and too modest. I have heard her tell such tales, as modesty will not permit me to commit to writing: and I know an Ecclesiastical person of high degree, with whom I had contracted a very strict amity in Sweden, that hath recreated her an hundred times, by telling her such stories as the most dissolute woman would hardly have born. Out of this high strain of Gallantry, or rather Dissoluteness, whereof she made a publike profession, she step'd into impietie; and those fair lights that she had acquired by studie, and which before had served to regulate her manners, furnished her now with reasons and arguments to fight against the sacred Mysteries of Christian Religion. She hath not onely been seen to doubt of that sacred Mystery of the Incarnation, but even also to mock at it; and to say, in imitation of Leo the tenth of the House of Medici, That Fable of Christ is very profitable for the Romane Kitchin. She spake not of Divine Providence, but under the term of Destiny, after the manner of Profane Authors.

Her chief Maximes were,

1. That we ought to love God, as the fountain of all good; but that we should not fear him at all: because it were a ridiculous thing, to fear a Being that is essentially good, and is incapable of evil. But that we ought to fear evil men, that can hurt us a thousand ways, and which are the onely devils, whereof the common people have so strong a belief.

2. That a right-set minde should never either repent, or pardon; because repentance and pardon are always accompanied with unmanliness, or base-mindedness. That indeed a person ought always to consult upon that which he takes in hand; but that he should take an irrevocable resolution to follow it, and never change.

3. That the most particular and self-ended opinions, are the best, and soundest; and that that which men at this day call Religion, is nothing but a poor illusion of men, wherewith the most part are pleased to deceive themselves. For what likelihood is there, that a Belief that blindeth a man, and forbids all reasoning against it, should be true? What reason is there to believe that, which one cannot comprehend; yea, and to impose an obligation on us to believe it? This is all one, as to desire a man to put out his eyes, that he may see the better; and to put him in such a condition, as that thereby ye may be able to perswade him to the greatest absurdities in the world. And that from hence, the many Sects are found scattered over the earth, are but so many pure dotages, and fond imaginations of some men, who have been desirous to make themselves famous, in declaring themselves the heads of some parties: whereat she wondered nothing, because there is no conceit or opinion so ridiculous, that hath not its followers.

4. That the Doctrine of Plato of the universal soul of the world, could not be confuted, but with false Reasons: and that she could not perswade her self of the immortality of the soul, but by making it go and return into its own principle again; which is this universal soul, whereof our soul makes a part.

5. That Moses hath been as great an Impostor, as he was a good Wit. For she could convince of falshood the pretended Miraculous passage of the Israelites thorow the Red-sea: forasmuch as Numenius, Praefect of Antiochus, making War against the Persians, had got a famous Victory over those Persians in the same place, at such a time, and in the same manner as Moses did over Pharaoh; to wit, by observation of the flux and reflux of the Arabian Gulf.

I could say more, if her self did not publish it by all her thoughts, which are now known to the greater part of Europe; and if I had not some horrour to set them down in writing.

Mercury seeing that this libertine humour, and with such a bent carryed to all Gallantry, was too deeply rooted in her heart, and that she as easily followed it to Recreations, as she had done before to Studies; thought it to his purpose, to associate himself with Venus; who was very well pleased with his company. So they strove each with other, which of them should make her the most Pratling Light-houswife, or most inconstant. But notwithstanding this, Queen Christina hath been noted for a long time, even from her Cradle, to be naturally of a very wavering minde; and that Mercury also had the dominion over her humour from her very infancie: But onely I begin to shew his Kingdom (to keep my order in what I write) since that change (almost unheard-of) that hath been made in the person of Christina, when of a Soveraign she made her self a Subject; and preferred a vagabond and wandering life, to the glory and magnificence of a Throne. To say the truth, this thought had possessed her minde more than four or five years, before she put it in execution; and it had been blamed by some great men, that had used their endeavour to disswade her from it. Monsieur Chanut Ambassadour of France, Monsieur Saumaize, and Monsieur Spanheim, did their endeavour to divert her from this purpose, which they judged would turn to her disadvantage. But it was in vain. For the desire she had to see forraign Countries, and the new world, carryed her away from the wise counsels of those persons of quality. And so much power had Novelty and Change over her spirits, that she turned her self to all sorts of objects, just as a Weather-cock is turned about at the pleasure of every winde. The last that came to her Court, were always most welcome, and most made of for a time, and received all imaginable testimonies of Amity; but yet without any effect, for the most part. For this lightness of minde in her, caused her to follow a kinde of Deceitfulness, of so fine a thred, that one could hardly take it up, or perceive it, but in a long process of time, and after one had taken a great deal of pains in her service, and expended much money, and then found himself far from being recompensed for his service, or satisfied for his disbursements. The neediness of a thousand persons, that she hath employed, to satisfie her fantastical humours, cries with a loud voice for vengeance in the presence of God, who, one may judge, according to appearance, hath left this Princess to a Reprobate-sense; and given her goodly lights, that she should not see at all; and exposed her to the laughter of all Europe, to satisfie, in part, his own justice. Since her fall, from which it is too probable she will never rise again, she hath committed so many kindes of Extravagancies, that she hath made her self the Fable of all the world. A little written Piece, which one of my friends communicated to me, and which I believe to be common, describes them well enough; which may suffice to give any one an account of them, that desire to be informed concerning them. It is said, that even at this day, amidst the Spanish Gravity, she shews so much levity, that the Venerable Fathers of the Society of Iesus, have much ado, with all their wit, to know the temper of so Motley a Genius, that assumes more shapes and postures, than ever Proteus himself did: They have so much ado, to know of what Religion she is, that they that make it their only business to decide the points of Faith, cannot tell what to make of hers: They are in doubt also, what to think of her Sex, because sometimes they see her in mens apparel, and sometimes in womens; and for the most part, they see her in such a fashion as partakes of both, as if she were an Hermaphrodite. These great men (the Jesuites) that at this day have the ascendent over the mindes of so many Princes, have not been able as yet to discover, with what Byas this Princess must be handled. They finde her discourse admirable; and so it is indeed; and beyond whatsoever one can imagine. Her cogitations are exceedingly raised above what is common; she hath a fountain of Wit inexhaustible; a strong Reason, a charming Discourse; a deportment as familiar as sweet: but with all this, they are constrained to confess, that they do not yet know Christina, that changes her Affections as often as she changes her Smock, and that loves and hates almost both at one instant. When I look upon the disgrace sustained by Count Magnus de la Garde, wherein he fell with her, at that time when one would have thought that all should have smiled upon him, and when there was neither appearance, nor reason, that he should have been removed from the Court, I flatter my self, that I know the Genius of the Queen somewhat neer, after a particular study of her, and the most serious reflexions that I made upon so many several matters that came to pass during the time of my sojourning at Vpsal. And this hath encouraged me to set down my thoughts, concerning which, I can answer any with truth, that they are free from passion, however they may seem not to be very favourable to this Princess: But yet they are more favourable than they may seem to be: for I proclaim with a loud voice, that I hold Christina for the most extraordinary person of the world; for the clearest-sighted and most knowing Queen, that hath ever appeared upon the earth: That her Discourse is adorable, answerable to her Wit; That she understands her self well enough, to take up and know great spirits, and great men; and last, That she is capable of the fairest and most extraordinary atchievements, that ever have been done by any Heroical spirits in Antiquity. But if I say, that she makes but little account of Christian Religion; that she hath a Faith very particular to her self; that she is a Deceiver, and inconstant: there's none of those, that ever had the honour to have frequented her Court, that doth not fully accord with me, and is not constrained to confess, that my conceptions of her do her no wrong. But if any accuse me of too little respect to a head that wore a Crown, to speak thereof with such liberty; I answer, that I owe her no such respect; but, to follow her own Maximes, I owe her rather the contrary, (although in truth I dare say, that I bear her no hatred) than any such respect: I was neither born her Subject, nor her Slave; she never did me any good, although she was bound to have done it: And all the obligation that ever I had to her, that I remember, was, that she received me favourably, when I had first the honour to kiss her hand; and that I deserved to obtain her approbation, if I may believe the report that one made to me thereof, that had ordinary communication with her. But I have learned, long since, to slight the approbation of four sorts of persons: that is to say, Of an Ignorant, because he is uncapable of understanding the value of a thing; Of a Flatterer, because he applaudeth for his own ends; Of a Deceiver, because ordinarily his thoughts are disguised; and, Of a light and unconstant person, because the esteem that such a one makes of any thing, is bred rather by Fancie and Humour, than from Reason.

To say that Christina is either ignorant, or a Flatterer, it cannot perhaps be affirmed with truth: but to believe that she is a Deceiver, and Inconstant, one will thereby do her no wrong. It must be confessed, for all this, that this Princess, amidst all her capricious and fantastical humours, and amidst her Gallantries, when she gave greatest attendance on her books, hath been carryed all along with an humour extraordinarily Martial, and full of Bravery.

Minerva had sometime the command of her mind: Venus possess'd it afterwards; and some do affirm, that she possesses it as yet. Mercury, that had possessed himself of her from her Cradle, yet made no such great shew of his power, as since he made her throw her self down from a Throne. But Mars hath at all times governed the humour of Christina, which hath not failed to drain all Sweden, to furnish the inbred greediness that she hath, to give to others.

Indeed, under the Reign of Minerva, she hath express'd such Liberalities, as were worthy of a Queen; and that to all great Personages that were sent for by her, or that came to Sweden otherwise, upon particular occasions of their own. Monsieur de la Tuillerie, Chanut, and Saumaize, may inform you of this.

Under the Reign of Venus, her Largesses were not lessened; whereof Bourdelot and Pigmentelli can tell you.

And under Mercury, she gave the rarest Present that can be given from one to another. Speak but to the King of Sweden that reigns at this day, and he will confess, that it is by the Grace of God, and the Liberality of Christina, that he sits upon the Throne. The Medals coyn'd at the time of his Coronation, speak it publikely: on the one side whereof, there is an arm holding a Crown, with this Inscription under it; [FROM GOD, AND FROM CHRISTINA.] And even yet, now she hath devested her self of her Kingdom, she useth such profuseness, as cannot but be the effects of a generous minde.

Such persons as have had experience of her all her life-time, report that she shewed this liberal nature in a remarkable manner, even from her Cradle: and I believe with some reason, that it will continue with her to her Tomb.

The Badge and Motto of that Order of Knighthood that she instituted, sets forth unto us a great bravery of her Spirit, which makes her even pretend to qualities that she possesses not at all. She gave it the name of the Order of the Amaranth, or Flower-Gentle, with this Device or Motto, [Semper idem.] All men know, that this Flower fades not at all; and accordingly the Device above-said doth perfectly well express its immortal nature: and this is the Badge of her Order of Knighthood. But all men know as well, that know her, that there is nothing so changeable as Christina; and that this invention doth very little resemble her humour; the which notwithstanding she would thereby have had to pass currant, for the most equitable and constant that ever was seen. She borrowed this Device from the now-deceased Cardinal Richlieu, in whom every thing was splendid and illustrious: but the application that she made of it, was her own invention: not intending thereby to blaze abroad the vertues of the Ama∣ranth, but the constancie of her own spirit, which she would have had to be believed thereby, more immoveable then a Rock: but it was far otherwise, as hath been said.

Mans apparel that she now wears, and which she had before used sometime in Sweden, where she went cloathed almost like a Cavalier, are the tokens of an inclination that she hath, to change her sex into a more perfect: and although she be in truth a woman, and so known to the world; yet she useth the postures and fashions of men, and will be fingering her Mustaches, as though she had some, when indeed she hath none: thus desiring to express her strong ambition to be what she is not, and to be believed to be indeed so.

And though all these conceits be but ridiculous, yet they represent to us some traces of a gallant soul, and a brave spirit, that would rather have been the inhabitant of a mans body, than of a womans, because that sex is much raised above the other, and more proper for brave undertakings: that other having been, as it seems, design'd by Nature to more lowe employments, and such as are meanest in humane society. But Great Christina raising her self above her female condition, puts her self into such postures and garbs, as may imitate and resemble such actions as are proper to men.

She can ride admirably, and spur an horse with such dexterity, as if she had been therein exercised some whole years in an Academy. She travels with a mans Periwig; her Hat garnished with a great Plume of Feathers, a Red Scarf, after the Spanish Fashion; and they write from Bruxels, that she hath ordered Arms to be made her, wherewith she will head the Catholike Army, and go and confront the Mareschal de Turenne.

Must we not confess, that amidst all these Follies, there is a great deal of Bravery? Since this Genius of hers, ceases not in them all, to form designes to it self, that are above and beyond it.

If this Pourtraict that I have made, seems to any to be too severe, let them pardon my disposition, which is always to speak the truth, where I think it is to the purpose. But to prevent all censures that more quick-sighted persons than my self may give upon this Piece, I here submit to them with all my heart: and when they shall give reasons strong enough, to inspire me with other thoughts than those which I have concerning the Genius of Christina; I shall embrace them very willingly. It is not (as I have already confessed) that I have not a greater esteem of her, than one can well imagine: but forasmuch as I have spoken both evil and good of her, I think I have spoken nothing but truth, thorowout: and the place wherein I write it, is such, that it permits me to speak the truth.


Above: Kristina.

Wednesday, September 23, 2020

Count Palatine Johan Kasimir's letter to Axel Oxenstierna in which he apologises that he can't visit Kristina and the councilmen, dated September 5/15 (Old Style), 1640

Source:

Rikskansleren Axel Oxenstiernas skrifter och brefvexling, senare afdelningen, tionde bandet, Carl Carlsson Gyldenhielms bref, Johan Skyttes bref; Pfalzgreven Johan Casimirs bref, pages 755 to 756, P. A. Norstedts & Söners Förlag, 1900


The letter excerpt:

Meinen freundlichen gruss etc. ... Meinen hochgeehrten Herren Reichscanzler bitte ich gantz freundtlich, es im besten zu vermercken, das durch verhinderung meiner continuierenden leibsschwachheit so wohl bey meiner ahnwesenheit zu Stockholm als such bey meiner abreiss ich nicht habe die gebüer in acht nemmen können, zuforderst Ihrer K. M. selbsten so wohl als meinen hochgeehrten Herren, der sambtlichen hochlöblichen Königlichen Regierung, in spetie aber meinem hochgeehrten Herren Reichscanzler zu tesmoignieren die grosse undt hohe obligation wegen deren mir erwiesenen undt bezeugten respective königlichen favor undt freundtlichen guten vertreulichen affection, welche, gleich wie es mir zu verdienen undt zu beschulden uhnmüglich, also soll und will ich sambtliche meine kinder zu aller schuldiegen danckbahrkeit anweisen undt anhalten, mitt bitt solche jederzeit in bester recommendation zu halten, auch ahn seinem hohen orth im besten helfen zu excusieren alle die fauten, so von mir in einem oder andern bey noch continuierenden schwachheit fürgeloffen, wie dann auch durch solche meine schwachheit gehindert bin worden, Ihrer K. M. sowohl als meinen hochgeehrten Herren der gebüer zu tesmoignieren undt gehorsamst zu dancken für die ahnordtnung undt tractament, so mir sonderlich bey dieser meiner zurückreiss wiederfahren, welches alles in schuldieger devotion zu verdienen ich mich schuldig erkenne.

With modernised spelling:

Meinen freundlichen Gruß, etc. ... Meinen hochgeehrten Herrn Reichskanzler bitte ich ganz freundlich, es im Besten zu vermerken, dass durch Verhinderung meiner kontinuierenden Leibsschwachheit so wohl bei meiner Abreise ich nicht habe die Gebür in Acht nehmen können, zuforderst Ihrer Königliche Majestät selbsten so wohl als meinen hochgeehrten Herrn, der samtlichen hochlöblichen Königlichen Regierung, in specie aber meinem hochgeehrten Herrn Reichskanzler zu temoignieren die grosse und hohe Obligation wegen deren mir erwiesenen und bezeugten respektive königlichen Favor und freundlichen guten vertraulichen Affektion, welche, gleichwie es mir zu verdienen und zu beschulden unmüglich, also soll und will ich samtliche meine Kinder zu aller schuldigen Dankbarkeit anweisen und anhalten, mit Bitte solche jederzeit in bester Rekommendation zu halten, auch an seinem hohen Ort im Besten helfen zu exkusieren alle die Fauten, so von mir in einem oder andern bei noch kontinuierenden Schwachheit fürgelaufen, wie dann auch durch solche meine Schwachheit gehindert bin worden, Ihrer Königliche Majestät so wohl als meinen hochgeehrten Herrn der Gebür zu temoignieren und gehorsamst zu danken für die Anordnung und Traktament, so mir sonderlich bei dieser meiner Zurückreise wiederfahren, welches alles in schuldiger Devotion zu verdienen ich mich schuldig erkenne.

French translation (my own):

Mes salutations amicales, etc. ... Je prie mon très estimé chancelier de noter qu'en raison de ma faiblesse physique persistante ainsi que de mon départ, je n'ai pas pu remplir l'obligation de témoigner en priorité devant Sa Majesté Royale elle-même, ainsi qu'à mon très estimé Seigneur, à l'ensemble du très estimé gouvernement royal, et en particulier à mon très estimé chancelier, de la grande et haute obligation due à la faveur royale et à l'affection amicale, bonne et confidentielle qu'ils ont manifestée et  m'a témoigné que, comme il m'est impossible de mériter ou d'accuser, j'instruirai et j'exhorterai tous mes enfants à montrer toute la gratitude qui leur est due, et à leur demander de toujours les garder dans le meilleur respect possible, et aussi en sa haute place pour aider à excuser de la meilleure façon possible toutes les erreurs qui sont survenues de ma part d'une manière ou d'une autre alors que je suis encore faible. Aussi par ma faiblesse, j'ai été empêché de m'excuser auprès de Sa Majesté Royale ainsi que de témoigner à mon très honoré seigneur de l'obligation, et de le remercier très respectueusement pour l'arrangement et le traitement que j'ai reçu, particulièrement lors de ce voyage de retour, que je reconnais tous comme dignes du dévouement.

Swedish translation (my own):

Mina vänliga hälsningar etc. ... Jag vill vänligen be min högtärade herr Rikskansler att förmärka att jag på grund av min fortsatta fysiska svaghet, liksom min avgång, inte har kunnat uppfylla skyldigheten att först och främst betyga för Hennes Kungliga Majestät själv, så väl som min högtaktade herre, till hela den högt aktade kungliga regeringen, och i synnerhet till min högtaktade Rikskansler, av den stora och höga förpliktelse som beror på den kungliga gunst och vänliga, goda, förtroliga tillgivenhet som de visat och betygat för mig, som jag, som det är omöjligt för mig att förtjäna eller anklaga, jag skall och kommer att instruera och uppmana alla mina barn att visa all tillbörlig tacksamhet och att begära att de alltid bevara dem i bästa möjliga respekt, och även att på sin höga plats för att på bästa möjliga sätt hjälpa till att ursäkta alla misstag som har uppstått från mig på ett eller annat sätt medan jag fortfarande är svag. Också genom min svaghet har jag hindrats från att be Hennes Kungliga Majestät om ursäkt samt från att vittna för min högt ärade Herre om förpliktelsen och från att tacka honom högst respektfullt för det arrangemang och den behandling som jag har fått, särskilt på denna hemresa, vilket jag alla erkänner vara värda vederbörlig hängivenhet.

English translation (my own):

My friendly greetings, etc. ... I would kindly ask my highly esteemed Chancellor to note that due to my continuing physical weakness, as well as my departure, I have been unable to meet the obligation to testify first and foremost to Her Royal Majesty herself, as well as my highly esteemed Lord, to the entire highly esteemed Royal Government, and in particular to my highly esteemed Chancellor, of the great and high obligation due to the royal favour and friendly, good, confidential affection that they have shown and testified to me, which, as it is impossible for me to deserve or accuse, I shall and will instruct and urge all my children to show all due gratitude, and to request that they always keep them in the best possible respect, and also to in his high place to help excuse in the best possible way all the mistakes that have arisen from me in one way or another while I am still weak. Also by my weakness, I have been prevented from apologising to Her Royal Majesty as well as from testifying to my highly honoured Lord about the obligation, and from thanking him most respectfully for the arrangement and treatment which I have received, particularly on this return journey, all of which I acknowledge to be worthy of due devotion.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Johan Kasimir.


Above: Axel Oxenstierna.