Wednesday, June 12, 2019

Excerpts from a letter signed by Kristina and translated into Finnish, year 1648

Kristina signed this letter, which was thereafter translated into Finnish, on April 14, 1648. My source only shows a select few parts.

Source:


The bits given:

ME Christina Jumalan armost Ruodzin Götein ia Wändein Walitu Dråtningi --- olemma nyt cuin muinakin wuosina Jumalisest aiwotuxest walitta ia aseta muutamita yhteistä Solenn Paasto ia rucous päiwiä, ia sijhen määrännyt 16 Junij, 14. Julij, ia 11. Augusti, ---. Datum Stskholmist (Sic!) sinä 14. April. 1648


Above: Kristina, year 1650.

Saturday, June 8, 2019

Excerpts from "The History of Her Sacred Royal Majesty Christina Alessandra of Swedland"

The following book was written about Kristina in Italian in 1656, by one Gualdo Priorato, Conte Galeazzo. An English translation was made in 1658. For this part I will only show the parts dealing with Kristina's childhood and coming of age.

Sources:

Historia della Sacra Real Maestà di Christina Alessandra Regina di Svetia, by Galeazzo Gualdo Priorato, 1656

https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Historia_della_Sacra_Real_Maest%C3%A0_di_Christina_Alessandra_Regina_di_Svetia

The history of the sacred and Royal Majesty of Christina Alessandra Queen of Swedland, &c. English translation, 1658.

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A85757.0001.001?view=toc

Passages (in the original Italian):

Non lasciò altre prole, che Christina unica sua figliuola, nata il di 16 Decembre del 1626. Principessa ripiena di talenti così rari, e di spirito così elevato, che non è da maravigliarsi, se ella, rappresentando in parte la viva imagine delle vertù del suo Gran Genitore, dia materia di credere, che Gustavo sia restato al Mondo nella spetie, se non vi si trova nell'individuo.

Hor come la buona educatione di quelli, che devono succedere ne' Regni, e ne Principati è il fondamento primario della felicità de Popoli, applicossi questa Prencipessa ad une diligente coltura dell'animo suo, dandosi all'esercito delle vertù, per poter poscia precorrere con gli anni il debito dell'età. Si è però osservato, che quasi da' primi momenti del suo vivere, & intendimento, cominciò ancor bambina a procaccia lume all'intelletto, imperio alla ragione, termini alla volontà, freno a gli affetti, regola alle attioni e gagliardezza al corpo.

Non era uscita per anche dalla infantia, che si trovò instrutta de primi erudimenti della lingua, e della cognitione delle lettere latine, & havendo già scoperto, quanto poteva promettersi ne' progressi de' studj, con la vivezza del suo spirito, e col singolarissimo suo giuditio, si pose a coltivar l'animo con più alte scienze, come quelle, che somministrano i veri lumi, per non errare nel peregrinaggio del Mondo, e nell'acquisto del Cielo.

Nella minorità di lei il governo del Regno restò appoggiato a cinque de più cospicui Ministri, & Officiali della Corona, che furono. Il Grand'Ammiraglio, ch'era un fratello bastardo del Re Gustavo suo Padre, il Gran Cancelliere Axellio, Oxestern, il Gran Presidente Gabriel Oxestern, il Gran Contestabile Giacomo della Garda, & il Gran Tesoriere ch'era un altro Gabriel Oxestern.

Ella in tanto all'altre sudette applicazioni, aggionse quella di ammaestrarsi nella cognitione di varie lingue, per poter rendersi tanto più habile, e disinvolta a' maneggi del Regno, e vi fece progressi rilevantissimi. E come i libri più degni sono consiglieri incorrotti, & Oracoli, che senza alcuna richiesta rispondon anche a i pensieri, così impiegando essa le hore migliori nel leggerli, procurò di apprendervi gl'insegnamenti del buon governo.

Avvanzandosi dunque questa Prencipessa con gli anni nelle virtù, e nelle scienze, misurava con la finezza del suo giuditio così bene l'habilità di ciascuno, ch'ancor fanciulla penetrò ne fini più reconditi de suoi principali Ministri, e se ne seppe valere, per tirar a sé la total diretione de gli affari della Corona; onde acquistando grandissima veneratione, si liberò dalla soggettione, in cui pretendevano alcuni di tenerla, e cominciando a governare, mostrò, che non haveva bisogno di appoggiar il peso de maneggi ad altri, che alla sua testa; quindi avenne, che nell'anno 17 della sua età cominciò ad assistere al consiglio di stato, e nel 18 uscita di minorità, prese il governo in quel giorno a punto, che la Corona di Svetia dichiarò la guerra al Re di Danimarca, non ostante, che fosse nel suo maggior ardore quella di Germania contro l’Imperatore, & i di lui collegati.

Si serviva sempre di persone intendenti, e capaci, e se tal uno s’arrogava più auttorità, che non gli conveniva, trovava modo di moderare le di lui animosità. Essa sola amministrava tutti gli affari publici, e li terminava con molta facilità, e sodisfattione. Voleva, che gli Ambasciatori, e Ministri de’ Prencipi con lei sola trattassero, e dava loro le audienze, senza che vi Historia della Sacra Real Maestà di Christina Alessandra Regina di Svetia intervenissero i Secretarij di stato, né alcun altro de’ suoi Consiglieri. Rispondeva ella stessa alle propositioni, che gli venivan fatte tanto da suoi sudditi, quanto da’ Prencipi forastieri.

Questa Regina, ancor giovinetta, seppe in un medesimo tempo farsi amare, e temere da suoi, e da stranieri. Ella scandagliando perfettamente il genio, & i pensieri di tutti, gli soggettò così bene al freno dell’obedienza, e del rispetto, che vidde i suoi più formidabili Capitani, benché avezzi in testa de gli eserciti a spaventar il Mondo, nel cospetto della Maestà Sua, conservar sempre una riverenza vestita di timoroso ossequio.

All’incontro con la nobiltà dell’animo versava verso di loro con moto continuo officij ripieni di tanta amorevolezza, e benignità, ch’animando gli affetti, accresceva sempre verso di sé medesima più profittevoli il rispetto, e la obedienza, vero sostegno del Principato.

Vedeva ogni scrittura, che gli era presentata, e velocemente, e con chiarezza di voce la recitava in ciascuna di quelle lingue, ch’occorreva. Usava di scriver di proprio pugno gli ordini importanti, & era altre tanto scarsa, e guardinga nel conferire i secreti dell’animo suo, quanto curiosa, e scaltra nel penetrar ne gli arcani de gli altrui cuori.

Affettionava universalmente tutte le nationi, e la virtù sola era l’unico oggetto de’ suoi affetti. Cercava con la severità di far emendar i tristi, con le gratie, e con premij di migliorare i buoni; onde non è da stupirsi, se nella Reggia di lei si sian veduti fiorire più che in alcun’altra Corte del Mondo la bontà, la honorevolezza, e le conditioni più rare, che si convengono a gli huomini illustri.

Non trovasi alcun Prencipe, che più di lei habbia favorito i soggetti virtuosi. Il sollievo maggiore dell’animo grande di Sua Maestà era il discorrere con huomini saputi. Procurò d’haver appresso di sé i più eruditi ingegni d’ogni natione, i quali tratteneva con rilevanti premij.

Manteneva le Dame nella sua Corte per decoro, e per servirsene ne’ proprij bisogni, e trattenimenti, gli quali però non la distraevano un momento da’ suoi virtuosi studj, & esercitij.

Non stimò mai né il rigore delle staggioni, né il calor del Sole, né il freddo delle nevi, non venti, non piogge, non tempeste, né altre ingiurie de tempi, o accidenti per rendersi flessibile a’ riguardi dovuti alla sua Regia conditione. Credeva le azzioni grandi non caminar bene con le delitie, e l’anima non haver maggior impedimento all’acquisto delle virtù, ch’il proprio corpo allevato, e nodrito in quelle; il travaglio, l’esercitio, la sobrietà, e la vigilanza haveva per parti dell’animo suo forte, e vigoroso.

Le imprese gloriose, ch’hanno secondata la felicità delle armi invitte di Sua Maestà, già sono eterne nelle Historie. Doppo otto mesi di acerba guerra, e di gloriosi successi alle sue armi, fece pace col Re di Danimarca, riportandone molto profitto, e riputazione. Doppo questa stabilì quella di Germania non senza gran vantaggi della Svetia, & all’hora a punto, che la stimò conveniente a quei fini, a’ quali tendeva con l’animo suo.

Ha resa illustre, e famosa la Città di Stocholm, per la norma delle sue direttioni, e per la felice ricordanza del suo governo. Certo è, che non pensava mai ad altro, che all’arricchire il suo Regno di buone arti, e di opulenze.

Il di lei trono era il teatro della gloria, e della Giustitia; non viddesi già mai Principessa d’animo sì franco, e di cuore tanto intrepido, pensava però in tanto alla sua gran ritirata verso il Cielo, perché non voleva pentirsi d’esser stata al Mondo. Come i di lei virtuosi, e valorosi talenti affascinavano i cuori d’ogn’uno, che trattava seco, così la fama loro, trapassando ben presto alle nationi più remote, produsse in un subito i soliti effetti della curiosità, chiamando dall’Italia, e dalla Francia molti de più curiosi, & intendenti ad ammirarla. Non si può esprimere a bastanza la humanità, e gentilezza, con la quale accoglieva ogn’uno, e quale particolarmente la di lei liberalità nel riconoscere, nell’accarezzare, e nel premiare i Virtuosi.

Non si trovò Prencipe d’Europa, che sorpreso dalle celebri prerogative di questa mostruosa Virtù, non procurasse ossequiarla, e riverirla, o di presenza, o almeno col mezo de suoi rappresentanti.

The same passages from the English translation:

He [Gustavus Adolphus] left no other Progeny than Christina his only Daughter, born on the 16. of December, in the year 1626, a Princesse of so noble endowments, and so elevated a spirit, that 'tis not any wonder, if she representing in part, the living image of her great Fathers vertues, give cause to believe; Gustavus yet remaines to the world in his specie, although not in his individuo.

Now as their good education, who are to have succession in Kingdoms, and principalities, is the chiefest foundation of the peoples felicity, this Princesse us'd a diligent manuring of her mind, bequeathing her self to the exercises of vertue, to be afterwards able, to outstrip with her years. the duty of age. 'Twas therefore observ'd, that from the first moments, as it were, of her life, and understanding, she began, though a child, to procure the enlightning of her intellect, a command ore her reason, limits to her will, a curb to her affections, a rule to her actions, and strength to her body.


Above: Kristina at age six.

She was not seven years old, when instructed in the elements of the Latin tongue, and letters, and having now discover'd, what promise she could make to her self, in the Progresses of her studies, by the quicknesse of her spirit, and most singular judgement, she fell to the cultivating her mind, with the most sublime sciences, as those, which administer the true lights, not to erre in the Pilgrimage of the world, and the gaining of Heaven.

In her minority, five Ministers and Officers of the Crown, which were the most conspicuous, had the government of the Kingdom, to wit, the great Admirall, bastar'd Brother co Gustavus her Father, the great Chancellour Axellius Oxestern, the great President Gabriel Oxestern, the great Constable James of the Garde, and the great Treasurer, another Gabriel Oxestern.

In the mean time, to her other applications aforesaid, she added the instructing of her self, in the knowledge of different tongues, to make her self the fitter, and more capable, for the management of the Kingdom, in which she made most eminent Progresses. And as the best books are incorrupt Counsellours, and Oracles, which, without the least request, even answer to our thoughts, so she in reading there, employing her best hours, endeavour'd to learn there, the way to govern well.


Above: Kristina, late 1630s.


Above: Kristina at age eleven.



Above: Kristina at age twelve or sixteen.



Above: Kristina at about the same age/s.


Above: Kristina as a young teenager.



Above: Kristina as a teenager.

This Princesse advancing with her years, in Vertues and Sciences, measur'd every ones ability so well, with the subtlety of her judgement, that though a girle, she penetrated the hidden designes of her principall Ministers, of whom she made use, to draw to her self, the totall direction of the affairs of the Kingdom, so as she gain'd great veneration, free'd her self from the subjection, in which some pretended to hold her, and beginning to rule, shew'd she had not any need, to lay the Kingdoms weight on any others head, than her own, insomuch that she began, when seventeen years old, to assist at the Council of the State, and in the eighteenth year, being out of her minority, took upon her the Government, on the very same day, the War against Denmark, was hy the Crown of Swedland declar'd, notwithstanding that against the Emperour, together with his confederates, was most vigorously prosecuted.


Above: Kristina, year 1649.

She alwaies made use of knowing and able persons, and when any one assum'd to himself, more authority, than was fitting; she found out a way to moderate his animosity. She alone did administer all the publique affairs, and determin'd them with much ease, and satisfaction: She alone would treat with Ambassadours, and the Ministers of Princes, giving audience without the Secretaries of State, or any of her Councellours, she her self giving answer, to the propositions made her, as well by her subjects, as forraign Princes.

This Queen, though young, knew at the same time, how to make her self feared, and belov'd, by her people, and strangers. She secretly sounding the genius, and thoughts of every one, so us'd them to the bridle of obedience, and respect, that she saw her most formidable Commanders, though accustom'd at the head of their Armies, to make the world affraid, to conserve still in her presence, a reverence accompany'd with a fearfull obsequiouness.

On the other side, with the nobleness of her mind, she still so oblig'd them, with offices of such love and affability, that she animating their affections, encreas'd still towards her self their respect and obedience, the true props of a Kingdom.

She beheld every writing presented her, and quickly, and with a clear voice, recited it in it's language, and with her own hand wrote usually the Orders of importance, being as shy and heedy, in imparting the secrets of her mind, as curious and cunning in penetrating those of others.

She generally affected all Nations, vertue alone being only the object of her love. She sought to mend the bad with severity, and make the good better with favours and rewards; so as 'tis no wonder, that honour, and the rarest conditions that sute with worthy men, were seen to flourish more in her Palace, than in any other Court.

No Prince ever favour'd more lovers of vertue, than this Queen; her Majesty taking very great delight, to discourse with knowing Persons, and endeavouring to have near her, the learnedst of each Nation, whom she highly rewarded.

She had her maids of honour in the Court for decorum, and her own entertainment; but they never withdrew her from her studies, and exercises of vertue.

No extreamity of weather, nor heat of the Sun, nor Snow, Wind, Tempests, and Rains, nor any other injuries of the season, or accidents, could induce her to that care of her self, which was due to her royal condition. She supposed great actions walk'd not well with delights, and the Soul had no greater impediment, in the gaining of vertues, than the body bred up and foster'd in them, labour, exercise, sobriety, and vigilance, she counting as parts, of her strong and vigorous mind.



Above: Kristina, year 1649 or 1650.



The glorious enterprizes, which seconded the felicity of her Majesties invincible arms, are already eternall in Histories. After eight months cruell War, and the famous success of her arms; she concluded a peace with his Majestie of Denmark, to her great gain, and honour, and afterwards establisht that of Germany, not without great advantages to Swedland, and then too; when she thought it convenient for the ends, which she aim'd at in her mind.

She hath made renoun'd and famous, the City of Stockholm, with the rule of her directions, and the happy remembrance of her government; she having nothing more in her thoughts, than the causing her Kingdom to abound with arts, and wealth.

Her Throne was the Theater of Glory, and Justice; no Princess being ever beheld of so free a mind, and a courage so undaunted. But she thought in the mean time, of her great retreat towards Heaven, that she might not repent, she had been in the World. As her great and noble parts did charm the hearts of all, that treated with her, to the fame of them flying with speed, to the most remote Nations; produc'd soon the usuall effects of curiosity, calling many of the curious, and most knowing, out of Italy and France, to admire her. 'Tis impossible to express the Civility, and Courtesie, with which she received every one, and particularly, her great liberality, in gratifying, caressing, and rewarding the vertuous. All the Princes in Europe amaz'd at her famous prerogatives, either in their own Persons, or else by their Agents, endeavour'd to reverence, and serve her.

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

Kristina's letter of improvement of nobility for Magnus de la Gardie, 1650

Kristina signed this letter for Count Magnus de la Gardie on August 14, 1650. In it she/he/they orders for him to be granted the county of Arensburg on Ösel (now the Estonian island Saaremaa).


Source:

http://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22drottning+kristina%22%7D%5D%5D&c=3&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%22RES_facet%3Atext%22%5D&searchType=EXTENDED&pid=alvin-record%3A215579&dswid=7683#alvin-record%3A215579

Transcript:

Wij CHRISTINA medh GUDZ nåde Sweriges, Göthes och Wendes Vthkorade Drottning och Arffurstinna, Storfurstinna till Finlandh, Hertiginna vthi Estlandh och Carelen, Fröken öfwer Ingermanlandh, Göre witterligen, att såsom Wij för dee hulde, trogne, flijtige och wälwillige tiänster, hwilke till Wårt synnerlige nöije och behaag Oß och Sweriges Chrono, af Wår och Rixens troo Man, Rådh, Krigzrådh, General öfwer Wår Swenske militie, sampt Öfwerste för Wår Guardie och LijffRegementen, så och General Gouverneur öfwer Lijfflandh, Oß Elskeligh wälborne Her Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie, Grefwe till Läcköö och Arensborg, Frijherre till Ekholmen, Herre till Magnushoff och Höijentorp, giorde och bewijste ähre, hafwe för någon tijdh sedan gått funnit, honom medh ett Grefwedömme Arensborg oppå Ösell, allernådigst att försee och betänckia, doch vthställandes samma gången till een annan och beqwämare tijdh, hwadh som iämpte detta Grefweskapet till en förbättring af hans förra Grefwelige wapen, som han och hans Herfader sampt Bröder, Grefwerne af Läcköö före och bruka, skäligen kunde wara till taga vthi ackt och requireras; Altså hafwe Wij numehr af särdeles gunst och nåde, så och wälbetänckt rådh och eget Konungzligit bewågh, welat sådant här medh wärckställigt göra, effter som Wij och vthi detta Wårt öppne brefs krafft förordne och tillägne Wälbemälte Grefwe Magno Gabriel de la Gardie, och alle hans äckta Lijfs- och bröstarfwingar, så födde som ofödde, så Man- som qwinköhn, Sammalunda och hans bröder Grefwerne af Läcköö och dheres arfwingar, till hwilcka detta Grefweskapet Arensborg, efter wår donations lydelse i något fall komma kan detta effterskrefne wapen, som är en Nijofack fördeelt skiöldh, Nämbligen den öfwerste på högre, och den nederste på wänstre sijdan hwijt, och där uthi tu feldtstycken medh sin rätta färga uthi Korß, och tu swartta loodh, ett åfwanoch ett nedan före. Den öfwerste Skiölden på wänstre, och nederste på högre sijdann guhl, der uthi ett blått Leijon medh ett dragit swärdh, ståendes på ett rött torn uthi en strömm. Och den Skiölden mitt uthi fördeelt, den öfre deelen blåå, der uthi en halff måne emillan twå stiärnor, Men then nedre deelen hwijt där uthi ett rött kårß liggiande i twären, Såsom detta allt Wälbemälte Grefwars af Läcköö rätta arfwapen ähr, och dee allt här till hafwe fört och brukat. Sedan den öfwerste och nederste medell skiölden blåå, där uthi en Olifwe- och en pallmeqwist fläcktade kårßwijs medh ett baart swärdh igenom en gull Chrono. Och uthi den medelste Skiölden på högre och wänstre sijdan, ähr thed Öselsche wapen, nämbligen en ormewråk eller örn medh sin rätta färga, stående på ett grönt bergh uthi rött fiäll; Åfwan oppå Skiölden tree öppne tornerehiälmar, täckedh och Crantzen medh gull- Silfwer- rödh- och blåå färga fördeelte; Och hwarthera hiälmen medh en Grefweligh Chrono oppå. På den högre HiälmChronan en bewäpnadh Man, förandes en Lance med en banderoll i handen och sittiandes på en bewäpnadh gråå springande häst; På den wänstre HiälmChronan ett blått Leijon medh ett dragit swärdh, ståendes oppå ett torn, emillan Siu fahnor, fyra på den ena, och tree på den andra sidan, warande med blått, gult och rödt fördeelte, som och allt till Wälbemälte Grefwars af Läcköö förra arfwapen hörer. Men sedan uthur den medelste HiälmChronan, warande större än the andre begge, oppståå twå försilfrade wingar, der emillan en Oliwe- och en Pallmeqwist, fläcktade kårßwijs medh ett baart swärdh igenom en gull Chrono; alldeles som hela detta wapen medh sina egentliga färgor här repræsenteradt och afmåladt finnes; Hwilckedh wapen Wälbemälte Grefwe Magnus Gabriel de La Gardie och hans äckta bröstarfwingar, så och hans bröder Grefwerne af Läcköö och theres arfwingar i alle occasioner, Möthen, samqwämer och handlingar, skole måge föra och bruka effter sin och dheres egen nödtårfft, willia och behaagh; Elliest och på förbemälte Grefweskap Arensborg, niuta, bruka och behålla alla dhe privilegier, frijheeter, rätt, rättigheeter, dignitet, högheet och Härligheeter, som andre Grefwar här i wårt Rijke niuta på sine Grefweskap, till ewärdelige tijder. Där alle som detta i någon måtto angåhr och Oß medh hörsamheet och lydno förplicktade ähre, wette sigh tillbörligen att effterrätta. Till wißo hafwe Wij detta medh egen handh underskrifwit och wårtt Konglige Secret witterligen här under hängia låtit. Gifwit oppå Wårt Slått Stockholm den Fiortonde dagh uthi Augustj Månadh, Åhr effter Christi bördh Ettusend, Sexhundrade och på det Femtijonde.

Christina


Above: Kristina.


Above: Magnus de la Gardie.

Kristina's approval for Sundhetzens Speghel, dated March 22/April 1 (Old Style), 1642

Andreas Sparman (1609-1658) was a Swedish doctor and one of Kristina's personal physicians. In 1642, he wrote what is considered to be Sweden's first ever cookbook: Sundhetzens Speghel (The Mirror of Health). In addition to being a cookbook, it is also a medical book, written in the alexandrine French poetry meter.


Above: Sundhetzens Speghel. Image courtesy of Livrustkammaren via Wikimedia Commons.

Source:

http://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-record%3A94601&dswid=2880

Before the book proper begins, there is a typed version of a letter signed on March 12, 1642 by a 15 year old Kristina and her regency council giving her approval for the book's publishing and protecting it from plagiarism.

The proclamation:

Wij Christina medh Gudz Nådhe / Sweriges / Göthes och Wendes vthkorade Drottningh och Arffurstinna / Stoorfurstinna til Finnlandh / Hertiginna vthi Estlandh och Carelen / Fröken öfwer Jngermanland / &c. Göre witterlighen / at Oß hafwer Wår troo Tienare och Lijff-Medicus, ährligh och höghlärde Doctor Andreas Sparman vnderdånigast föredragha låtit / huruledes han Gudz församblingh til nytto wil aff Trycket låta publicera och vthgå een Book De Conservatione Sanitatis, eliest Sundheetz Spegel kallad; ödmiukelighen begärandes / Wij wele honom ther öfwer Wårt Kongl. Privilegium medhdeela / så at ingen må hafwa macht / then vthan hans Minnet och Wettskap at efftertryckia / och således göra honom i sitt Arbete Förfång och Skadhe.

Hwilken hans vnderdånige begäran Wij nådigest anseedt hafwa / och för then skull här medh och i thetta Wårt öpne Breffs Krafft vnne och gifwe honom Wårt Privilegium på förbemälte Book / så at ingen ibland Wåre Vndersåtare / ehoo han och hälst wara kan / må eller skal hafwa macht / mindre fördrijsta sigh innan 6. Åhr effter Dato at hon publicerat blifwer / then här vthi Rijket eller på fremmande Orter tryckia låta / och then tryckte hijt införa och försällia / vthan förbemält Doctor Sparmans eller hans Arfwingars Consens och Samtyckie / widh förlust aff alle Exemplaren och tuhundrade Rijksdaler Straff / så offta någhon ther medh beträdd warder / hälfften at benämte Doctor Sparman. Finnes ock någhon fremmande / som vthan Doctor Andreæ Sparmans eller hans Arffwingars willie och tilstånd offtbemälte Book vthan Rijkes efftertrycker / och Exemplaren hijt införer / försällier och förskingrar / och ther medh blifwer beslaghen / tå skole alle Exemplaren blifwa confiscerade, och ther ofwan vppå straffad medh tuhundrade Rijksdalers Böte / halfft vthi Wår Rentekammar / och halfft til Doctor Andream Sparman / som sagt är / at betala. Ther alle som thetta wedh kommer / wetta sigh tilbörligen at effterrätta. Til yttermeera wisso är thetta medh Wårt Secret och Wåre sampt Sweriges Rijkes Respective Förmyndares och Regerings Vnderskrifft bekräfftat. Datum Stockholm then 22. Martij Anno M. D C. X L I I.
L. S.
Peder Brahe / Grefwe til Wijsingsborgh / S. R. Dråtzet.

Herman Wrangel / i Rijks Marskens ställe.

Carl Gyldenhielm / Rijks Ammiral.

Axel Oxenstierna / S. R. Cantzler.

Gabriel Oxenstierna / Frijherre til Möreby och Lindholmen / S. R. Skattmästare.


Above: Kristina, year 1641.

Kristina's letter regarding fishing and seed-tithes, dated May 29, 1647

Kristina signed this letter regarding fishing with nets and seed-tithes for churches on May 29, 1647.

Source:

https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/aikakausi/binding/498479?page=105

Transcript:

Vij Christina etc. Giöre vitterligit, att oss hafve vår trogne undersåter, samptlige Presterskapet på Åland, underdånigest presentera låtit tvenne bref, det ena vår högstährade Salige Kiere Herfaders (glorieverdigst i åminnelse) daterat Stockholm den 1 Martij Anno 1627 förmedelst hvilket dem ähr beviliat och efterlåtit en fierding saltat Ströming af hvarie båt som om Sommaren far i fiske; det andre våre för detta varande förmyndares och Rijkz Regeringz de dato Stockholm den 30 Novembris Anno 1643. Hvarigenom bemelte presterskap effterlåtes halfva Sädestijonden att utfordra och bekomma af hvar sit serdeles Kyrkioherberge, Ödmiukeligst oss ansökiandes om vår nådige Confirmation. Vij hafve denne deres begäran af gunst och nåde anhört och fördenskul i kraft af detta vårt öpne bref them undt och Confirmerat förberörde halfva Sädes och fiskie tijondh till vijdare vår Disposition, Och så frampt någon ordning sedermehra författat i Rijkz Cammaren löper här emoth att niuta aldeles på sett och vijss som förre de[r] å gifne bref i bookstaffven innehålla och förmäla, der alle, som detta angår, veta sig til tilbörligen att effterrätta. Till visso medh egen hand underskrifvit och vår Konungzliga Secret bekräftat. Datum Stockholm den 29 Maij Anno 1647.
Christina.
(L.S.)

...


Above: Kristina, early 1640s.

Kristina's certificate of nobility for Jon Larsson Björneberg, dated July 30, 1646

Kristina signed this certificate of nobility for one Jon Larsson Björneberg on July 30, 1646.




Sources:

https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ldebrev_f%C3%B6r_Jon_Bj%C3%B6rnberg

https://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/A0038729_00154#?c=&m=&s=&cv=153&xywh=-1946%2C-259%2C9755%2C5173

Transcript (based on the letter's script):

Sköldebref för Jon Larson Biörneberg.
Wij Christina &c. Göre allom, som detta Wårt öpne bref, nu eller i tillkommande tijder, seendes, läsandes eller hörandes warde, kunnigt och wetterligit, att ändoch Dÿgden vthi sigh sielf ähr så fullkomblig, att dee, som effter den trachta, och om henne sigh winläggia, sÿnes intedh brista eller feela vthi all thet, som till ett Christeligit och säält lefwernes fullbordan optänkias. behöfwes icke heller, att dee medh löhn eller lego till deß efftertraktande skulle reetas och oppwäkias: kunne eÿ heller igenom mothgång eller något förtreetz tillfogande ifrån henne afwändas eller afskräkias. Så hafwe doch likwäl vthi alla tijder och i alla wälbestälte Republiker och Konungarijken ett wälbetänkt och öfligit bruk warit, att dee som fram för andra sigh om dÿgden hafwa beflÿtat, och vthi så måtto androm föregått, ähre förmedelst Kungeligh ährebref och wittne, icke allenast i deras liffztijdh, vthan och effterkommandom nampnkunnige wordne, så och androm föredragne och igenom Ståndh och Adelige titlar ophögde och beprÿdde, både för thet, att den sigh lofligen förhållit och sådant meriterat hafwe, Såsom och på thedh, att andre der igenom, i lijka måtto till dÿgdens öfning och opwäckies måtte, däraf och sköldh och wapnebref deres förste vhrsprung hafwa, hwarigenom Konungar och Potentater sådane Personer medh särdeles Sköldemärkes benådningh, ifrån den gemene hopen, som sigh om dÿgdh föga eller alzintet beflita hafwe, welat söndra och åthskillia. Så emedan Wår troo Tiänare och fogde öfwer Walla och Kåkins härader i Skareborgs Lähn ährligh och förståndigh Jon Larßon ähr Oß recommenderat, och Wij af någre trowärdige berättade wordne, att han een rum tijdh hafwer låtit sigh bruka i Wår och Chronones tiänst, och sigh altidh trogen, flÿtigh och wäl förhållit, enkannerligen bewist sitt trogne och rättsinnige gemuth emoth Oß och Fäderneslandet i sidste Danske Feigde, i thet han då icke allenast hafwer på egen bekåstnat opbracht och vtrustat emot Rixens Fiender åthskillige Reuter och Draguner, och medh ifwer tillhulpit att afwäria fienden ifrån Sweriges Grentzen, vthan och elliest giordt af sine medell Oß och Chronom ett anseenligit biståndh medh försträckningar vthi rede penningar, att Wij orsak hafwe honom derföre medh Wår särdeles nåd, att betänkia. Hwarföre och på thet han sådan sin bewÿste trogne tiänst och rättsinnigheet må niuta till godo, och förorsakas att perseverera vthi sin wahnlige huldskap och troskap emoth Oß och Sweriges Chrono, der till han och hans Bröstarfwingar efter honom förplicktade wara skole så lenge dee lefwa, Dÿ hafwe Wij af sÿnnerligh ÿnnest, särdeles betänkiande och berådt mode be:te Jon Larßons condition förbättra welat, och honom och hans äckta bröstarfwingar, så Man- som Qwinköhn, så födde som ofödde medh Adeligh titel och privilegier, såsom och medh ett särdeles wapen och Sköldemärke benåda, som ähr nebl. en guul sköldh medh een Biörn vthi ståendes på ett grönt bergh, åfwan på Skölden een oppen tornerehielm, Krantzen och Hielmtäcket guul och blåå, äfwen på Hielmen een Leek, aldeles såsom thet medh sine egentlige färgor här repræsenterat och afmålat står, effter som Wij och här hoos efterlåte mehrbe:te Jon Larßon och hans äckta Lijffzarfwingar till en åthskildnat ifrån andre familier, att dee sigh här effter Biörnebergh kalla måge, och detta förteknade Adelige Sköldemärke, wapn och Nampn vthi alle Adelige och Ridderlige saker och handlingar till Skempt och alfwar, i strider &c., &c., &c. effter wahnligh form.
Christina



Above: Kristina, year 1650.

Monday, June 3, 2019

Kristina's birth and early infancy, and the question of intersexuality


Above: An imagining of Kristina as a toddler with her parents (and the entourage).

Sources:

Mémoires concernant Christine, etc., volume 3, compiled and edited by Johan Arckenholtz, 1759:

https://books.google.com/books?id=j7xfAAAAcAAJ&dq=johan+arckenholtz&source=gbs_book_similarbooks

Christina of Sweden, by Sven Stolpe, 1965

Christina, Queen of Sweden: The Restless Life of a European Eccentric, by Veronica Buckley, 2004





Kristina was the only surviving legitimate child of Gustav Adolf and Maria Eleonora, but she was not their only child. The royal couple had suffered a miscarriage in 1621. Their first live-born child was a daughter, also named Kristina, who died in 1624 after a year. The stillborn child was also a girl, and the two sisters were followed in death by another miscarried baby in 1625. Gustav and Maria were, naturally, devastated every time.


Above: Gustav Adolf and Maria Eleonora.

In 1616, Gustav Adolf had an illegitimate son, Count Gustaf Gustafsson of Vasaborg, with his mistress, Margareta Slots. He was the first of Gustav's children to survive to adulthood. But when it came to legitimate children, the King and Queen would not have any child who survived infancy until 1626. That baby grew up to describe in her autobiography how she came to be, and how much excitement there was in anticipation of the birth (in my own translation):

"The King finally obtained what he had so much desired while on a journey to Finland, where the Queen, who accompanied him, was found to be pregnant with me in Åbo; which gave them both a false joy, since they persuaded themselves that Heaven would give them an heir. The Queen, my mother, assured me that all the signs deceived her, and persuaded her that by giving birth to me, she would give birth to a son. She had dreams which she thought mysterious, and the King had some as well. The astrologers, who are always ready to flatter princes, assured him that the Queen was pregnant with a successor: so one flattered oneself, one hoped, one was wrong, and one finally came to the end, Lord, that You have predestined to all who enter life. Already the court was back at Stockholm. The King was there too; but he was considerably ill, and the astrologers, who were present, unanimously assured that the timing of my birth, which they saw approaching, was such that it was almost impossible for it to not cost the King his life, or that of the Queen, or that of the child. They also assured that if this child could survive the first 24 hours, it would become someone very important."

Kristina's birth occurred during a rare astrological conjunction, and because scientific thinking was still in its early days, this caused everyone to wonder what the child, whom everyone was already convinced was a boy, had in store for the world. Infant mortality was very high in those days. Childbirth was the most dangerous time for both mother and child, even royal ones, as the midwives did not have the same understanding of hygiene for safety in medical situations as their modern counterparts, medicine and medical understanding and technology was nowhere near as advanced as it is now, with the whole concept still revolving around the now disproven and outdated concept of the four humours — and it would have been considered a milestone for a baby to survive the first day after being born.

It was 8 o'clock on a cold winter night on December 8 (O. S.), 1626 at Tre Kronor Castle that the royal baby was finally born, and its emergence and appearance caused great surprise for all who immediately beheld it:

"I was born covered with hair from my head to my knees; only my face, arms and legs were free. I was hairy all over my body and I had a coarse, strong voice. All this led the women who received me to believe that I was a boy. Throughout the Court they spread a false joy which, for a moment, even fooled the King. Hope and desire helped to deceive everyone; but it was a great embarrassment for the women when they found that they had been deceived. They agonised over how to disillusion the King. Princess Katarina, his sister, took charge of this commission."

"She carried me in her arms in such a condition to show me to the King, and to let him see for himself what she dared not tell him. She gave the King the means to undeceive himself. This great prince showed no surprise, he took me in his arms, he gave me a reception as favourable as if he had not been deceived in his waiting. He said to the Princess:
'Let us thank God, my sister. I hope that this girl will be just as worthy to me as a boy. I pray to God that He will preserve her, since He has given her to me.'"

"The Princess, who wished to flatter him, reassured him that he was still young, as was the Queen, and that she would soon give him an heir; but the King answered her once more:
'My sister, I am content. I pray to God that He will preserve her for me.'"


Above: Tre Kronor Castle, where Kristina was born.


Above: Princess Katarina.

It was decided to postpone breaking the news to Maria Eleonora, who was in no condition to bear being told the truth.

In addition to being a hairy newborn (lanugo is a kind of hair that grows on a baby's body during its time in the womb; it is usually seen outside the womb on babies who are born premature, and the hair soon falls off), Kristina was covered in a caul, a membrane of the amniotic sac. In this superstitious time, being born in a caul, which is a rarity, was seen as a sign that a child would have a successful future ahead of it, and it seems to have proven itself true and hopefully will continue to do so for others born in this way. I currently neither have nor can find any explanation for how a newborn baby could possibly have a "deep" voice (although the loudness of the first cry cannot be disputed and was surely taken as a sign of strength and health), and this is probably most likely an exaggeration on the part of Kristina and/or the people who told her the story of how she was born.

For centuries, it has been speculated that Kristina might have been a hermaphrodite, or, as we now would say, an intersex individual — a person who has both male and female genitals and hormones. There are several physical and hormonal conditions that can cause intersexuality or hormone imbalances; and there are also several conditions that cause genital malformation, one of which is clitoromegaly: an abnormally enlarged clitoris. In an infant, it would resemble a penis, and could explain why the midwives initially believed Kristina to be a boy. One of Kristina's biographers, Elis Essen-Möller, speculated that Kristina was a "pseudo-hermaphrodite", someone with genitals that match the gender they were assigned at birth but with the hormones of the opposite sex; this theory was later popularised by Sven Stolpe. On the other hand, another Kristina biographer, Veronica Buckley, agrees with the possibility that Kristina was merely born with malformed genitals.

In 1965, an anatomical investigation was made to examine Kristina's remains so as to either confirm the questions and rumours of her intersexuality or put them to rest. The examination was inconclusive other than that Kristina had a normal female skeletal structure and body (and Kristina's doctor's reports mention that she did menstruate); but because the body had deteriorated to the point that there were no longer any soft tissue remains, intersexuality cannot necessarily be ruled out.

I have read of two particular hormonal disorders, both of these proposed being linked with the instance of an enlarged clitoris, that Kristina probably had. One is polycystic ovary/ovarian syndrome, which causes an excess of androgen (testosterone) as well as obesity, infertility, male-type hair growth, and also clitoromegaly, as well as compounding and contributing to long-term health problems such as diabetes and heart disease. It could consequently account for Kristina's obesity and "tufts of beard" in later adult life, and she probably did have diabetes.

The other hormonal disorder that I speculate Kristina might have had is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which causes an infant to produce too much androgen. It too can cause clitoromegaly. Particular symptoms of different forms of the disorder that Kristina may have had and that can be "confirmed" or rather merely assumed based on what we know about her are or include:
  • Having a deep voice (classical and non-classical/late-onset CAH)
  • Increased facial hair growth (non-classical/late-onset)
  • Infertility (non-classical/late-onset. This may be a possibility: Kristina often made cryptic statements about her "constitution" and is said to have experienced a prolapse of the uterus in her later years.)
  • Obesity (non-classical/late-onset)

It may never be known whether Kristina had any of these disorders, but it is nevertheless an interesting possibility to explore.

We now return to Kristina's infancy. Buckley has also reasoned that Gustav Adolf's calm acceptance of the fact that his child was not a son was more likely the result of his fever or relief to have at least one living child. He must have decided that if this child was to be a daughter, then he might as well make the most of it. He ordered for there to be the same celebrations that there would have been if a male heir had been born, and the baby was soon baptised. In her autobiography, addressing God, Kristina made a claim that she saw as proof that she was destined to turn to Catholicism:

"The Lutheran minister who baptised me (he was the King's Great Chaplain), marked me with the baptismal water with the sign of the Cross, and did not know what he was doing when he enrolled me in Your militia in that happy moment. For it is certain that what he did was against the ordinary ceremony of the Lutherans."

In reality, making the sign of the Cross over a baby's forehead was just as much a Lutheran baptismal practice as it was a Catholic one.

Gustav Adolf is said to have remarked about baby Kristina: "She will be clever, for she has fooled us all."

If Gustav Adolf's reaction to his baby's sex was acceptance, the same cannot be said for Maria Eleonora. Upon discovering that, after four pregnancies and three infant deaths, she had given birth to a daughter and not a son, she was "inconsolable". She thought Kristina was ugly, and, according to some sources, called the newborn a monster and tried to attack her. Her mental health began to take a serious turn for the worse, and she probably suffered from postpartum depression (PPD) after Kristina's birth. For those who do not know, postpartum depression usually begins about a week after a woman gives birth and is characterised by extreme sadness, low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, irritability, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. The mother going through this blames her troubles on her child, and in a more serious form of the disorder, postpartum psychosis, she has paranoia, mood swings, and hallucinations that convince her to try to harm or kill her baby.

Indeed, Kristina as a baby was subjected to several "accidents", probably at her mother's orders:

"It came to pass that, two days after my baptism, a big beam fell and almost crushed the cradle where I lay asleep, and I was not harmed in the least. In addition to this accident, I was also exposed to other attacks. I was intentionally dropped onto the floor, someone tried a thousand different ways to kill me or at least cripple me. The Queen, my mother, had her own explanations for this, and could not be persuaded otherwise. However that may be, I was not harmed other than that there is a bit of an irregularity on my back that I could have had corrected or at least concealed, if I had wished to give myself the trouble."

Although it cannot be confirmed, Kristina did believe that one of her nursemaids, Anna von der Linde, dropped her on purpose. The fall broke her collarbone, and the break never healed properly, leaving one shoulder standing higher than the other for the rest of Kristina's life. The difference in the height of her shoulders can be seen in this portrait drawing of Kristina as an adult:


Above: The acquired shoulder deformity is clear.

In contrast to her deeply troubled relationship with her/his/their mother, Kristina had a much better relationship with her father, whom she seems to have been very close to.

Saturday, June 1, 2019

Kristina's mandate for Axel Oxenstierna regarding street and land regulations in Västerås, dated June 30, 1647

In this letter that Kristina signed on June 30, 1647, she/he/they orders Axel Oxenstierna to go to Västerås to investigate whether the streets have been regulated according to previous orders. He must consult with the county governor, Claes Stiernsköld, and provide instructions on house demolitions and the distribution of plots in the place that the Queen/King has made available for the city's expansion.



Source:


Transcript (based on the letter rather than the site's transcript):

Wij Christina medh Gudz nåde, Sweriges, Göthes och Wendes vthkorade Drottningh och Arffurstinna, Storfurstinna till Finlandh, Hertiginna vthj Estlandh och Carelen, Fröken öfwer Jngermannelandh. Giöre witterligit, att effter som Wij för en nödtårfft hafwe erachtadt, att icke mindre låta iustera gatorne j Wästeråhs Stadh, än j andre wåre Städer här j Rijket, och för detta gifwit ordre, att de gator som dersammestädes först kan behöffwas att giöras regular, vthstakas skole. Så emädan Wij icke wette huru wijda wår gifne ordre der öfwer kan wara j acht tagen och effterkommen och huru wijda be:te gators justeringh kan pro tempore ställas j wärcket till Stadzens gemehne bästha. Hwarföre hafwe Wij för gott ansedt, att gifwa Wår och Rijkzens tro Man, Rådh, Cantzler så och Lagman öfwer all Norlanden, Jemptlandh och Lappmarcken, Wälborne Her Axell Oxenstierna, Greffwe till Södermöhre, Frijherre till Kimitho, Herre till Fijhollm och Tijdöön, Riddare, att förfoga sigh der hän sådant allt att recogniscera och j ögnesÿn taga, der jempte och effter sakzens öfwerläggiande medh Landzhöffdingen Clas Stiernesköldh sålunda förordna och disponera både om huusrijffningen j Wästeråhs, och Tompternes vthdeelningh af den plattz, som Wij till Stadzens vthwidgelße Nådigest gifwit hafwe, som han befinner skäligest, Jnwånerne tilldrägeligest, och sielffwe Staden nÿttigest och till störste prÿddnadt. Wij befalle fördenskuldh Bårgmestare och Rådh j Wästeråhs sampt alle Stadzens Jnwånare j gemeen, att de gifwa wälbe:te wår och Rijkzens Cantzler all godh vnderrättelße om all Stadzens lägenheet och tillståndh, och sigh sådan hörsambligen rättandes effter allt thet, som han å wåre wägnar, vthi detta ährendet dem biudandes och befallandes warder, thet wettandes, att sådant är allenast ansedt till deres egen och Stadzens allmänne bästa. Till ÿttermera wißo hafwe Wij detta medh wår egen handh underskriffwit och witterligen låtit sättia wårt secret här nedan före. Datum Stockholm den 30. Junij Åhr 1647.

Christina



Above: Kristina



Above: Axel Oxenstierna.

Kristina's note for Axel Oxenstierna, dated April 4/14 (Old Style), 1654

Kristina wrote this quick little note for Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, dated April 4/14 (Old Style), 1654. In it, she states that she wants to negotiate something with the English envoy (Whitelocke) and that she needs Oxenstierna, who is ordered to come to Uppsala immediately, nearby.


Source:

Riksarkivet, Axel Oxenstiernas skrifter och brev


The letter:

som iagh achtar nödigt att handla något med dhen Engledske gesandten ther af wicht ähr och iagh edher her af nödhen så måste i genst begifwe Eder hit ti Wpsala
Eder
altidh wel benegen
Christina mp
dat
Wpsala d.
4 aprill 1654

The Riksarkivet website's transcript of the letter:

som iagh achtar nödigt [?] att handla något med dhen engle[n]dske gesandten ther af vicht ähr [?] och iagh [...] edher her af nödhen så måste i gen[a]st begifve Eder hit ti[ll] Upsala.
Eder altidh velbenegen
Christina mp
dat Upsala den 4 aprill 1654.

With modernised spelling (with Kristina's spelling mistakes preserved as much as possible):

Som jag aktar nödigt att handla något med den engländske gesanten där av vikt är och jag Eder här av nöden, så måste I gen[a]st begiva Eder hit ti[ll] Uppsala.
Eder alltid välbenägen
Kristina, m. p.
dat. Uppsala, den 4 april 1654.

With modernised spelling:

Som jag aktar nödigt att handla något med den engländske gesanten där av vikt är och jag Eder här av nöden, så måste I genast begiva Eder hit till Uppsala.
Eder alltid välbenägen
Kristina, m. p.
dat. Uppsala, den 4 april 1654.

French translation (my own):

Comme je considère qu'il est nécessaire de traiter quelque chose d'important avec l'envoyé anglais, et que j'ai besoin de vous ici, vous devez immédiatement venir ici à Upsale.
Votre toujours bien inclinée
Christine, m. p.
Upsale, le 4 avril 1654.

English translation (my own):

As I consider it necessary to handle something of importance with the English envoy, and I need you here, you must immediately come here to Uppsala.
Your always well-inclined
Kristina, m. p.
Uppsala, April 4, 1654.


Above: Kristina.


Above: Axel Oxenstierna.



Above: Bulstrode Whitelocke. Image courtesy of National Portrait Gallery via Wikimedia Commons.

Letter to Kristina from Maria Eleonora, dated August 10/20 (Old Style), 1638

Sources:

Riksarkivet, page 106 in K 83 (1638-1640); Utgångna skrivelser; Drottning Maria Eleonora; Svenska drottningars arkivaliesamlingar i riksarkivet; Kungliga arkiv


Handlingar rörande Skandinaviens historia, volume 17, pages 249 to 251, published by A. Wiborgs Förlag (Johan Hörberg), 1832



This letter was written by Kristina's mother, the dowager queen Maria Eleonora, to the not-yet twelve year old queen/king. It was written at Kungs Vallby and dated August 10/20 (Old Style), 1638.

The letter (concept):

M. E.
Moderligh etc. Wij Kunne tin Kierlig:t moderKierlig[en] icke förholla att Wij hafwe för någre dagar sedan till någon Wår recreation rest ifrån Strömshollm till Den Nÿa Graf:n Wijdh arboga och den medh behagh och Well beseett, Nu Wore Wij och j det försatt att besökia H. K:tt Pfhaltzgreffuen på bråborgh, [...] Och doch lijckWell ärnat Oß först till Wadstena och så till H. K:tt Vp ådt, [...] förthenschullh Wij och den 8 huius till Öhrebro förrestom: Män dijt Kommande blef Oß för wißo [...] föredraget att Högb:te H. K:tt Wår ådt Stokhollm Vprester till Wälborne Her Claes Flemingz Bröllop, Hwarföre medhan Wij fuller Kunne tenkia att H: K:t deroppe något fördröijer, och  Wij på resan hijdt här bort ådt Kompne äro och icke Wele Hwarken tillbaka eller ådt Wastena förreßa [...] Såßom att och att förlångsampt föllo stilla liggia så länge förnummes om H. K:tz HemKompst igen: Wij ochså derHoos erfahre att till Höijnetorp :/. deß lägenheeter Oß mÿcket berömde [...] äro ./: icke någon sÿnnerlig lång Wäg Wara, Dÿ Haffwer Oß sÿntes  godt, att resa jmedlertijdh dijt, Och Hwar bijstert Wädher eller för tillstundande Höstetijdh elacke Wägar icke Oß förhindrade Wele Wij Och medh detsamma resa nedher till Götheborgh den staden att besee, dijt ådt Wij altijdh medh trängtan åstundat Hafue att  resa, Hwarifrån Wij sedan genom Östergöthlandh Vppe igen till H: K:t Vpresa Wele; Wij förmodhe så åch förthenskuldh Kierligen begiere, att Såßom Wij om detta ./. ändoch nästan [...] något seent, effter Wij j ingen måtto Hadhe täncht mindre Oß föresatt denna gången Hijt nederåt förresa ./. till Tin K:ttz och Rijkzens trogne Män Rådh förmÿndare och Regering tillskrifuit haffwe [...] Altså Wele Och Tin K:tt [...] hoos dem förmåh att dee sig effter Wahnligh WellWilligh[et] Wår begieran bequeme och för berö:de Orsaker skull, att dee icke förr äre Wordne Notificerade, Oß excuserade Holla, låthandes oß effter der[a]s tillbudh och denne tijdhz lägenheet beKomma, J hwadh måtto Wij [...] af Moderkerlig affection T: K:tt till ähre och behag igen Wara Kunne där till finnes Wij alltijdh Modher kierligen ehrbödige Och tillNägne[.] Och befhale T: K:tt härmedh Vthj Gudz Mächtighe Protection till lÿckeligh Önskelig Helßa och Wellferdhe ganscha ModerKierlig[en]. aff Kungz Wallbÿ i Nericke den 10 Augusti :1638:

Transcript of the letter in Handlingar rörande Skandinaviens historia:

Moderlig kierlig helsan, sampt all vällmåges lyckönskan och hvad utij mehre moderligt kjert och godt förmå medh Gudh Alzmächtig nu och altidh tillförendhe.
Stormächtige Högborne Fröken, Älskelige käre Dotter, Vi kunne Tin kierlighet moderkierligen icke förhålla, att Vi hafve för någre dagar sedan, till någon Vår recreation rest ifrån Strömsholm till den nya Grafven vid Arboga och den besett; Nu vore Vi och i dedt försatt att besöka H. K:t Pfalzgrefven på Bråborg, och dock likväl ärnat Oss först till Vadstena och så till H. K:tt upådt; fördenskull Vi och den 8 hujus till Örebro förrestom; men dit kommande, blef Oss förvisso föredraget, at Högb:te H. K:t var åt Stockholm uprester till Välb:ne H:r Clas Flemings brölop, hvarföre medan Vi fuller kunne tänka att H. K:t deruppe något fördröjer, och Vi på resan här bort åt komne äro, och icke vele hvarken tillbaka eller åt Vadstena förresa; såsom att och förlångsamt föllo stilla ligga så länge förnummes om H. K:ts hemkomst igen; Vi ochså derhos erfare, att till Höijnetorp (dess lägenheter Oss mycket berömde äro) icke någon synnerlig lång väg vara, dy hafver oss synts godt att resa emellertid dit, och hvar bistert väder eller för tillstundande höstetid elake vägar Oss icke förhindrade, vele Vi och med det samma resa neder til Götheborg, den Staden att bese, dit och Vi dock altid med trängtan åstundat hafve att resa. Hvarifrån Vi sedan genom Östergöthland igen till H. K:t vele upresa. Vi förmode så och fördenskull kärligen begäre, att såsom Vi och om detta (ändock nästan något sent, efter Vi i ingen måtto hade tänkt, mindre Oss förresatt, denna gång hit nederåt förresa) till Tin Kärlighets och Riksens trogne Män, Rådh, Förmyndare och Regering tillskrifvit hafve; altså vele Tin K:het hos dem förmå, att de sig efter vanlig välvillighet, Vår begäran bequäme, och för berörde orsaker skull, att de icke förr äro notificerade, Oss excuserade hålla, låtandes Oss, efter deras tillbud och denna tids lägenhet bekomma på Tin Kierligheets och Chronones vägnar, under vägen alt nödtorftigt accomodament. I hvad måtto Vi af moderlig affection Tin K:t till ära och behag igen vara kunne, dertill finnes Vi altid Moderkierligen erbödige och tillvägne. Och befalle Tin Kierlighet här med uti Guds mägtiga protection till lyckönskelig hälsa och välmåga ganska Moderkärligen. Aff KungzValby i Nerike den 10 Augusti A:o 1638.
MARIA ELEONORA


Above: Kristina, year 1638. This portrait was painted by Jakob Heinrich Elbfas and is kept in the Tallinn City Hall in Tallinn, Estonia.


Above: Maria Eleonora.

Kristina's letter to Descartes, dated November 22/December 2 (New Style), 1648

Kristina wrote this letter to the French philosopher René Descartes on November 22/December 2 (New Style), 1648.

Sources:

Œuvres de Descartes, correspondance V: mai 1647-février 1650, page 251, published by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery, 1903


Descartes, la princesse Elisabeth et la reine Christine, pages 139 to 140, A. Foucher de Careil, 1879



Från stoicism till mystik: Studier i drottning Kristinas maximer, page 136, by Sven Stolpe, 1959

Christine de Suède: Un roi exceptionnel, page 142, by Bernard Quilliet, 1982

Christina, Queen of Sweden: The Restless Life of a European Eccentric, page 109, by Veronica Buckley, 2004

The letter:

Monsieur Descartes,
Ma curiosité me porta, il y a quelque tems, de vous faire demander par M. Chanut vostre sentiment sur la question du souuerain bien: là-dessus, Monsieur, vous l'auez declaré dans vne lettre que vous auez pris la peine de m'écrire, de laquelle ie pretens de vous remercier par la presente, comme aussi du traité des Passions que vous y auez iont; ie vous asseure, Monsieur, que ces piesses m'ont confirmé dans la bonne opinion que ledit sieur Chanut m'auoit donné de vous. Ie sauois déia que, pour estre son ami, il ne faudroit pas auoir moins de vertu & de sauoir que Dieu vous en a donné, & l'estime qu'auec grande raison i'ay donné à son merite m'obligeoit de n'en auoir pas moins pour vous; asteure vous vous estes fait cognoître par les beaux liures que vous auez écrit, ie vous remercie de tout mon cœur de ce que vous m'auez confirmé & augmenté l'estime que i'auois pour l'vn & pour l'autre, & vous prie de croire que i'embrasseray auec plaisir toutes les occasions qui me permettront de vous témoigner que vos merites vous ont acquis l'estime & l'affection de
CHRISTINE.
Stocholm, le 2 decembre 1648.

Foucher de Careil's transcript of the letter:

Stocholm, le 2 décembre 1648.
Monsieur Descartes,
Ma curiosité me porta il y a quelque tems de vous faire demander par M. Chanut vostre sentiment sur la question du souverain bien: là-dessus, Monsieur, vous l'avez déclaré dans une lettre que vous avez pris la peine de m'écrire, de laquelle ie prétens de vous remercier par la présente, comme aussi du traité des Passions que vous y avez ioint, ie vous asseure, monsieur, que ces piesses m'ont confirmé dans la bonne opinion que le dit sieur Chanut m'avait donné de vous. Je savois déia que pour estre son ami il ne faudroit pas avoir moins de vertu et de savoir que Dieu vous en a donné et l'estime qu'avec grande raison i'ay donné à son mérite m'obligeoit de n'en avoir pas moins pour vous; asteur vous vous estes fait cognoitre par les beaux livres que vous avez écrit, ie vous remercie de tout mon cœur de ce que vous m'avez confirmé et augmenté l'estime que i'avois pour l'un et pour l'autre et vous prie de croire que i'embrasseray avec plaisir toutes les occasions qui me permettront de vous témoigner que vos mérites vous ont acquis l'estime et l'affection de
CHRISTINE.

Transcript with modernised spelling (from source 2):

Monsieur Descartes,
Ma curiosité me porta, il y a quelque temps, de vous faire demander par M. Chanut votre sentiment sur la question du souverain bien: là-dessus, Monsieur, vous l'avez déclaré dans une lettre que vous avez pris la peine de m'écrire, de laquelle je prétends de vous remercier par la présente, comme aussi du Traité des Passions que vous y avez joint: je vous assure, Monsieur, que ces pièces m'ont confirmé dans la bonne opinion que ledit sieur Chanut m'avait donné de vous. Je savais déjà que, pour être son ami, il ne faudrait pas avoir moins de vertu et de savoir que Dieu vous en a donné, et l'estime qu'avec grande raison j'ai donné à son mérite m'obligeait de n'en avoir pas moins pour vous; à cette heure vous vous êtes fait connâitre par les beaux livres que vous avez écrits, je vous remercie de tout mon cœur de ce que vous m'avez confirmé et augmenté l'estime que j'avais pour l'un et pour l'autre, et vous prie de croire que j'embrasserai avec plaisir toutes les occasions qui me permettront de vous témoigner que vos mérites vous ont acquis l'estime et l'affection de
Christine
Stockholm, le 2 décembre 1648

English translation (my own):

Monsieur Descartes,
My curiosity led me, some time ago, to ask you to ask Monsieur Chanut for your opinion on the question of the sovereign good. On that point, Monsieur, you explained it in a letter that you have taken the trouble to write, of which I claim to thank you hereby, as well as the Treatice of the Passions that you have attached. I assure you, Monsieur, that these documents confirmed me in the good opinion that said Monsieur Chanut had given to you from me. I already knew that, to be his friend, one should not have less virtue and know that God gave it to one, and the esteem that with great reason I gave to his merit obliged me to have no less for you. At this hour you have become known from the beautiful books you have written. I thank you with all my heart for what you have confirmed to me and increased the esteem I had for one and the other; and I beg you to believe that I will gladly embrace all the opportunities that will allow me to testify to you, that your merits have earned you the esteem and affection of
Kristina
Stockholm, December 2, 1648


Above: Kristina, year 1650.


Above: René Descartes.